chore: Update Visual Studio CI to VS 2022, and add VS Debug builds

[ximinez]

High Level Overview of Change

Currently, we only run one CI job for Windows: MSVC 2019 Release.
This adds Debug builds, and MSVC 2022, leading to a total of 4:

• MSVC 2019 Release
• MSVC 2019 Debug
• MSVC 2022 Release
• MSVC 2022 Debug

Context of Change

There are two main reasons to add these builds.

1. Visual Studio 2019 is on its way to becoming deprecated, if it's not deprecated already.
2. My personal workstation is having problems building the Conan dependencies for 2022 locally. I added them to CI to see if they'd work there. (They did.) Then I made this branch in the main repo so the jobs would push the dependencies to Artificatory, and downloaded them to my machine as part of my build. And that worked. So rather than wasting spending more hours debugging some obscure Conan failure, I can do more important stuff.

Type of Change

• Chore (no impact to binary, e.g. .gitignore, formatting, dropping support for older tooling)

Test Plan

Note that the test (Visual Studio 16 2019, Release) is required to pass by the configured branch protection rules. With this PR, that job's name will be test (Visual Studio 16 2019, windows-2019, Release). That rule will need to be bypassed and/or changed to merge this PR.

Future Tasks

Maybe get rid of 2019 entirely one of these days.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 78.0%. Comparing base (5fbee8c) to head (1e5defe).
Report is 1 commits behind head on develop.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff            @@
##           develop   #5240     +/-   ##
=========================================
- Coverage     78.0%   78.0%   -0.0%     
=========================================
  Files          789     789             
  Lines        67008   67007      -1     
  Branches      8107    8111      +4     
=========================================
- Hits         52278   52268     -10     
- Misses       14730   14739      +9     

see 2 files with indirect coverage changes

[vlntb]

LGTM

[legleux]

👍

[ximinez]

Updated suggested commit message:

chore: Update Visual Studio CI to VS 2022, and add VS Debug builds (#5240)

* Debug builds do not run tests, because they take too long.