Fix quadratic dependency in QuantumCircuit.add_bits (Qiskit#11546)

This is in the Python space component only.  When `add_bits` is called
many times, it constructs as temporary set of the union of all qubits
and clbits present in the circuit in order to calculate an intersection
with the input.  This causes the method to be linear in the number of
bits already present in the circuit, whereas it should be amortised
linear in the _to be added_.

This commit fixes the intersection to be a manual calculation that does
not construct three temporary set objects, removing the quadratic cost.

qiskit/circuit/quantumcircuit.py

@@ -1955,7 +1955,9 @@ def add_register(self, *regs: Register | int | Sequence[Bit]) -> None:
 
     def add_bits(self, bits: Iterable[Bit]) -> None:
         """Add Bits to the circuit."""
-        duplicate_bits = set(self._qubit_indices).union(self._clbit_indices).intersection(bits)
+        duplicate_bits = {
+            bit for bit in bits if bit in self._qubit_indices or bit in self._clbit_indices
+        }
         if duplicate_bits:
             raise CircuitError(f"Attempted to add bits found already in circuit: {duplicate_bits}")