feat: added 'histogram_2d' in TablePlotter (#903)

Closes #869 

### Summary of Changes
- added histogram_2d to TablePlotter
- implemented darkmode like in #798 
- added tests

---------

Co-authored-by: megalinter-bot <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: gitgott1 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Lars Reimann <[email protected]>

src/safeds/data/tabular/plotting/_table_plotter.py

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from safeds._utils import _figure_to_image
-from safeds._validation import _check_columns_exist
+from safeds._validation import _check_bounds, _check_columns_exist, _ClosedBound
 from safeds._validation._check_columns_are_numeric import _check_columns_are_numeric
 from safeds.exceptions import ColumnTypeError, NonNumericColumnError
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Literal
+
     from safeds.data.image.containers import Image
     from safeds.data.tabular.containers import Table
 
@@ -454,6 +456,86 @@ def moving_average_plot(self, x_name: str, y_name: str, window_size: int) -> Ima
 
         return _figure_to_image(fig)
 
+    def histogram_2d(
+        self,
+        x_name: str,
+        y_name: str,
+        *,
+        x_max_bin_count: int = 10,
+        y_max_bin_count: int = 10,
+        theme: Literal["dark", "light"] = "light",
+    ) -> Image:
+        """
+        Create a 2D histogram for two columns in the table.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x_name:
+            The name of the column to be plotted on the x-axis.
+        y_name:
+            The name of the column to be plotted on the y-axis.
+        x_max_bin_count:
+            The maximum number of bins to use in the histogram for the x-axis. Default is 10.
+        y_max_bin_count:
+            The maximum number of bins to use in the histogram for the y-axis. Default is 10.
+        theme:
+            The color theme of the plot. Default is "light".
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        plot:
+            The plot as an image.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        ColumnNotFoundError
+            If a column does not exist.
+        OutOfBoundsError:
+            If x_max_bin_count or y_max_bin_count is less than 1.
+        TypeError
+            If a column is not numeric.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> from safeds.data.tabular.containers import Table
+        >>> table = Table(
+        ...     {
+        ...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+        ...         "b": [2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+        ...     }
+        ... )
+        >>> image = table.plot.histogram_2d("a", "b")
+        """
+        _check_bounds("x_max_bin_count", x_max_bin_count, lower_bound=_ClosedBound(1))
+        _check_bounds("y_max_bin_count", y_max_bin_count, lower_bound=_ClosedBound(1))
+        _plot_validation(self._table, x_name, [y_name])
+
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+        if theme == "dark":
+            context = "dark_background"
+        else:
+            context = "default"
+
+        with plt.style.context(context):
+            fig, ax = plt.subplots()
+
+            ax.hist2d(
+                x=self._table.get_column(x_name)._series,
+                y=self._table.get_column(y_name)._series,
+                bins=(x_max_bin_count, y_max_bin_count),
+            )
+            ax.set_xlabel(x_name)
+            ax.set_ylabel(y_name)
+            ax.tick_params(
+                axis="x",
+                labelrotation=45,
+            )
+
+            fig.tight_layout()
+
+            return _figure_to_image(fig)
+
 
 def _plot_validation(table: Table, x_name: str, y_names: list[str]) -> None:
     y_names.append(x_name)

tests/safeds/data/tabular/plotting/test_plot_histogram_2d.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import pytest
+from safeds.data.tabular.containers import Table
+from safeds.exceptions import ColumnNotFoundError, ColumnTypeError, OutOfBoundsError
+from syrupy import SnapshotAssertion
+
+from tests.helpers import os_mac, skip_if_os
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("table", "col1", "col2"),
+    [
+        (Table({"A": [1, 2, 3], "B": [2, 4, 7]}), "A", "B"),
+        (
+            Table(
+                {
+                    "A": [1, 0.99, 0.99, 2],
+                    "B": [1, 0.99, 1.01, 2],
+                },
+            ),
+            "A",
+            "B",
+        ),
+        (
+            Table(
+                {"A": [1, 0.99, 0.99, 2], "B": [1, 0.99, 1.01, 2], "C": [2, 2.99, 2.01, 3]},
+            ),
+            "A",
+            "B",
+        ),
+    ],
+    ids=[
+        "functional",
+        "overlapping",
+        "multiple",
+    ],
+)
+def test_should_match_snapshot(
+    table: Table,
+    col1: str,
+    col2: str,
+    snapshot_png_image: SnapshotAssertion,
+) -> None:
+    skip_if_os([os_mac])
+    histogram_2d = table.plot.histogram_2d(col1, col2)
+    assert histogram_2d == snapshot_png_image
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("table", "col1", "col2"),
+    [
+        (Table({"A": [1, 2, 3], "B": [2, 4, 7]}), "C", "A"),
+        (Table({"A": [1, 2, 3], "B": [2, 4, 7]}), "B", "C"),
+        (Table({"A": [1, 2, 3], "B": [2, 4, 7]}), "C", "D"),
+        (Table(), "C", "D"),
+    ],
+    ids=[
+        "First argument doesn't exist",
+        "Second argument doesn't exist",
+        "Both arguments do not exist",
+        "empty",
+    ],
+)
+def test_should_raise_if_column_does_not_exist(table: Table, col1: str, col2: str) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(ColumnNotFoundError):
+        table.plot.histogram_2d(col1, col2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("table", "col1", "col2"),
+    [
+        (Table({"A": [1, 2, 3], "B": [2, 4, 7]}), "A", "B"),
+    ],
+    ids=["dark_theme"],
+)
+def test_should_match_snapshot_dark_theme(
+    table: Table,
+    col1: str,
+    col2: str,
+    snapshot_png_image: SnapshotAssertion,
+) -> None:
+    skip_if_os([os_mac])
+    histogram_2d = table.plot.histogram_2d(col1, col2, theme="dark")
+    assert histogram_2d == snapshot_png_image
+
+
+def test_should_raise_if_value_not_in_range_x() -> None:
+    table = Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
+    with pytest.raises(OutOfBoundsError):
+        table.plot.histogram_2d("col1", "col2", x_max_bin_count=0)
+
+
+def test_should_raise_if_value_not_in_range_y() -> None:
+    table = Table({"col1": [1, 2, 1], "col2": [1, 2, 4]})
+    with pytest.raises(OutOfBoundsError):
+        table.plot.histogram_2d("col1", "col2", y_max_bin_count=0)
+
+
+def test_should_raise_if_column_is_not_numeric() -> None:
+    table = Table({"col1": ["a"], "col2": ["b"]})
+    with pytest.raises(ColumnTypeError):
+        table.plot.histogram_2d("col1", "col2")