Adding annotated argument to power methods

[alexanderivrii]

Summary

This commit adds the annotated argument to the power method of QuantumCircuit, AnnotatedOperation, Gate and its child classes, similarly to how it was added to inverse and control methods in #11433 and #11593. As before, for the basic gates which have their own power methods, this argument is ignored, e. g., SGate raised to a power is an instance of the PhaseGate ignoring the annotated argument. But for QuantumCircuit, Gate and its subclasses without a native power method, setting annotated to True would return an instance of AnnotatedOperation and not of UnitaryGate. This allows to delay the actual computation to the transpiler, and in principle allows additional optimizations.

Details and comments

[qiskit-bot]

One or more of the the following people are requested to review this:

• @Cryoris
• @Qiskit/terra-core
• @ajavadia

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 8804886395

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Details

• 30 of 33 (90.91%) changed or added relevant lines in 19 files are covered.
• 888 unchanged lines in 83 files lost coverage.
• Overall coverage increased (+0.1%) to 89.449%

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Changes Missing Coverage	Covered Lines	Changed/Added Lines	%
qiskit/circuit/annotated_operation.py	1	4	25.0%

Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
qiskit/synthesis/evolution/qdrift.py	1	93.55%
qiskit/circuit/store.py	1	94.29%
qiskit/primitives/containers/data_bin.py	1	97.92%
qiskit/circuit/parameter.py	1	98.39%
crates/accelerate/src/optimize_1q_gates.rs	1	98.41%
qiskit/synthesis/linear/cnot_synth.py	1	98.0%
qiskit/circuit/library/blueprintcircuit.py	2	95.16%
qiskit/primitives/backend_estimator_v2.py	2	97.84%
qiskit/circuit/library/generalized_gates/rv.py	2	85.71%
qiskit/transpiler/layout.py	2	94.71%

Totals
Change from base Build 8497269180:	0.1%
Covered Lines:	60331
Relevant Lines:	67447

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💛 - Coveralls

[mtreinish]

LGTM, this is a fairly straightforward addition, and inline with what was done for inverse() and control(). I just pushed a small change to the docstrings to make it explicit that the return will not be a UnitaryGate or AnnotatedOperation in cases when the power is a defined standard gate; and then removed some docstring overloading from subclasses in the standard gate library.