Networking Fundamentals: TCP vs UDP, Routing, and Wireless Networks
Introduction to TCP and UDP:- Tcp(Transmission control protocol) and UDP(User Datagram protocol are like different route in a trip where tcp is reliable but slower, and UDP is fast but less concerned about realiability.
- Understanding TCP (Transmission control protocol)
- Reliable communication:- Tcp ensures data arrive in order and without error through error checking, sequencing and flow control.
- Reliable communication:- Establishes a dedicated making a phone call.
- Error-Checking:- uses checksum for error detection ask for data to be resent if errors occur.
- Sequencing:- order data packet to prevent jumbled information.
- Flow control:- Adjust data transmission rate based on network conditions to avoid congestion.
- Three-Way handshake:- connection with SYN, SYN-ACK and ACK sequence.
- speedy transmission:- UDP prioritizes speed over reliability, make it faster than tcp.
- Connection less:- Does not establish a dedicated connection before sending data, leading to rapid transmission.
- No error correction:- does not perform error checking or ask where occasional data loss is accaptable.
- TCP(Reliable):- Ideal for application requiring data delivery, such as emails, web pages, and file transfer.
- UDP(Fast):- Suitable for application where speed is crucial, like live streaming, gaming and real time communication.
- TCP/UDP Ports:- direction data to the right destination.
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Ports:- Ports are like doors on network devices that specify, which application is sending or receiving data.
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Port number ranges ** Well-known ports(0-1023):- Associated with common protocols like HTTP(port 80) and FTP (port 21), managed by IANA. ** Registered ports(1024-49151):- Used by less common but still recognized application. ** Dynamic/private port (49152-65535):- Temporary port used by dynamically for communication.
- TCP and UDP are essentials protocol with distinct characteristics.
- TCP ensures reliable data delivery and is suitable for application prioritizing accuracy.
- UDP prioritizes speed and is ideal for applicable where occassional data loss is acceptable.
- Introduction To Routing
- Routing is crucial for data to move efficiently across network. Imagine sending a letter to a friend in another city. You drop in mailbox, and it goes through multiple steps like sorting faciliates and transportation until it reaches your friend mailbox. Similarily in a computer network data is broken into packets and routed through router to reach its destination.
- Path selection:- Routine determines the best path for data packets based on factors like network congestion and distance.
- inter-network communication:- It enables device on different network to communicate globally.
- Scalability:- Routing allow the internet to acoomadate billion of devices without needing a direct connection to all others.
- Fault tolerance:- routers can reroute packet it a path tails, emsuring reliable communication.
- Security:- Routers can block maliciously enhancing network security.
- A router is a networking devices that direct and forwards data packet based on destination Ip address, Routers learn and update routing information dynamically.
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Routing protocols like RDP, OSPF, and EIGRP guide routers on how to exchange routing information and determine the best path.
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RIP(Routing information protocol):- Determine path based on hop count.
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OSPC(open shortest path first):- consider factors like bandwidth and delay to find optimal paths.
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EIGRP(Enhance interior Gateway Routing protocol):- Property to Cisco it forms relationships with neighbouring routers for efficient routing.
- Static routing:- Manually configure routes suitable for small networks but less adaptable to changes.
- Dynamic routing:- Automatically updates routers based on network changes, suitable for large, dynamic networks.
- A routing table in a router list routes to network destinations, including the next hop and metric. It helps router making routing decisions.
- Interfaces are points of communication on routers, configurations involve setting Ip address, routing protocol, and additional features like DHCP and firewalls.
- Multilayer switches combine switching and routing functionalities in network traffic handling. They operate at both layer 2 and layer 3 of the OSI model.
- What is wireless network:- A wireless network is a type of computer that uses wireless connections, such as radio waves or infrared signals, to link different devices (nodes) together without the need for physical cables.
- Wifi:- Uses IEFE standards like 802.11a/big/n/ac
- Bluetooth:- enables short range wireless communicate between devices like smartphones laptops, and peripherals.
- Cellular networks:- provided by tellecommunication companies(e.g 4G/5G) for mobile internet access.
- NFC(near field communication):- Allows connectless data transfer between devices in close proximity.
- Satellite networks:- Transmit data via sattelites, suitable for remote areas lacking terrestial internet infrastructure.
- Wireless Devices:- smartphones, laptops, tablets etc, with built-in wireless adapters.
- Wireless Router:- Router data between devices and the internet, often combined with AP.
- Modem:- Connects to the internet service provider's network.
- Network software:- enables communication between devices and manages network setting.
- The cloud:- Refers to data stored and accessed over the internet.
- devices send and receive data wirelessly using radio signals.
- data is transmitted to the router(access points) decoded, and sent to the internet through wired connections.
- The router Faciliates bidirectional communication between devices and the internet.
- Mobility:- User can move freely within network coverage.
- Easy setup:- No need for extensive cabling setup is straight forward.
- Scalability:- Adding devices to the network is simple.
- Interference:- Other devices, obstructions, and environment factors and disrupt signals.
- Security:- wireless networks are more vulnerable to hacking compared to wired networks.
- Speed and capacity:- Generally slower and less capable and wired networks, especially with multiple connect devices.
- Wifi 6 (802.11 ax):- Designed for banding high device density and providing faster, more response in crowded environment.
- 5g:- promises significantly faster cellular network speeds and low latency, enabling advanced applications like autonomous vehicles and remote surgeries.
- Beyond 5g:- Concepts like 6G are exploring even faster speeds, AI Integration and broader coverage, including vice Leo Sattelites.