check parameter_binds arguments for parameterized circuits (Qiskit#1817)

Aer raises an error if `parameter_binds` is not specified though circuits have parameters.
This resolves the following issue:
Qiskit#1773

qiskit_aer/backends/aerbackend.py

@@ -239,6 +239,8 @@ def _run_circuits(self, circuits, parameter_binds, **run_options):
         circuits, noise_model = self._compile(circuits, **run_options)
         if parameter_binds:
             run_options["parameterizations"] = self._convert_binds(circuits, parameter_binds)
+        elif not all([len(circuit.parameters) == 0 for circuit in circuits]):
+            raise AerError("circuits have parameters but parameter_binds is not specified.")
         config = generate_aer_config(circuits, self.options, **run_options)
 
         # Submit job

releasenotes/notes/check_parameter_binds_exist-9d52c665d5f94dde.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+fixes:
+  - |
+    Since 0.12.0, parameter values in circuits are temporarily replaced with constant values
+    and parameter values are assigned in C++ library. Therefore, if `parameter_binds` is specified,
+    simulator returns results with the constnat values as paramter values. With this commit,
+    Aer raises an error if `parameter_binds` is not specified though circuits have parameters.

test/terra/backends/test_parameterized_qobj.py

@@ -426,6 +426,19 @@ def test_parameters_with_barrier(self):
         self.assertSuccess(res)
         self.assertEqual(res.get_counts(), {"111": 1024})
 
+    def test_check_parameter_binds_exist(self):
+        """Test parameter_binds exists to simulate parameterized circuits"""
+
+        shots = 1000
+        backend = AerSimulator()
+        circuit = QuantumCircuit(2)
+        theta = Parameter("theta")
+        circuit.rx(theta, 0)
+        circuit.cx(0, 1)
+        circuit.measure_all()
+        with self.assertRaises(AerError):
+            res = backend.run(circuit, shots=shots).result()
+
     def test_global_phase_parameters(self):
         """Test parameterized global phase"""
         backend = AerSimulator()