Add lazy string type (#33711)

NEWS.md

@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ Standard library changes
 * `extrema` now supports `init` keyword argument ([#36265], [#43604]).
 * Intersect returns a result with the eltype of the type-promoted eltypes of the two inputs ([#41769]).
 * `Iterators.countfrom` now accepts any type that defines `+`. ([#37747])
+* The `LazyString` and the `lazy"str"` macro were added to support delayed construction of error messages in error paths. ([#33711])
 
 #### InteractiveUtils
 * A new macro `@time_imports` for reporting any time spent importing packages and their dependencies ([#41612])

base/Base.jl

@@ -123,6 +123,9 @@ include("refpointer.jl")
 include("checked.jl")
 using .Checked
 
+# Lazy strings
+include("strings/lazy.jl")
+
 # array structures
 include("indices.jl")
 include("array.jl")
@@ -200,6 +203,7 @@ include("dict.jl")
 include("abstractset.jl")
 include("set.jl")
 
+# Strings
 include("char.jl")
 include("strings/basic.jl")
 include("strings/string.jl")

base/abstractarray.jl

@@ -914,19 +914,21 @@ end
 # copy from an some iterable object into an AbstractArray
 function copyto!(dest::AbstractArray, dstart::Integer, src, sstart::Integer)
     if (sstart < 1)
-        throw(ArgumentError(string("source start offset (",sstart,") is < 1")))
+        throw(ArgumentError(LazyString("source start offset (",sstart,") is < 1")))
     end
     y = iterate(src)
     for j = 1:(sstart-1)
         if y === nothing
-            throw(ArgumentError(string("source has fewer elements than required, ",
-                                       "expected at least ",sstart,", got ",j-1)))
+            throw(ArgumentError(LazyString(
+                "source has fewer elements than required, ",
+                "expected at least ", sstart,", got ", j-1)))
         end
         y = iterate(src, y[2])
     end
     if y === nothing
-        throw(ArgumentError(string("source has fewer elements than required, ",
-                                   "expected at least ",sstart,", got ",sstart-1)))
+        throw(ArgumentError(LazyString(
+            "source has fewer elements than required, ",
+            "expected at least ",sstart," got ", sstart-1)))
     end
     i = Int(dstart)
     while y !== nothing
@@ -940,19 +942,22 @@ end
 
 # this method must be separate from the above since src might not have a length
 function copyto!(dest::AbstractArray, dstart::Integer, src, sstart::Integer, n::Integer)
-    n < 0 && throw(ArgumentError(string("tried to copy n=", n, " elements, but n should be nonnegative")))
+    n < 0 && throw(ArgumentError(LazyString("tried to copy n=",n,
+        ", elements, but n should be nonnegative")))
     n == 0 && return dest
     dmax = dstart + n - 1
     inds = LinearIndices(dest)
     if (dstart ∉ inds || dmax ∉ inds) | (sstart < 1)
-        sstart < 1 && throw(ArgumentError(string("source start offset (",sstart,") is < 1")))
+        sstart < 1 && throw(ArgumentError(LazyString("source start offset (",
+            sstart,") is < 1")))
         throw(BoundsError(dest, dstart:dmax))
     end
     y = iterate(src)
     for j = 1:(sstart-1)
         if y === nothing
-            throw(ArgumentError(string("source has fewer elements than required, ",
-                                       "expected at least ",sstart,", got ",j-1)))
+            throw(ArgumentError(LazyString(
+                "source has fewer elements than required, ",
+                "expected at least ",sstart,", got ",j-1)))
         end
         y = iterate(src, y[2])
     end
@@ -1064,7 +1069,8 @@ function copyto!(dest::AbstractArray, dstart::Integer,
                src::AbstractArray, sstart::Integer,
                n::Integer)
     n == 0 && return dest
-    n < 0 && throw(ArgumentError(string("tried to copy n=", n, " elements, but n should be nonnegative")))
+    n < 0 && throw(ArgumentError(LazyString("tried to copy n=",
+        n," elements, but n should be nonnegative")))
     destinds, srcinds = LinearIndices(dest), LinearIndices(src)
     (checkbounds(Bool, destinds, dstart) && checkbounds(Bool, destinds, dstart+n-1)) || throw(BoundsError(dest, dstart:dstart+n-1))
     (checkbounds(Bool, srcinds, sstart)  && checkbounds(Bool, srcinds, sstart+n-1))  || throw(BoundsError(src,  sstart:sstart+n-1))
@@ -1082,12 +1088,12 @@ end
 function copyto!(B::AbstractVecOrMat{R}, ir_dest::AbstractRange{Int}, jr_dest::AbstractRange{Int},
                A::AbstractVecOrMat{S}, ir_src::AbstractRange{Int}, jr_src::AbstractRange{Int}) where {R,S}
     if length(ir_dest) != length(ir_src)
-        throw(ArgumentError(string("source and destination must have same size (got ",
-                                   length(ir_src)," and ",length(ir_dest),")")))
+        throw(ArgumentError(LazyString("source and destination must have same size (got ",
+            length(ir_src)," and ",length(ir_dest),")")))
     end
     if length(jr_dest) != length(jr_src)
-        throw(ArgumentError(string("source and destination must have same size (got ",
-                                   length(jr_src)," and ",length(jr_dest),")")))
+        throw(ArgumentError(LazyString("source and destination must have same size (got ",
+            length(jr_src)," and ",length(jr_dest),")")))
     end
     @boundscheck checkbounds(B, ir_dest, jr_dest)
     @boundscheck checkbounds(A, ir_src, jr_src)

base/compiler/compiler.jl

@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ add_with_overflow(x::T, y::T) where {T<:SignedInt}   = checked_sadd_int(x, y)
 add_with_overflow(x::T, y::T) where {T<:UnsignedInt} = checked_uadd_int(x, y)
 add_with_overflow(x::Bool, y::Bool) = (x+y, false)
 
+include("strings/lazy.jl")
+
 # core array operations
 include("indices.jl")
 include("array.jl")

base/exports.jl

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ export
     IOStream,
     LinRange,
     Irrational,
+    LazyString,
     Matrix,
     MergeSort,
     Missing,
@@ -986,6 +987,7 @@ export
     @v_str,    # version number
     @raw_str,  # raw string with no interpolation/unescaping
     @NamedTuple,
+    @lazy_str, # lazy string
 
     # documentation
     @text_str,

base/math.jl

@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ using Core.Intrinsics: sqrt_llvm
 using .Base: IEEEFloat
 
 @noinline function throw_complex_domainerror(f::Symbol, x)
-    throw(DomainError(x, string("$f will only return a complex result if called with a ",
-                                "complex argument. Try $f(Complex(x)).")))
+    throw(DomainError(x,
+        LazyString(f," will only return a complex result if called with a complex argument. Try ", f,"(Complex(x)).")))
 end
 @noinline function throw_exp_domainerror(x)
-    throw(DomainError(x, string("Exponentiation yielding a complex result requires a ",
-                                "complex argument.\nReplace x^y with (x+0im)^y, ",
-                                "Complex(x)^y, or similar.")))
+    throw(DomainError(x, LazyString(
+        "Exponentiation yielding a complex result requires a ",
+        "complex argument.\nReplace x^y with (x+0im)^y, ",
+        "Complex(x)^y, or similar.")))
 end
 
 # non-type specific math functions

base/strings/lazy.jl

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""
+    LazyString <: AbstractString
+
+A lazy representation of string interpolation. This is useful when a string
+needs to be constructed in a context where performing the actual interpolation
+and string construction is unnecessary or undesirable (e.g. in error paths
+of functions).
+
+This type is designed to be cheap to construct at runtime, trying to offload
+as much work as possible to either the macro or later printing operations.
+
+!!! compat "Julia 1.8"
+    `LazyString` requires Julia 1.8 or later.
+"""
+mutable struct LazyString <: AbstractString
+    parts::Tuple
+    # Created on first access
+    str::String
+    LazyString(args...) = new(args)
+end
+
+"""
+    lazy"str"
+
+Create a [`LazyString`](@ref) using regular string interpolation syntax.
+Note that interpolations are *evaluated* at LazyString construction time,
+but *printing* is delayed until the first access to the string.
+
+!!! compat "Julia 1.8"
+    `lazy"str"` requires Julia 1.8 or later.
+"""
+macro lazy_str(text)
+    parts = Any[]
+    lastidx = idx = 1
+    while (idx = findnext('$', text, idx)) !== nothing
+        lastidx < idx && push!(parts, text[lastidx:idx-1])
+        idx += 1
+        expr, idx = Meta.parseatom(text, idx; filename=string(__source__.file))
+        push!(parts, esc(expr))
+        lastidx = idx
+    end
+    lastidx <= lastindex(text) && push!(parts, text[lastidx:end])
+    :(LazyString($(parts...)))
+end
+
+function String(l::LazyString)
+    if !isdefined(l, :str)
+        l.str = sprint() do io
+            for p in l.parts
+                print(io, p)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    return l.str
+end
+
+hash(s::LazyString, h::UInt64) = hash(String(s), h)
+lastindex(s::LazyString) = lastindex(String(s))
+iterate(s::LazyString) = iterate(String(s))
+iterate(s::LazyString, i::Integer) = iterate(String(s), i)
+isequal(a::LazyString, b::LazyString) = isequal(String(a), String(b))
+==(a::LazyString, b::LazyString) = (String(a) == String(b))
+ncodeunits(s::LazyString) = ncodeunits(String(s))