optimizer: enhance SROA, handle partially-initialized allocations

During adding more test cases for our SROA pass, I found our SROA doesn't
handle allocation sites with uninitialized fields at all.
This commit is based on #42833 and tries to handle such "unsafe" allocations,
if there are safe `setfield!` definitions.

For example, this commit allows the allocation `r = Ref{Int}()` to be
eliminated in the following example (adapted from <https://hackmd.io/bZz8k6SHQQuNUW-Vs7rqfw?view>):
```julia
julia> code_typed() do
           r = Ref{Int}()
           r[] = 42
           b = sin(r[])
           return b
       end |> only
```

This commit comes with a plenty of basic test cases for our SROA pass also.

base/compiler/optimize.jl

@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ function run_passes(ci::CodeInfo, sv::OptimizationState)
     @timeit "Inlining"  ir = ssa_inlining_pass!(ir, ir.linetable, sv.inlining, ci.propagate_inbounds)
     # @timeit "verify 2" verify_ir(ir)
     @timeit "compact 2" ir = compact!(ir)
-    @timeit "SROA"      ir = getfield_elim_pass!(ir)
+    @timeit "SROA"      ir = sroa_pass!(ir)
     @timeit "ADCE"      ir = adce_pass!(ir)
     @timeit "type lift" ir = type_lift_pass!(ir)
     @timeit "compact 3" ir = compact!(ir)

base/compiler/ssair/passes.jl

@@ -75,7 +75,22 @@ function compute_value_for_block(ir::IRCode, domtree::DomTree, allblocks::Vector
 end
 
 function compute_value_for_use(ir::IRCode, domtree::DomTree, allblocks::Vector{Int}, du::SSADefUse, phinodes::IdDict{Int, SSAValue}, fidx::Int, use_idx::Int)
-    # Find the first dominating def
+    def, stmtblock, curblock = find_def_for_use(ir, domtree, allblocks, du, use_idx)
+    if def == 0
+        if !haskey(phinodes, curblock)
+            # If this happens, we need to search the predecessors for defs. Which
+            # one doesn't matter - if it did, we'd have had a phinode
+            return compute_value_for_block(ir, domtree, allblocks, du, phinodes, fidx, first(ir.cfg.blocks[stmtblock].preds))
+        end
+        # The use is the phinode
+        return phinodes[curblock]
+    else
+        return val_for_def_expr(ir, def, fidx)
+    end
+end
+
+# find the first dominating def for the given use
+function find_def_for_use(ir::IRCode, domtree::DomTree, allblocks::Vector{Int}, du::SSADefUse, use_idx::Int)
     stmtblock = block_for_inst(ir.cfg, use_idx)
     curblock = find_curblock(domtree, allblocks, stmtblock)
     local def = 0
@@ -90,17 +105,7 @@ function compute_value_for_use(ir::IRCode, domtree::DomTree, allblocks::Vector{I
             end
         end
     end
-    if def == 0
-        if !haskey(phinodes, curblock)
-            # If this happens, we need to search the predecessors for defs. Which
-            # one doesn't matter - if it did, we'd have had a phinode
-            return compute_value_for_block(ir, domtree, allblocks, du, phinodes, fidx, first(ir.cfg.blocks[stmtblock].preds))
-        end
-        # The use is the phinode
-        return phinodes[curblock]
-    else
-        return val_for_def_expr(ir, def, fidx)
-    end
+    return def, stmtblock, curblock
 end
 
 function simple_walk(compact::IncrementalCompact, @nospecialize(defssa#=::AnySSAValue=#),
@@ -538,7 +543,7 @@ function perform_lifting!(compact::IncrementalCompact,
 end
 
 """
-    getfield_elim_pass!(ir::IRCode) -> newir::IRCode
+    sroa_pass!(ir::IRCode) -> newir::IRCode
 
 `getfield` elimination pass, a.k.a. Scalar Replacements of Aggregates optimization.
 
@@ -555,7 +560,7 @@ its argument).
 In a case when all usages are fully eliminated, `struct` allocation may also be erased as
 a result of dead code elimination.
 """
-function getfield_elim_pass!(ir::IRCode)
+function sroa_pass!(ir::IRCode)
     compact = IncrementalCompact(ir)
     defuses = IdDict{Int, Tuple{IdSet{Int}, SSADefUse}}()
     lifting_cache = IdDict{Pair{AnySSAValue, Any}, AnySSAValue}()
@@ -784,7 +789,6 @@ function getfield_elim_pass!(ir::IRCode)
         typ = typ::DataType
         # Partition defuses by field
         fielddefuse = SSADefUse[SSADefUse() for _ = 1:fieldcount(typ)]
-        ok = true
         for use in defuse.uses
             stmt = ir[SSAValue(use)]
             # We may have discovered above that this use is dead
@@ -793,47 +797,52 @@ function getfield_elim_pass!(ir::IRCode)
             # the use in that case.
             stmt === nothing && continue
             field = try_compute_fieldidx_stmt(compact, stmt::Expr, typ)
-            field === nothing && (ok = false; break)
+            field === nothing && @goto skip
             push!(fielddefuse[field].uses, use)
         end
-        ok || continue
         for use in defuse.defs
             field = try_compute_fieldidx_stmt(compact, ir[SSAValue(use)]::Expr, typ)
-            field === nothing && (ok = false; break)
+            field === nothing && @goto skip
             push!(fielddefuse[field].defs, use)
         end
-        ok || continue
         # Check that the defexpr has defined values for all the fields
         # we're accessing. In the future, we may want to relax this,
         # but we should come up with semantics for well defined semantics
         # for uninitialized fields first.
-        for (fidx, du) in pairs(fielddefuse)
+        ndefuse = length(fielddefuse)
+        blocks = Vector{Tuple{#=phiblocks=# Vector{Int}, #=allblocks=# Vector{Int}}}(undef, ndefuse)
+        for fidx in 1:ndefuse
+            du = fielddefuse[fidx]
             isempty(du.uses) && continue
+            push!(du.defs, idx)
+            ldu = compute_live_ins(ir.cfg, du)
+            phiblocks = Int[]
+            if !isempty(ldu.live_in_bbs)
+                phiblocks = idf(ir.cfg, ldu, domtree)
+            end
+            allblocks = sort(vcat(phiblocks, ldu.def_bbs))
+            blocks[fidx] = phiblocks, allblocks
             if fidx + 1 > length(defexpr.args)
-                ok = false
-                break
+                for use in du.uses
+                    def = find_def_for_use(ir, domtree, allblocks, du, use)[1]
+                    (def == 0 || def == idx) && @goto skip
+                end
             end
         end
-        ok || continue
         preserve_uses = IdDict{Int, Vector{Any}}((idx=>Any[] for idx in IdSet{Int}(defuse.ccall_preserve_uses)))
         # Everything accounted for. Go field by field and perform idf
-        for (fidx, du) in pairs(fielddefuse)
+        for fidx in 1:ndefuse
+            du = fielddefuse[fidx]
             ftyp = fieldtype(typ, fidx)
             if !isempty(du.uses)
-                push!(du.defs, idx)
-                ldu = compute_live_ins(ir.cfg, du)
-                phiblocks = Int[]
-                if !isempty(ldu.live_in_bbs)
-                    phiblocks = idf(ir.cfg, ldu, domtree)
-                end
+                phiblocks, allblocks = blocks[fidx]
                 phinodes = IdDict{Int, SSAValue}()
                 for b in phiblocks
                     n = PhiNode()
                     phinodes[b] = insert_node!(ir, first(ir.cfg.blocks[b].stmts),
                         NewInstruction(n, ftyp))
                 end
                 # Now go through all uses and rewrite them
-                allblocks = sort(vcat(phiblocks, ldu.def_bbs))
                 for stmt in du.uses
                     ir[SSAValue(stmt)] = compute_value_for_use(ir, domtree, allblocks, du, phinodes, fidx, stmt)
                 end
@@ -855,7 +864,6 @@ function getfield_elim_pass!(ir::IRCode)
                 stmt == idx && continue
                 ir[SSAValue(stmt)] = nothing
             end
-            continue
         end
         isempty(defuse.ccall_preserve_uses) && continue
         push!(intermediaries, idx)
@@ -870,6 +878,8 @@ function getfield_elim_pass!(ir::IRCode)
                 old_preserves..., new_preserves...)
             ir[SSAValue(use)] = new_expr
         end
+
+        @label skip
     end
 
     return ir
@@ -919,14 +929,14 @@ In addition to a simple DCE for unused values and allocations,
 this pass also nullifies `typeassert` calls that can be proved to be no-op,
 in order to allow LLVM to emit simpler code down the road.
 
-Note that this pass is more effective after SROA optimization (i.e. `getfield_elim_pass!`),
+Note that this pass is more effective after SROA optimization (i.e. `sroa_pass!`),
 since SROA often allows this pass to:
 - eliminate allocation of object whose field references are all replaced with scalar values, and
 - nullify `typeassert` call whose first operand has been replaced with a scalar value
   (, which may have introduced new type information that inference did not understand)
 
-Also note that currently this pass _needs_ to run after `getfield_elim_pass!`, because
-the `typeassert` elimination depends on the transformation within `getfield_elim_pass!`
+Also note that currently this pass _needs_ to run after `sroa_pass!`, because
+the `typeassert` elimination depends on the transformation within `sroa_pass!`
 which redirects references of `typeassert`ed value to the corresponding `PiNode`.
 """
 function adce_pass!(ir::IRCode)

test/compiler/irpasses.jl

@@ -69,6 +69,186 @@ end
 
 # Tests for SROA
 
+import Core.Compiler: argextype, singleton_type
+const EMPTY_SPTYPES = Core.Compiler.EMPTY_SLOTTYPES
+function iscall((src, f)::Tuple{Core.CodeInfo,Function}, @nospecialize(x))
+    return iscall(x) do @nospecialize x
+        singleton_type(argextype(x, src, EMPTY_SPTYPES)) === f
+    end
+end
+iscall(pred, @nospecialize(x)) = Meta.isexpr(x, :call) && pred(x.args[1])
+
+struct ImmutableXYZ; x; y; z; end
+mutable struct MutableXYZ; x; y; z; end
+
+# should optimize away very basic cases
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = ImmutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = MutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+
+# should handle simple mutabilities
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = MutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        xyz.y = 42
+        xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+    @test any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        iscall((src, tuple), x) &&
+        x.args[2:end] == Any[#=x=# Core.Argument(2), 42, #=x=# Core.Argument(4)]
+    end
+end
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = MutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        xyz.x, xyz.z = xyz.z, xyz.x
+        xyz.x, xyz.y, xyz.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+    @test any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        iscall((src, tuple), x) &&
+        x.args[2:end] == Any[#=z=# Core.Argument(4), #=y=# Core.Argument(3), #=x=# Core.Argument(2)]
+    end
+end
+# FIXME currently SROA requires "safe" allocation site, i.e. without any uninitialized fields
+# circumvent uninitialized fields as far as there is a solid `setfield!` definition
+let src = code_typed() do
+        r = Ref{Any}()
+        r[] = 42
+        return r[]
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+let src = code_typed((Bool,)) do cond
+        r = Ref{Any}()
+        if cond
+            r[] = 42
+            return r[]
+        else
+            r[] = 32
+            return r[]
+        end
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+let src = code_typed((Bool,)) do cond
+        r = Ref{Any}()
+        if cond
+            r[] = 42
+        else
+            r[] = 32
+        end
+        return r[]
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test_broken !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+let
+    src = code_typed((Bool,)) do cond
+        r = Ref{Any}()
+        if cond
+            r[] = 42
+        end
+        return r[]
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+
+# should include alias analysis to some extent
+struct ImmutableOuter{T}; x::T; y::T; z::T; end
+mutable struct MutableOuter{T}; x::T; y::T; z::T; end
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = ImmutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        outer = ImmutableOuter(xyz, xyz, xyz)
+        outer.x.x, outer.y.y, outer.z.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+    @test any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        iscall((src, tuple), x) &&
+        x.args[2:end] == Any[#=x=# Core.Argument(2), #=y=# Core.Argument(3), #=y=# Core.Argument(4)]
+    end
+end
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = ImmutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        # #42831 forms ::PartialStruct(ImmutableOuter{Any}, Any[ImmutableXYZ, ImmutableXYZ, ImmutableXYZ])
+        # so the succeeding `getproperty`s are type stable and inlined
+        outer = ImmutableOuter{Any}(xyz, xyz, xyz)
+        outer.x.x, outer.y.y, outer.z.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+    @test any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        iscall((src, tuple), x) &&
+        x.args[2:end] == Any[#=x=# Core.Argument(2), #=y=# Core.Argument(3), #=y=# Core.Argument(4)]
+    end
+end
+# currently our SROA can't handle nested mutable objects
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = MutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        outer = ImmutableOuter(xyz, xyz, xyz)
+        outer.x.x, outer.y.y, outer.z.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test_broken !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+let src = code_typed((Any,Any,Any)) do x, y, z
+        xyz = ImmutableXYZ(x, y, z)
+        outer = MutableOuter(xyz, xyz, xyz)
+        outer.x.x, outer.y.y, outer.z.z
+    end |> only |> first
+    @test_broken !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+
+# should work nicely with inlining to optimize away a complicated case
+# adapted from http://wiki.luajit.org/Allocation-Sinking-Optimization#implementation%5B
+struct Point
+    x::Float64
+    y::Float64
+end
+#=@inline=# add(a::Point, b::Point) = Point(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y)
+function compute()
+    a = Point(1.5, 2.5)
+    b = Point(2.25, 4.75)
+    for i in 0:(100000000-1)
+        a = add(add(a, b), b)
+    end
+    a.x, a.y
+end
+let src = first(only(code_typed(compute, ())))
+    @test !any(src.code) do @nospecialize x
+        Meta.isexpr(x, :new)
+    end
+end
+
 mutable struct Foo30594; x::Float64; end
 Base.copy(x::Foo30594) = Foo30594(x.x)
 function add!(p::Foo30594, off::Foo30594)
@@ -180,7 +360,7 @@ let m = Meta.@lower 1 + 1
     src.ssaflags = fill(Int32(0), nstmts)
     ir = Core.Compiler.inflate_ir(src, Any[], Any[Any, Any])
     @test Core.Compiler.verify_ir(ir) === nothing
-    ir = @test_nowarn Core.Compiler.getfield_elim_pass!(ir)
+    ir = @test_nowarn Core.Compiler.sroa_pass!(ir)
     @test Core.Compiler.verify_ir(ir) === nothing
 end
 
@@ -384,7 +564,7 @@ exc39508 = ErrorException("expected")
 end
 @test test39508() === exc39508
 
-let # `getfield_elim_pass!` should work with constant globals
+let # `sroa_pass!` should work with constant globals
     # immutable pass
     src = @eval Module() begin
         const REF_FLD = :x