The project is made possible by volunteer contributors who have put in thousands of hours of their own time, and made the source code freely available under the Apache License 2.0.
These Docker images come with a handful of tags to simplify its usage, have a look at them in one of our releases.
To get notifications of new releases, add yourself as a "Releases only" watcher.
These images are published to the Docker Hub registry at Selenium Docker Hub.
Do you need help to use these Docker images? Talk to us at https://www.selenium.dev/support/
- Community
- Contents
- Quick start
- Experimental Mult-Arch aarch64/armhf/amd64 Images
- Nightly Images
- Dev and Beta Channel Browser Images
- Execution modes
- Video recording
- Video recording and uploading
- Dynamic Grid
- Deploying to Kubernetes
- Configuring the containers
- SE_OPTS Selenium Configuration Options
- SE_JAVA_OPTS Java Environment Options
- Node configuration options
- Setting Sub Path
- Setting Screen Resolution
- Grid Url and Session Timeout
- Session request timeout
- Increasing session concurrency per container
- Running in Headless mode
- Stopping the Node/Standalone after N sessions have been executed
- Automatic browser leftovers cleanup
- Building the images
- Waiting for the Grid to be ready
- Install certificates for Chromium-based browsers
- Alternative method: Add certificates to existing Selenium based images for browsers
- Debugging
- Tracing in Grid
- Troubleshooting
- Stargazers over time
- Start a Docker container with Firefox
docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402-
Point your WebDriver tests to http://localhost:4444
-
That's it!
-
(Optional) To see what is happening inside the container, head to http://localhost:7900/?autoconnect=1&resize=scale&password=secret.
For more details about visualising the container activity, check the Debugging section.
☝️ When executing docker run for an image that contains a browser please use
the flag --shm-size=2g to use the host's shared memory.
☝️ Always use a Docker image with a full tag to pin a specific browser and Grid version. See Tagging Conventions for details.
For experimental docker container images, which run on platforms such as the Mac M1 or Raspberry Pi, see the community-driven repository hosted at seleniumhq-community/docker-seleniarm. These images are built for three separate architectures: linux/arm64 (aarch64), linux/arm/v7 (armhf), and linux/amd64.
Furthermore, these experimental container images are published on Seleniarm Docker Hub registry.
See issue #1076 for more information on these images.
If you're working on an Intel or AMD64 architecture, we recommend using the container images in this repository (SeleniumHQ/docker-selenium) instead of the experimental ones.
Nightly images are built on top of the Nightly build on the upstream project Selenium with the latest changes on main branch in this repository. The image tag is nightly. This is not recommended to use images in production. It is only for testing purpose.
$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:nightlyTo run tests or otherwise work with pre-release browsers, Google, Mozilla, and Microsoft maintain a Dev and Beta release channel for those who need to see what's soon to be released to the general population.
Here are the instructions to run them in Standalone mode:
Chrome Beta:
$ docker run --rm -it -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size 2g selenium/standalone-chrome:betaChrome Dev:
$ docker run --rm -it -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size 2g selenium/standalone-chrome:devFirefox Beta:
$ docker run --rm -it -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size 2g selenium/standalone-firefox:betaFirefox Dev:
$ docker run --rm -it -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size 2g selenium/standalone-firefox:devEdge Beta:
$ docker run --rm -it -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size 2g selenium/standalone-edge:betaEdge Dev:
$ docker run --rm -it -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size 2g selenium/standalone-edge:devdocker-compose-v3-beta-channel.yml:
# To execute this docker-compose yml file use `docker-compose -f docker-compose-v3-beta-channel.yml up`
# Add the `-d` flag at the end for detached execution
# To stop the execution, hit Ctrl+C, and then `docker-compose -f docker-compose-v3-beta-channel.yml down`
version: "3"
services:
chrome:
image: selenium/node-chrome:beta
shm_size: 2gb
depends_on:
- selenium-hub
environment:
- SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
- SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
- SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
edge:
image: selenium/node-edge:beta
shm_size: 2gb
depends_on:
- selenium-hub
environment:
- SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
- SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
- SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
firefox:
image: selenium/node-firefox:beta
shm_size: 2gb
depends_on:
- selenium-hub
environment:
- SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
- SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
- SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
selenium-hub:
image: selenium/hub:latest
container_name: selenium-hub
ports:
- "4442:4442"
- "4443:4443"
- "4444:4444"docker-compose-v3-dev-channel.yml:
# To execute this docker-compose yml file use `docker-compose -f docker-compose-v3-dev-channel.yml up`
# Add the `-d` flag at the end for detached execution
# To stop the execution, hit Ctrl+C, and then `docker-compose -f docker-compose-v3-dev-channel.yml down`
version: "3"
services:
chrome:
image: selenium/node-chrome:dev
shm_size: 2gb
depends_on:
- selenium-hub
environment:
- SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
- SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
- SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
edge:
image: selenium/node-edge:dev
shm_size: 2gb
depends_on:
- selenium-hub
environment:
- SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
- SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
- SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
firefox:
image: selenium/node-firefox:dev
shm_size: 2gb
depends_on:
- selenium-hub
environment:
- SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
- SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
- SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
selenium-hub:
image: selenium/hub:latest
container_name: selenium-hub
ports:
- "4442:4442"
- "4443:4443"
- "4444:4444"For more information on the Dev and Beta channel container images, see the blog post on Dev and Beta Channel Browsers via Docker Selenium.
Firefox
docker run -d -p 4444:4444 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402
Chrome
docker run -d -p 4444:4444 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
Edge
docker run -d -p 4444:4444 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-edge:4.19.1-20240402Note: Only one Standalone container can run on port 4444 at the same time.
There are different ways to run the images and create a Grid with a Hub and Nodes, check the following options.
The Hub and Nodes will be created in the same network and they will recognize each other by their container name. A Docker network needs to be created as a first step.
$ docker network create grid
$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --net grid --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-edge:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-firefox:4.19.1-20240402$ docker network create grid
$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --net grid --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub `
--shm-size="2g" `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub `
--shm-size="2g" `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
selenium/node-edge:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub `
--shm-size="2g" `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
selenium/node-firefox:4.19.1-20240402When you are done using the Grid, and the containers have exited, the network can be removed with the following command:
# Removes the grid network
$ docker network rm gridThe Hub and Nodes will be created on different machines/VMs, they need to know each other's IPs to communicate properly. If more than one node will be running on the same Machine/VM, they must be configured to expose different ports.
$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-2> \
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 `
--shm-size="2g" `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-2> `
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-3> \
selenium/node-edge:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 `
--shm-size="2g" `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-3> `
selenium/node-edge:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-4> \
selenium/node-firefox:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 `
--shm-size="2g" `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-4> `
selenium/node-firefox:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5556:5556 \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-4> \
-e SE_NODE_PORT=5556 \
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5556:5556 `
--shm-size="2g" `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
-e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-4> `
-e SE_NODE_PORT=5556 `
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402Docker Compose is the simplest way to start a Grid. Use the linked resources below, save them locally and check the execution instructions on top of each file.
To stop the Grid and cleanup the created containers, run docker-compose down.
It is possible to start a Selenium Grid with all its components apart. For simplicity, only an example with docker-compose will be provided. Save the file locally, and check the execution instructions on top of it.
docker-compose-v3-full-grid.yml
| Environment variable | Option | Type | Default value | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SE_REJECT_UNSUPPORTED_CAPS |
--reject-unsupported-caps |
boolean | false |
Allow the Distributor to reject a request immediately if the Grid does not support the requested capability. |
SE_HEALTHCHECK_INTERVAL |
--healthcheck-interval |
int | 120 |
This ensures the server can ping all the Nodes successfully after an interval. |
Tests execution can be recorded by using the selenium/video:ffmpeg-6.1-20240402
Docker image. One container is needed per each container where a browser is running. This means if you are
running 5 Nodes/Standalone containers, you will need 5 video containers, the mapping is 1-1.
Currently, the only way to do this mapping is manually (either starting the containers manually or through
docker-compose). We are iterating on this process and probably this setup will be more simple in the future.
The video Docker image we provide is based on the ffmpeg Ubuntu image provided by the jrottenberg/ffmpeg project, thank you for providing this image and simplifying our work 🎉
Notes:
- If you have questions or feedback, please use the community contact points shown here.
- Please report any bugs through GitHub issues, and provide all the information requested on the template.
- Video recording for headless browsers is not supported.
- Video recording tends to use considerable amounts of CPU. Normally you should estimate 1CPU per video container, and 1 CPU per browser container.
- Videos are stored in the
/videosdirectory inside the video container. Map a local directory to get the videos. - If you are running more than one video container, be sure to overwrite the video file name through the
FILE_NAMEenvironment variable to avoid unexpected results.
This example shows how to start the containers manually:
$ docker network create grid
$ docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -p 6900:5900 --net grid --name selenium --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid --name video -v /tmp/videos:/videos selenium/video:ffmpeg-6.1-20240402
# Run your tests
$ docker stop video && docker rm video
$ docker stop selenium && docker rm seleniumAfter the containers are stopped and removed, you should see a video file on your machine's /tmp/videos directory.
Here is an example using a Hub and a few Nodes:
RCLONE is installed in the video recorder image. You can use it to upload the videos to a cloud storage service. Besides the video recording mentioned above, you can enable the upload functionality by setting the following environment variables:
version: "3"
services:
chrome_video:
image: selenium/video:nightly
depends_on:
- chrome
environment:
- DISPLAY_CONTAINER_NAME=chrome
- SE_VIDEO_FILE_NAME=auto
- SE_VIDEO_UPLOAD_ENABLED=true
- SE_VIDEO_INTERNAL_UPLOAD=true
- SE_UPLOAD_DESTINATION_PREFIX=s3://mybucket/path
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_TYPE=s3
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_PROVIDER=GCS
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_ENV_AUTH=true
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_REGION=asia-southeast1
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_LOCATION_CONSTRAINT=asia-southeast1
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_ACL=private
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxx
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxx
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_ENDPOINT=https://storage.googleapis.com
- RCLONE_CONFIG_S3_NO_CHECK_BUCKET=trueSE_VIDEO_FILE_NAME=auto will use the session id as the video file name. This ensures that the video file name is unique to upload.
SE_VIDEO_UPLOAD_ENABLED=true will enable the video upload feature. In the background, it will create a pipefile with file and destination for uploader to consume and proceed.
SE_VIDEO_INTERNAL_UPLOAD=true will use RCLONE installed in the container for upload. If you want to use another container for upload, set it to false.
For environment variables with prefix RCLONE_ is used to pass remote configuration to RCLONE. You can find more information about RCLONE configuration here.
docker-compose-v3-video-upload.yml
Note that upload function is not supported for Dynamic Grid. If you want it, please create a feature request.
Grid 4 has the ability to start Docker containers on demand, this means that it starts a Docker container in the background for each new session request, the test gets executed there, and when the test completes, the container gets thrown away.
This execution mode can be used either in the Standalone or Node roles. The "dynamic"
execution mode needs to be told what Docker images to use when the containers get started.
Additionally, the Grid needs to know the URI of the Docker daemon. This configuration can
be placed in a local toml file.
You can save this file locally and name it, for example, config.toml.
[docker]
# Configs have a mapping between the Docker image to use and the capabilities that need to be matched to
# start a container with the given image.
configs = [
"selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402", '{"browserName": "firefox"}',
"selenium/standalone-chrome:4.19.1-20240402", '{"browserName": "chrome"}',
"selenium/standalone-edge:4.19.1-20240402", '{"browserName": "MicrosoftEdge"}'
]
# URL for connecting to the docker daemon
# Most simple approach, leave it as http://127.0.0.1:2375, and mount /var/run/docker.sock.
# 127.0.0.1 is used because internally the container uses socat when /var/run/docker.sock is mounted
# If var/run/docker.sock is not mounted:
# Windows: make sure Docker Desktop exposes the daemon via tcp, and use http://host.docker.internal:2375.
# macOS: install socat and run the following command, socat -4 TCP-LISTEN:2375,fork UNIX-CONNECT:/var/run/docker.sock,
# then use http://host.docker.internal:2375.
# Linux: varies from machine to machine, please mount /var/run/docker.sock. If this does not work, please create an issue.
url = "http://127.0.0.1:2375"
# Docker image used for video recording
video-image = "selenium/video:ffmpeg-6.1-20240402"
# Uncomment the following section if you are running the node on a separate VM
# Fill out the placeholders with appropriate values
#[server]
#host = <ip-from-node-machine>
#port = <port-from-node-machine>This can be expanded to a full Grid deployment, all components deployed individually. The overall idea is to have the Hub in one virtual machine, and each of the Nodes in separate and more powerful virtual machines.
$ docker network create grid
$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --net grid --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml \
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets \
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
selenium/node-docker:4.19.1-20240402$ docker network create grid
$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --net grid --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml `
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets `
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock `
selenium/node-docker:4.19.1-20240402To have the assets saved on your host, please mount your host path to /opt/selenium/assets.
When you are done using the Grid, and the containers have exited, the network can be removed with the following command:
# Removes the grid network
$ docker network rm griddocker run --rm --name selenium-docker -p 4444:4444 \
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml \
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets \
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
selenium/standalone-docker:4.19.1-20240402docker run --rm --name selenium-docker -p 4444:4444 `
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml `
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets `
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock `
selenium/standalone-docker:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml \
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets \
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
selenium/node-docker:4.19.1-20240402$ docker run -d -p 5555:5555 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 `
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 `
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml `
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets `
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock `
selenium/node-docker:4.19.1-20240402Complete the [server] section in the config.toml file.
[docker]
# Configs have a mapping between the Docker image to use and the capabilities that need to be matched to
# start a container with the given image.
configs = [
"selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402", "{\"browserName\": \"firefox\"}",
"selenium/standalone-chrome:4.19.1-20240402", "{\"browserName\": \"chrome\"}",
"selenium/standalone-edge:4.19.1-20240402", "{\"browserName\": \"MicrosoftEdge\"}"
]
# URL for connecting to the docker daemon
# Most simple approach, leave it as http://127.0.0.1:2375, and mount /var/run/docker.sock.
# 127.0.0.1 is used because interally the container uses socat when /var/run/docker.sock is mounted
# If var/run/docker.sock is not mounted:
# Windows: make sure Docker Desktop exposes the daemon via tcp, and use http://host.docker.internal:2375.
# macOS: install socat and run the following command, socat -4 TCP-LISTEN:2375,fork UNIX-CONNECT:/var/run/docker.sock,
# then use http://host.docker.internal:2375.
# Linux: varies from machine to machine, please mount /var/run/docker.sock. If this does not work, please create an issue.
url = "http://127.0.0.1:2375"
# Docker image used for video recording
video-image = "selenium/video:ffmpeg-6.1-20240402"
# Uncomment the following section if you are running the node on a separate VM
# Fill out the placeholders with appropriate values
[server]
host = <ip-from-node-machine>
port = <port-from-node-machine>To have the assets saved on your host, please mount your host path to /opt/selenium/assets.
Here is an example using a Hub and a Node:
docker-compose-v3-dynamic-grid.yml
Containers can be further configured through environment variables, such as SE_NODE_SESSION_TIMEOUT
and SE_OPTS. When a child container is created, all environment variables prefixed with SE_ will
be forwared and set in the container. You can set the desired environment variables in the
standalone-docker or node-docker containers. The following example sets the session timeout to
700 seconds for all sessions:
docker run --rm --name selenium-docker -p 4444:4444 \
-e SE_NODE_SESSION_TIMEOUT=700 \
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml \
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets \
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
selenium/standalone-docker:4.19.1-20240402docker run --rm --name selenium-docker -p 4444:4444 `
-e SE_NODE_SESSION_TIMEOUT=700 `
-v ${PWD}/config.toml:/opt/bin/config.toml `
-v ${PWD}/assets:/opt/selenium/assets `
-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock `
selenium/standalone-docker:4.19.1-20240402To record your WebDriver session, you need to add a se:recordVideo
field set to true. You can also set a time zone and a screen resolution,
for example:
{
"browserName": "firefox",
"platformName": "linux",
"se:recordVideo": "true",
"se:timeZone": "US/Pacific",
"se:screenResolution": "1920x1080"
}After running a test, check the path you mounted to the Docker container,
(${PWD}/assets), and you should see videos and session information.
We offer a Helm chart to deploy these Docker images to Kubernetes. Read more details at the Helm readme.
You can pass SE_OPTS variable with additional command line parameters for starting a hub or a node.
$ docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -e SE_OPTS="--log-level FINE" --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402You can pass SE_JAVA_OPTS environment variable to the Java process.
$ docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -e SE_JAVA_OPTS=-Xmx512m --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402The Nodes register themselves through the Event Bus. When the Grid is started in its typical Hub/Node setup, the Hub will be the one acting as the Event Bus, and when the Grid is started with all its five elements apart, the Event Bus will be running on its own.
In both cases, it is necessary to tell the Node where the Event Bus is, so it can register itself. That is
the purpose of the SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST, SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT and SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT environment
variables.
In some cases, for example, if you want to tag a node, it might be necessary to supply a custom stereotype to the node config. The environment variable SE_NODE_STEREOTYPE
sets the stereotype entry in the node's config.toml. An example config.toml file can be found here: Setting custom capabilities for matching specific Nodes.
Here is an example with the default values of these environment variables:
$ docker run -d \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<event_bus_ip|event_bus_name> \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 -e SE_NODE_STEREOTYPE="{\"browserName\":\"${SE_NODE_BROWSER_NAME}\",\"browserVersion\":\"${SE_NODE_BROWSER_VERSION}\",\"platformName\": \"Linux\"}" \
--shm-size="2g" selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402By default, Selenium is reachable at http://127.0.0.1:4444/. Selenium can be configured to use a custom subpath by specifying the SE_SUB_PATH
environmental variable. In the example below Selenium is reachable at http://127.0.0.1:4444/selenium-grid/
$ docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -e SE_SUB_PATH=/selenium-grid/ --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.9.0-20230421By default, nodes start with a screen resolution of 1360 x 1020 with a color depth of 24 bits and a dpi of 96.
These settings can be adjusted by specifying SE_SCREEN_WIDTH, SE_SCREEN_HEIGHT, SE_SCREEN_DEPTH, and/or SE_SCREEN_DPI
environmental variables when starting the container.
docker run -d -e SE_SCREEN_WIDTH=1366 -e SE_SCREEN_HEIGHT=768 -e SE_SCREEN_DEPTH=24 -e SE_SCREEN_DPI=74 selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402In some use cases, you might need to set the Grid URL to the Node, for example, if you'd like to access the BiDi/CDP endpoint.
This is also needed when you want to use the new RemoteWebDriver.builder() or Augmenter() present in Selenium 4
(since they setup the BiDi/CDP connection implicitly). You can do that through the SE_NODE_GRID_URL environment
variable, eg -e SE_NODE_GRID_URL=http://<hostMachine>:4444. Setting this env var is needed if you want to see the live view while sessions are executing.
Grid has a default session timeout of 300 seconds, where the session can be in a stale state until it is killed. You can use
SE_NODE_SESSION_TIMEOUT to overwrite that value in seconds.
A new session request is placed in the Session Queue before it is processed, and the request sits in the queue until a matching slot is found across the registered Nodes. However, the new session request might timeout if no slot was found. By default, a request will stay in the queue for up to 300 seconds before it a timeout is reached. In addition, an attempt to process the request is done every 5 seconds (by default).
It is possible to override those values through environment variables in the Hub and the SessionQueue (SE_SESSION_REQUEST_TIMEOUT
and SE_SESSION_RETRY_INTERVAL). For example, a timeout of 500 seconds would be SE_SESSION_REQUEST_TIMEOUT=500 and a retry
interval of 2 seconds would be SE_SESSION_RETRY_INTERVAL=2.
By default, only one session is configured to run per container through the SE_NODE_MAX_SESSIONS environment variable. It is
possible to increase that number up to the maximum available processors, this is because more stability is achieved when one
container/browser has 1 CPU to run.
However, if you have measured performance and based on that, you think more sessions can be executed in each container, you can
override the maximum limit by setting both SE_NODE_MAX_SESSIONS to a desired number and SE_NODE_OVERRIDE_MAX_SESSIONS to
true. Nevertheless, running more browser sessions than the available processors is not recommended since you will be overloading
the resources.
Overriding this setting has an undesired side effect when video recording is enabled since more than one browser session might be captured in the same video.
Firefox, Chrome, When using headless mode, there's no need for the Xvfb server to be started.
To avoid starting the server you can set the SE_START_XVFB environment variable to false
(or any other value than true), for example:
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub -e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 -e SE_START_XVFB=false --shm-size="2g" selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402For more information, see this GitHub issue.
In some environments, like Docker Swarm or Kubernetes, it is useful to shut down the Node or Standalone
container after N tests have been executed. For example, this can be used in Kubernetes to terminate the
pod and then scale a new one after N sessions. Set the environment variable SE_DRAIN_AFTER_SESSION_COUNT to
a value higher than zero to enable this behaviour.
$ docker run -e SE_DRAIN_AFTER_SESSION_COUNT=5 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402With the previous command, the Standalone container will shut down after 5 sessions have been executed.
In long-running containers, it can happen that browsers leave some leftovers. These can be stuck browser processes
of jobs that have already finished but failed to fully stop the browser, or temporary files written to the /tmp
file system (notably on Chrome-based browsers). To avoid these filling up resources like process IDs and file system
usage in the container, there is an automatic cleanup script running every hour in the node containers. This will
clean up old processes and old temporary files. By default, this is disabled. When enabled, this will clean up browsers
running for longer than 2 hours, and files older than 1 day. These can be enabled and tweaked with the following
environment variables:
SE_ENABLE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_CLEANUP: default valuefalse, set totrueto enable the cleanup.SE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_INTERVAL_SECS: default value3600(1 hour), cleanup interval in seconds.SE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_PROCESSES_SECS: default value7200(2 hours), browsers running for longer than this time will be killed.SE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_TEMPFILES_DAYS: default value1(1 day), files generated by Chrome-based browsers in/tmpwill be removed after these number of days (ignored when using Firefox).
If you use Selenium for long-running sessions and expect browsers to be running for longer than 2 hours, either do
not set SE_ENABLE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_CLEANUP to true (leave the default value of false), or tweak
SE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_PROCESSES_SECS to set a value higher than your expected long-running browser processes.
$ docker run -e SE_ENABLE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_CLEANUP=true --shm-size="2g" selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402With the previous command, the cleanup will be enabled with the default timings.
$ docker run -e SE_ENABLE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_CLEANUP=true \
-e SE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_INTERVAL_SECS=7200 \
-e SE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_PROCESSES_SECS=3600 \
-e SE_BROWSER_LEFTOVERS_TEMPFILES_DAYS=2 \
--shm-size="2g" selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402With the previous command, the cleanup will be enabled, but will run every 2 hours (instead of 1), will kill browsers running longer than 1 hour (instead of 2 hours), and will remove temp files older than 2 days (instead of 1).
Clone the repo and from the project directory root you can build everything by running:
$ VERSION=local make buildIf you need to configure environment variables in order to build the image (http proxy for instance),
simply set an environment variable BUILD_ARGS that contains the additional variables to pass to the
docker context (this will only work with docker >= 1.9)
$ BUILD_ARGS="--build-arg http_proxy=http://acme:3128 --build-arg https_proxy=http://acme:3128" make buildNote: Omitting VERSION=local will build the images with the released version but replacing the date for the
current one.
If you want to build the image with the host UID/GID, simply set an environment variable BUILD_ARGS
$ BUILD_ARGS="--build-arg UID=$(id -u) --build-arg GID=$(id -g)" make buildIf you want to build the image with different default user/password, simply set an environment variable BUILD_ARGS
$ BUILD_ARGS="--build-arg SEL_USER=yourseluser --build-arg SEL_PASSWD=welcome" make buildIt is a good practice to check first if the Grid is up and ready to receive requests, this can be done by checking the /wd/hub/status endpoint.
A Grid that is ready, composed of a hub and two nodes, could look like this:
{
"value": {
"ready": true,
"message": "Selenium Grid ready.",
"nodes": [
{
"id": "6c0a2c59-7e99-469d-bbfc-313dc638797c",
"uri": "http:\u002f\u002f172.19.0.3:5555",
"maxSessions": 4,
"stereotypes": [
{
"capabilities": {
"browserName": "firefox"
},
"count": 4
}
],
"sessions": [
]
},
{
"id": "26af3363-a0d8-4bd6-a854-2c7497ed64a4",
"uri": "http:\u002f\u002f172.19.0.4:5555",
"maxSessions": 4,
"stereotypes": [
{
"capabilities": {
"browserName": "chrome"
},
"count": 4
}
],
"sessions": [
]
}
]
}
}The "ready": true value indicates that the Grid is ready to receive requests. This status can be polled through a
script before running any test, or it can be added as a HEALTHCHECK
when the docker container is started.
Adding a HEALTHCHECK to the Grid
The script check-grid.sh, which is included in the images, can be used to poll the Grid status.
This example checks the status of the Grid every 15 seconds, it has a timeout of 30 seconds when the check is done,
and it retries up to 5 times until the container is marked as unhealthy. Please use adjusted values to fit your needs,
(if needed) replace the --host and --port parameters for the ones used in your environment.
$ docker network create grid
$ docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --net grid --name selenium-hub \
--health-cmd='/opt/bin/check-grid.sh --host 0.0.0.0 --port 4444' \
--health-interval=15s --health-timeout=30s --health-retries=5 \
selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-edge:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-firefox:4.19.1-20240402
Note: The \ line delimiter won't work on Windows-based terminals, try either ^ or a backtick.
The container health status can be checked by doing docker ps and verifying the (healthy)|(unhealthy) status or by
inspecting it in the following way:
$ docker inspect --format='{{json .State.Health.Status}}' selenium-hub
"healthy"A common problem known in docker is that a running container does not always mean that the application inside it is ready. A simple way to tackle this is by using a "wait-for-it" script, more information can be seen here.
The following script is an example of how this can be done using bash, but the same principle applies if you want to do this with the programming language used to write the tests. In the example below, the script will poll the status endpoint every second. If the grid does not become ready within 30 seconds, the script will exit with an error code.
#!/bin/bash
# wait-for-grid.sh
set -e
url="http://localhost:4444/wd/hub/status"
wait_interval_in_seconds=1
max_wait_time_in_seconds=30
end_time=$((SECONDS + max_wait_time_in_seconds))
time_left=$max_wait_time_in_seconds
while [ $SECONDS -lt $end_time ]; do
response=$(curl -sL "$url" | jq -r '.value.ready')
if [ -n "$response" ] && [ "$response" ]; then
echo "Selenium Grid is up - executing tests"
break
else
echo "Waiting for the Grid. Sleeping for $wait_interval_in_seconds second(s). $time_left seconds left until timeout."
sleep $wait_interval_in_seconds
time_left=$((time_left - wait_interval_in_seconds))
fi
done
if [ $SECONDS -ge $end_time ]; then
echo "Timeout: The Grid was not started within $max_wait_time_in_seconds seconds."
exit 1
fiWill require
jqinstalled viaapt-get, else the script will keep printingWaitingwithout completing the execution.
Note: If needed, replace localhost and 4444 for the correct values in your environment. Also, this script is polling indefinitely, you might want
to tweak it and establish a timeout.
Let's say that the normal command to execute your tests is mvn clean test. Here is a way to use the above script and execute your tests:
$ ./wait-for-grid.sh mvn clean testLike this, the script will poll until the Grid is ready, and then your tests will start.
By default, the based image is installed libnss3-tools and initializes /home/seluser/.pki/nssdb,
so you are able to add your certs with rootless.
If you need to install custom certificates, CA, intermediate CA,
or client certificates (for example, enterprise internal CA)
you can create your own docker image from selenium node image.
The Chromium-based browser uses nssdb as a certificate store.
You can then install all required internal certificates in your Dockerfile like this:
- Create a script for installing the certificates. For example, cert-script.sh
- Create a Dockerfile that uses the selenium node image as a base and copies the script to the container, and executes it. For example, Dockerfile
- If you have to create a set of different certificates and node images. You can create a bootstrap script to do that in one-shot. For example, bootstrap.sh
The above example can be tested with the following command:
make test_custom_ca_cert
# ./tests/customCACert/bootstrap.shYou can find more information here
This way the certificates will be installed and the node will start automatically as before.
As an alternative, you can add your certificate files to existing Selenium images. This practical example assumes you have a known image to use as a build image and have a way to publish new images to your local docker registry.
This example uses a RedHat-based distro as a build image (Rocky Linux) but it can be any Linux image of your choice. Please note that build instruction will vary between distributions. You can check the instructions for Ubuntu in the previous example.
The example also assumes your internal CA is already in /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/YOUR_CA.pem, the default location for Rocky Linux. Alternatively, you can also provide these files from your host and copy them into the build image.
For Chrome and Edge browsers, the recipe is the same, just adapt the image name (node-chrome or node-edge):
# Get a standard image for creating nssdb file
FROM rockylinux:8.6 as build
RUN yum install -y nss-tools
RUN mkdir -p -m755 /seluser/.pki/nssdb \
&& certutil -d sql:/seluser/.pki/nssdb -N --empty-password \
&& certutil -d sql:/seluser/.pki/nssdb -A -t "C,," -n YOUR_CA -i /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/YOUR_CA.pem \
&& chown -R 1200:1201 /seluser
# Start from Selenium image and add relevant files from build image
FROM selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
USER root
COPY --from=build /seluser/ /home/seluser/
USER seluser
Example for Firefox:
# Get a standard image for working on
FROM rockylinux:8.6 as build
RUN mkdir -p "/distribution" "/certs" && \
cp /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/YOUR_CA*.pem /certs/ && \
echo '{ "policies": { "Certificates": { "Install": ["/opt/firefox-latest/YOUR_CA.pem"] }} }' >"/distribution/policies.json"
# Start from Selenium image and add relevant files from build image
FROM selenium/node-firefox:4.19.1-20240402
USER root
COPY --from=build /certs /opt/firefox-latest
COPY --from=build /distribution /opt/firefox-latest/distribution
USER seluser
This project uses x11vnc as a VNC server to allow users to inspect what is happening inside the container. Users can connect to this server in two ways:
The VNC server is listening to port 5900, you can use a VNC client and connect to it. Feel free to map port 5900 to any free external port that you wish.
The internal 5900 port remains the same because that is the configured port for the VNC server running inside the container.
You can override it with the SE_VNC_PORT environment variable in case you want to use --net=host.
Here is an example with the standalone images, the same concept applies to the node images.
$ docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -p 5900:5900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d -p 4445:4444 -p 5901:5900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-edge:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d -p 4446:4444 -p 5902:5900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402Then, you would use in your VNC client:
- Port 5900 to connect to the Chrome container
- Port 5901 to connect to the Edge container
- Port 5902 to connect to the Firefox container
If you get a prompt asking for a password, it is: secret. If you wish to change this,
you can set the environment variable SE_VNC_PASSWORD.
If you want to run VNC without password authentication you can set the environment variable SE_VNC_NO_PASSWORD=1.
If you want to run VNC in view-only mode you can set the environment variable SE_VNC_VIEW_ONLY=1.
If you want to modify the open file descriptor limit for the VNC server process you can set the environment variable SE_VNC_ULIMIT=4096.
This project uses noVNC to allow users to inspect visually container activity with their browser. This might come in handy if you cannot install a VNC client on your machine. Port 7900 is used to start noVNC, so you will need to connect to that port with your browser.
Similarly to the previous section, feel free to map port 7900 to any free external port that you wish.
You can also override it with the SE_NO_VNC_PORT environment variable in case you want to use --net=host.
Here is an example with the standalone images, the same concept applies to the node images.
$ docker run -d -p 4444:4444 -p 7900:7900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d -p 4445:4444 -p 7901:7900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-edge:4.19.1-20240402
$ docker run -d -p 4446:4444 -p 7902:7900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-firefox:4.19.1-20240402Then, you would use in your browser:
- http://localhost:7900/ to connect to the Chrome container
- http://localhost:7901/ to connect to the Edge container
- http://localhost:7902/ to connect to the Firefox container
If you get a prompt asking for a password, it is: secret.
If You are running low on resources, or simply don't need to inspect running sessions, it is possible to not run VNC at all.
Just set
SE_START_VNC=false
environment variable on the grid startup.
In order to enable tracing in the Selenium Grid container, the following commands can be executed:
docker network create grid
docker run -d -p 16686:16686 -p 4317:4317 --net grid --name jaeger jaegertracing/all-in-one:1.54
docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --net grid --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.19.1-20240402
docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_ENABLE_TRACING=true \
-e SE_OTEL_TRACES_EXPORTER=otlp \
-e SE_OTEL_EXPORTER_ENDPOINT=http://jaeger:4317 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-chrome:4.19.1-20240402
docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_ENABLE_TRACING=true \
-e SE_OTEL_TRACES_EXPORTER=otlp \
-e SE_OTEL_EXPORTER_ENDPOINT=http://jaeger:4317 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-edge:4.19.1-20240402
docker run -d --net grid -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub \
--shm-size="2g" \
-e SE_ENABLE_TRACING=true \
-e SE_OTEL_TRACES_EXPORTER=otlp \
-e SE_OTEL_EXPORTER_ENDPOINT=http://jaeger:4317 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 \
-e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 \
selenium/node-firefox:4.19.1-20240402You can also refer to the below docker-compose yaml files to be able to start a simple grid (or) a dynamic grid.
- Simple Grid v3 yaml file
- Simple Grid v2 yaml file
- Dynamic Grid v3 yaml file
You can view the Jaeger UI and trace your request.
All output gets sent to stdout, so it can be inspected by running:
$ docker logs -f <container-id|container-name>You can increase the log output by passing environment variable to the containers:
SE_OPTS="--log-level FINE"
Why is --shm-size 2g necessary?
This is a known workaround to avoid the browser crashing inside a docker container, here are the documented issues for Chrome and Firefox. The shm size of 2gb is arbitrary but known to work well, your specific use case might need a different value, it is recommended to tune this value according to your needs.
If you see the following selenium exceptions:
Message: invalid argument: can't kill an exited process
or
Message: unknown error: Chrome failed to start: exited abnormally
The reason might be that you've set the START_XVFB environment variable to "false", but forgot to
actually run Firefox, Chrome or Edge in headless mode.
A common scenario is mounting a volume to the browser container in order to retrieve downloaded files. This works well in Windows and macOS but not without workarounds in Linux. For more details, check this well-documented issue.
For example, while using Linux, you might be starting a container in the following way:
docker run -d -p 4444:4444 --shm-size="2g" \
-v /home/ubuntu/files:/home/seluser/Downloads \
selenium/standalone-chrome:4.19.1-20240402That will mount the host /home/ubuntu/files directory
to the /home/seluser/Downloads inside the container
(default browser's downloads directory). The
problem happens because the volume will be mounted as
root; therefore, the browser cannot write a file to
that directory because it is running under the user
seluser. This happens because that is how Docker mounts
volumes in Linux, more details in this issue.
A workaround for this is to create a directory on the
host and change its permissions before mounting the volume.
Depending on your user permissions, you might need to use
sudo for some of these commands:
mkdir /home/ubuntu/files
chown 1200:1201 /home/ubuntu/filesAfter doing this, you should be able to download files to the mounted directory. If you have a better workaround, please send us a pull request!
Similar to mount volumes to retrieve downloaded files. For video files, you might need to do the same
mkdir /tmp/videos
chown 1200:1201 /tmp/videos
