Send settings from server to client

[al13n321]

Changelog category (leave one):

• Improvement

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Settings from server config (users.xml) now apply on the client too. Useful for format settings, e.g. date_time_output_format.

Closes #56976
Closes #24164
Closes #39779

[robot-clickhouse]

This is an automated comment for commit 96a9615 with description of existing statuses. It's updated for the latest CI running

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Successful checks

Check name	Description	Status
AST fuzzer	Runs randomly generated queries to catch program errors. The build type is optionally given in parenthesis. If it fails, ask a maintainer for help	✅ success
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Stateful tests	Runs stateful functional tests for ClickHouse binaries built in various configurations -- release, debug, with sanitizers, etc	✅ success
Stateless tests	Runs stateless functional tests for ClickHouse binaries built in various configurations -- release, debug, with sanitizers, etc	✅ success
Stress test	Runs stateless functional tests concurrently from several clients to detect concurrency-related errors	✅ success
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