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Additional note

• short-circuit

  • INCLUDING Logical AND operator &&, Logical OR operator ||, Conditional operator ?

• For class iteration_statement

  • constructor for both While and Do While are BOTH Expression FIRST, then statement

• Scope for for,while loop ref

  • As is the case with while loop, if statement is a single statement (not a compound statement), the scope of variables declared in it is limited to the loop body as if it was a compound statement.

  for (;;)
      int n;
  // n out of scope

  • While in C++, the scope of the init-statement and the scope of statement are one and the same, in C the scope of statement is nested within the scope of init-statement:

    for (int i = 0; ; ) {
        long i = 1;   // valid C, invalid C++
        // ...
    }

• type cast are RIGHT_associative (its actaully implemetation defined)

  unsigned char x= 255;
  std::cout << (int)x << "!\n"; // unsigned char ->  unsigned int -> int (NOT SURE, default case), return 255
  std::cout << (int)(signed char)x << "!\n"; unsigned char -> char -> int, return -1

ISO/IEC 9899:TC3 6.3.1.4
As discussed earlier, whether a ‘plain’ char is treated as signed is implementation-defined

• function declaration vs prototype ref
  • A non-prototype declaration does not say anything about parameters.
  • Prototype is a declaration that describes the number and the types of function parameters.

  int foo(); //declaration, It means that foo take an __unspecified number of arguments__
  int foo(void); //prototype 
  int foo(int a, double b); //prototype
  int foo(int, double); //prototype