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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="theme-next pisces use-motion" lang="zh-Hans">
<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.8.0">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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var NexT = window.NexT || {};
var CONFIG = {
root: '/',
scheme: 'Pisces',
version: '5.1.4',
sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":false},
fancybox: true,
tabs: true,
motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
duoshuo: {
userId: '0',
author: '博主'
},
algolia: {
applicationID: '',
apiKey: '',
indexName: '',
hits: {"per_page":10},
labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
}
};
</script>
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<title>Hexo</title>
</head>
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page-home">
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<a class="post-title-link" href="/2019/02/19/前端实现跨域的几种方式/" itemprop="url">前端实现跨域的几种方式</a></h1>
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2019-02-19
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<h1 id="前端实现跨域的几种方式"><a href="#前端实现跨域的几种方式" class="headerlink" title="前端实现跨域的几种方式"></a>前端实现跨域的几种方式</h1><p>JavaScript 的同源策略，是由Netscape提出的一个著名的安全策略，为了阻止A站的JS去操作别的网站的数据。</p>
<p>所谓同源指的就是指资源是来自同一个源的。如果两个页面拥有相同的协议，端口号，和主机（包括子域名和主域名），那么这两个页面就属于同一个源。</p>
<p>所谓策略指的是可以做什么事情。同一个源下的JS可以操作同一个源下的数据。</p>
<h2 id="什么是跨域"><a href="#什么是跨域" class="headerlink" title="什么是跨域"></a>什么是跨域</h2><p>当协议、子域名、主域名、端口号中任意一个不相同时，都算不同域。不同域之间的相互请求资源，就算作跨域</p>
<p>一、JSONP<br>通过script标签的异步加载来实现的。比如说，实际开发中，我们发现，head标签里，可以通过script标签的src，里面放url，加载很多在线的插件。这就是用到了JSONP。<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><script src=<span class="string">"http://www.smyhvae.com/?data=name&callback=myjsonp"</span>></script></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>或者是通过jquery 中的$.ajax修改dataType的参数来解决跨域问题。且jsonp只能使用GET请求，别的请求没用</p>
<p>二、CORS<br>CORS需要浏览器和服务器同时支持，才可以实现跨域请求，目前几乎所有浏览器都支持CORS，IE则不能低于IE10。<br>CORS的整个过程都由浏览器自动完成，前端无需做任何设置，跟平时发送ajax请求并无差异。so，实现CORS的关键在于服务器，只要服务器实现CORS接口，就可以实现跨域通信。<br>对于简单请求，浏览器会直接发送CORS请求，具体说来就是在header中加入origin请求头字段。<br>同样，在响应头中，返回服务器设置的相关CORS头部字段，Access-Control-Allow-Origin字段为允许跨域请求的源。<br>请求时浏览器在请求头的Origin中说明请求的源，服务器收到后发现允许该源跨域请求</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> express = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'express'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> app = express();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> allowCrossDomain = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">req, res, next</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.header(<span class="string">'Access-Control-Allow-Origin'</span>, <span class="string">'http://localhost:3001'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> res.header(<span class="string">'Access-Control-Allow-Methods'</span>, <span class="string">'GET,PUT,POST,DELETE'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> res.header(<span class="string">'Access-Control-Allow-Headers'</span>, <span class="string">'Content-Type'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> next();</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">app.use(allowCrossDomain);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>CORS字段介绍：<br>（1）Access-Control-Allow-Methods<br>该字段必需，它的值是逗号分隔的一个字符串，表明服务器支持的所有跨域请求的方法。注意，返回的是所有支持的方法，而不单是浏览器请求的那个方法。这是为了避免多次”预检”请求。<br>（2）Access-Control-Allow-Headers<br>如果浏览器请求包括Access-Control-Request-Headers字段，则Access-Control-Allow-Headers字段是必需的。<br>它也是一个逗号分隔的字符串，表明服务器支持的所有头信息字段，不限于浏览器在”预检”中请求的字段。<br>（3）Access-Control-Allow-Credentials<br>该字段与简单请求时的含义相同。<br>（4）Access-Control-Max-Age<br>该字段可选，用来指定本次预检请求的有效期，单位为秒。上面结果中，有效期是20天（1728000秒），即允许缓存该条回应1728000秒（即20天），在此期间，不用发出另一条预检请求。</p>
<p>三、postMessage<br>是html5引入的API可以更方便、有效、安全的解决这些问题。postMessage()方法允许来自不同源的脚本采用异步方式进行有限的通信，可以实现跨文本档、多窗口、跨域消息传递。</p>
<p>父页面<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//> localhost:9011/a.html</span></span><br><span class="line"><h1 <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span></span>=<span class="string">"header"</span>>page A<<span class="regexp">/h1></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp"><div class="mb20"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp"> <textarea name="ta" id="data" cols="30" rows="5">hello world</</span>textarea></span><br><span class="line"> <button style=<span class="string">"font-size:20px;"</span> onclick=<span class="string">"send()"</span>>post message<<span class="regexp">/button></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp"></</span>div></span><br><span class="line"><!-- 跨域的情况 --></span><br><span class="line"><iframe src=<span class="string">"http://localhost:9022/b.html"</span> id=<span class="string">"child"</span> style=<span class="string">"display: block; border: 1px dashed #ccc; height: 300px;"</span>></iframe></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><script></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">send</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> data = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelector(<span class="string">'#data'</span>).value;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">window</span>.frames[<span class="number">0</span>].postMessage(data, <span class="string">'http://localhost:9022/'</span>); <span class="comment">// 触发跨域子页面的messag事件</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">window</span>.addEventListener(<span class="string">'message'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">messageEvent</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> data = messageEvent.data; </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.info(<span class="string">'message from child:'</span>, data);</span><br><span class="line">}, <span class="literal">false</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><<span class="regexp">/script></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>子页面<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//> localhost:9022/b.html</span></span><br><span class="line"><h1 <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span></span>=<span class="string">"header"</span>>page B<<span class="regexp">/h1></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp"><input type="text" id="inp" value="some contents.."></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="regexp"><button onclick="send()">send</</span>button></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><script></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">window</span>.addEventListener(<span class="string">'message'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">ev</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// if (ev.source !== window.parent) {return;}</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> data = ev.data;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.info(<span class="string">'message from parent:'</span>, data);</span><br><span class="line">}, <span class="literal">false</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">send</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> data = <span class="built_in">document</span>.querySelector(<span class="string">'#inp'</span>).value;</span><br><span class="line"> parent.postMessage(data, <span class="string">'http://localhost:9011/'</span>); <span class="comment">// 若父页面的域名和指定的不一致，则postMessage失败</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// parent.postMessage(data, '*'); // 触发父页面的message事件</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><<span class="regexp">/script></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>四、websocket<br> WebSocket protocol是HTML5一种新的协议。它实现了浏览器与服务器全双工通信，同时允许跨域通讯，是server push技术的一种很好的实现。我们使用Socket.io，它很好地封装了webSocket接口，提供了更简单、灵活的接口，也对不支持webSocket的浏览器提供了向下兼容。<br> 项目中遇到javascript跨域问题，父页面和子页面要通信，并且父子页面跨域，怎么办？<br> 项目中要保证父子页面通信是点对点，需要在服务端建立对父子页面WebSocket的对应关系，即父页面发的消息只被子页面收到，子页面的消息也只被父页面收到我们做了以下工作，严格保证了</p>
<p> WebSocket通信是点对点：<br> 1.是建立WebSocket链接的URL加上时间戳保证通信会话是唯一的；<br> 2.是在服务端保证父子页面WebSocket一一对应关系。父子页面的WebSocket在Open时都会向服务端发出消息进行注册，建立Senssion之间的对应关系。然后父子页面就可通过双方约束的通信协议进行通信了。<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><div>user input：<input type=<span class="string">"text"</span>></div></span><br><span class="line"><script src=<span class="string">"./socket.io.js"</span>></script></span><br><span class="line"><script></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> http = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'http'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> socket = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'socket.io'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 启http服务</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> server = http.createServer(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">req, res</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.writeHead(<span class="number">200</span>, {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'Content-type'</span>: <span class="string">'text/html'</span></span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line"> res.end();</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server.listen(<span class="string">'8080'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'Server is running at port 8080...'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 监听socket连接</span></span><br><span class="line">socket.listen(server).on(<span class="string">'connection'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">client</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 接收信息</span></span><br><span class="line"> client.on(<span class="string">'message'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">msg</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> client.send(<span class="string">'hello：'</span> + msg);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'data from client: ---> '</span> + msg);</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 断开处理</span></span><br><span class="line"> client.on(<span class="string">'disconnect'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'Client socket has closed.'</span>); </span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>五、Nodejs中间件代理跨域<br>node中间件实现跨域代理，原理大致与nginx相同，都是通过启一个代理服务器，实现数据的转发。<br>1、 非vue框架的跨域（2次跨域）<br>利用node + express + http-proxy-middleware搭建一个proxy服务器。<br>1.）前端代码示例：<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> xhr = <span class="keyword">new</span> XMLHttpRequest();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 前端开关：浏览器是否读写cookie</span></span><br><span class="line">xhr.withCredentials = <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 访问http-proxy-middleware代理服务器</span></span><br><span class="line">xhr.open(<span class="string">'get'</span>, <span class="string">'http://www.domain1.com:3000/login?user=admin'</span>, <span class="literal">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line">xhr.send();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>2.）中间件服务器：<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> express = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'express'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> proxy = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'http-proxy-middleware'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> app = express();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">app.use(<span class="string">'/'</span>, proxy({</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 代理跨域目标接口</span></span><br><span class="line"> target: <span class="string">'http://www.domain2.com:8080'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> changeOrigin: <span class="literal">true</span>,</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 修改响应头信息，实现跨域并允许带cookie</span></span><br><span class="line"> onProxyRes: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">proxyRes, req, res</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.header(<span class="string">'Access-Control-Allow-Origin'</span>, <span class="string">'http://www.domain1.com'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> res.header(<span class="string">'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials'</span>, <span class="string">'true'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> },</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 修改响应信息中的cookie域名</span></span><br><span class="line"> cookieDomainRewrite: <span class="string">'www.domain1.com'</span> <span class="comment">// 可以为false，表示不修改</span></span><br><span class="line">}));</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">app.listen(<span class="number">3000</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'Proxy server is listen at port 3000...'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>六、 nginx反向代理接口跨域<br>跨域原理： 同源策略是浏览器的安全策略，不是HTTP协议的一部分。服务器端调用HTTP接口只是使用HTTP协议，不会执行JS脚本，不需要同源策略，也就不存在跨越问题。</p>
<p>实现思路：通过nginx配置一个代理服务器（域名与domain1相同，端口不同）做跳板机，反向代理访问domain2接口，并且可以顺便修改cookie中domain信息，方便当前域cookie写入，实现跨域登录。</p>
<p>nginx具体配置：</p>
<p>#proxy服务器<br>server {<br> listen 81;<br> server_name <a href="http://www.domain1.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.domain1.com</a>;</p>
<pre><code>location / {
proxy_pass http://www.domain2.com:8080; #反向代理
proxy_cookie_domain www.domain2.com www.domain1.com; #修改cookie里域名
index index.html index.htm;
# 当用webpack-dev-server等中间件代理接口访问nignx时，此时无浏览器参与，故没有同源限制，下面的跨域配置可不启用
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin http://www.domain1.com; #当前端只跨域不带cookie时，可为*
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials true;
}
</code></pre><p>}<br>1.) 前端代码示例：<br><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> xhr = <span class="keyword">new</span> XMLHttpRequest();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 前端开关：浏览器是否读写cookie</span></span><br><span class="line">xhr.withCredentials = <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 访问nginx中的代理服务器</span></span><br><span class="line">xhr.open(<span class="string">'get'</span>, <span class="string">'http://www.domain1.com:81/?user=admin'</span>, <span class="literal">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line">xhr.send();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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<h1 id="JS-中-this-机制"><a href="#JS-中-this-机制" class="headerlink" title="JS 中 this 机制"></a>JS 中 this 机制</h1><h2 id="this-是什么"><a href="#this-是什么" class="headerlink" title="this 是什么"></a>this 是什么</h2><p>this实际是在函数被调用时才发生的绑定，也就是说this具体指向什么，取决于你是怎么调用的函数。根据不同的状态来指定相应的地方。</p>
<h2 id="this在js中的指向"><a href="#this在js中的指向" class="headerlink" title="this在js中的指向"></a>this在js中的指向</h2><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//一、以全局&调用普通的函数的形式调用，this是window.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">fn</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">fn();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//二、构造函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//如果函数作为构造函数使用，那么其中的this就代表即将new出来的对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">Objfn</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.a = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>);<span class="comment">//此时输出的是对象 Objfn {a: 10}</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> objfn = <span class="keyword">new</span> Objfn();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'objfn.a='</span>+objfn.a);<span class="comment">//objfn.a=10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//但是如果直接调用Objfn1()函数，而不是new Objfn1()，那么情况就变成了Objfn()是普通函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">Objfn1</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.a = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>);<span class="comment">//此时输出的是对象 Window {stop: function, open: function, alert: function, confirm: function, prompt: function…}</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> objfn1 = Objfn1();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//console.log('objfn.a='+objfn1.a);//错误，Cannot read property 'a' of undefined</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//三、对象方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//如果函数作为对象的方法，方法中的this指向该对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> obj={</span><br><span class="line"> a:<span class="number">10</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> foo:<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>);<span class="comment">//Object {a: 10, foo: function}</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>.a);<span class="comment">//10</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">obj.foo();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//注意，要是此时在对象方法中定义函数，那么情况就不同了</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//此时的函数fn虽然是在 obj1.foo1内部定义的，但它仍然属于一个普通的函数，this仍然指向window.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> obj1={</span><br><span class="line"> a1:<span class="number">10</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> foo1:<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">fn</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>);<span class="comment">//Window {stop: function, open: function, alert: function, confirm: function, prompt: function…}</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>.a1);<span class="comment">//undefined</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> fn();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">obj1.foo1();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//另外，如果此时foo2不作为对象方法被调用，则</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> obj2 = {</span><br><span class="line"> x: <span class="number">10</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> foo2: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>); <span class="comment">//Window</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>.x); <span class="comment">//undefined</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">};</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> fn2 = obj2.foo2;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//等价于fn2 = function () {</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//console.log(this); //Window</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//console.log(this.x); //undefined</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//}</span></span><br><span class="line">fn2();<span class="comment">//此时又是在全局里执行的普通函数。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//四、构造函数的prototype属性</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//在 Foof.prototype.getX函数中，this 指向的 Foof对象。不仅仅如此，即便是在整个原型链中，this 代表的也是当前Foof对象的值。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">Foof</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.x = <span class="number">10</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">Foof.prototype.getX = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>); <span class="comment">//Foof {x: 10}</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>.x); <span class="comment">//10</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> foof = <span class="keyword">new</span> Foof();</span><br><span class="line">foof.getX();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//五、函数用call、apply或者bind调用</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> obja = {</span><br><span class="line"> x: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">fooa</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>); <span class="comment">//Object {x: 10}</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="keyword">this</span>.x); <span class="comment">//10</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">fooa.call(obja);</span><br><span class="line">fooa.apply(obja);</span><br><span class="line">fooa.bind(obja)();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p> <strong><em>注意：对于ES6之前，没有箭头函数的时候我们可以把指定一个变量</em></strong></p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// es6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">foo</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{ </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="function"><span class="params">()</span> =></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log( <span class="keyword">this</span>.a );</span><br><span class="line"> } </span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// es6之前的替代方法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">foo</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{ </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> self = <span class="keyword">this</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="function"><span class="params">()</span> =></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log( self.a );</span><br><span class="line"> } </span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>##总结</p>
<p>this函数执行的上下文对象；<br>根据函数调用的方式不同this的值也不同：<br>1.以函数的形式调用，this是window<br>2.以方法的形式调用，this是调用方法的对象<br>3.以构造函数的形式调用，this是新创建的那个对象<br>4.使用call和apply调用的函数，第一个参数就是this<br>5.在全局作用域中，this是window<br>6.在响应函数中，给谁绑定的事件this就是谁。<br>在事件处理函数中：获取触发当前事件的元素；<br>在普通函数中（直接调用）：获取的是window对象；<br>作为对象的方法中：获取的是当前对象。<br>在全局作用域中：this指代window对象。<br>构造函数中的this：指代创建的对象。<br>注意：<br>当调用方式不同时，this指代的含义不同，得到的结果也不同。<br>this本身不具备任何含义。</p>
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<p>为什么javaScript是单线程<br>因为如果是多线程，多个线程同时处理DOM的时候，浏览器不能够确定响应哪一个线程，javaScript从一诞生，就是单线程，这已经成为这门语言的核心特征。<br>js的event loop 是如何处理异步的<br>异步任务是解决耗时长的同步任务等待时间过长，阻塞代码执行，异步任务不进入主线程，进入任务队列，只有主线程的同步任务执行完成，然后通知某个异步任务，然后进入主线程执行。<br>什么叫宏任务什么叫微任务。<br>所有同步任务都在主线程上执行，形成一个执行栈（execution context stack）。也称之为宏任务<br>主线程之外，还存在一个”任务队列”（task queue）。只要异步任务有了运行结果，就在”任务队列”之中放置一个事件。这样的任务队列也叫微任务<br>哪些任务会被加入到任务栈里?<br>任务栈里面存放着js主线程的函数，同步函数。如果遇到异步函数，就直接交给指定模块处理，然后继续存放执行同步函数。</p>
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