diff --git a/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmedge.rs b/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmedge.rs
index 67191a26b..574965370 100644
--- a/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmedge.rs
+++ b/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmedge.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ const EXECUTOR_NAME: &str = "wasmedge";
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct WasmEdgeExecutor {}
 
-impl WasmEdgeExecutor {
-    fn exec_inner(spec: &Spec) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+impl Executor for WasmEdgeExecutor {
+    fn exec(&self, spec: &Spec) -> Result<(), ExecutorError> {
         // parse wasi parameters
         let args = get_args(spec);
         let mut cmd = args[0].clone();
@@ -24,14 +24,23 @@ impl WasmEdgeExecutor {
         // create configuration with `wasi` option enabled
         let config = ConfigBuilder::new(CommonConfigOptions::default())
             .with_host_registration_config(HostRegistrationConfigOptions::default().wasi(true))
-            .build()?;
+            .build()
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                ExecutorError::Other(format!("failed to create wasmedge config: {}", err))
+            })?;
 
         // create a vm with the config settings
         let mut vm = VmBuilder::new()
             .with_config(config)
-            .build()?
-            .register_module_from_file("main", cmd)?;
-
+            .build()
+            .map_err(|err| ExecutorError::Other(format!("failed to create wasmedge vm: {}", err)))?
+            .register_module_from_file("main", cmd)
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                ExecutorError::Other(format!(
+                    "failed to register wasmedge module from the file: {}",
+                    err
+                ))
+            })?;
         // initialize the wasi module with the parsed parameters
         let wasi_instance = vm
             .wasi_module_mut()
@@ -42,19 +51,11 @@ impl WasmEdgeExecutor {
             None,
         );
 
-        vm.run_func(Some("main"), "_start", params!())?;
+        vm.run_func(Some("main"), "_start", params!())
+            .map_err(|err| ExecutorError::Execution(err))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
-}
-
-impl Executor for WasmEdgeExecutor {
-    fn exec(&self, spec: &Spec) -> Result<(), ExecutorError> {
-        Self::exec_inner(spec).map_err(|err| {
-            tracing::error!(?err, "failed to execute workload with wasmedge handler");
-            ExecutorError::Execution(err.into())
-        })
-    }
 
     fn can_handle(&self, spec: &Spec) -> bool {
         if let Some(annotations) = spec.annotations() {
diff --git a/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmer.rs b/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmer.rs
index dbfa640cb..9e6037cf0 100644
--- a/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmer.rs
+++ b/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
 use oci_spec::runtime::Spec;
 use wasmer::{Instance, Module, Store};
 use wasmer_wasix::WasiEnv;
@@ -10,9 +9,9 @@ const EXECUTOR_NAME: &str = "wasmer";
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct WasmerExecutor {}
 
-impl WasmerExecutor {
-    fn exec_inner(spec: &Spec) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        tracing::debug!("Executing workload with wasmer handler");
+impl Executor for WasmerExecutor {
+    fn exec(&self, spec: &Spec) -> Result<(), ExecutorError> {
+        tracing::debug!("executing workload with wasmer handler");
         let process = spec.process().as_ref();
 
         let args = process.and_then(|p| p.args().as_ref()).unwrap_or(&EMPTY);
@@ -27,54 +26,56 @@ impl WasmerExecutor {
             });
 
         if args.is_empty() {
-            bail!("at least one process arg must be specified")
+            tracing::error!("at least one process arg must be specified");
+            return Err(ExecutorError::InvalidArg);
         }
 
         if !args[0].ends_with(".wasm") && !args[0].ends_with(".wat") {
-            bail!(
+            tracing::error!(
                 "first argument must be a wasm or wat module, but was {}",
                 args[0]
-            )
+            );
+            return Err(ExecutorError::InvalidArg);
         }
 
         let mut store = Store::default();
-        let module = Module::from_file(&store, &args[0])
-            .with_context(|| format!("could not load wasm module from {}", &args[0]))?;
+        let module = Module::from_file(&store, &args[0]).map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!(err = ?err, file = ?args[0], "could not load wasm module from file");
+            ExecutorError::Other("could not load wasm module from file".to_string())
+        })?;
 
         let mut wasi_env = WasiEnv::builder("youki_wasm_app")
             .args(args.iter().skip(1))
             .envs(env)
-            .finalize(&mut store)?;
-
-        let imports = wasi_env
-            .import_object(&mut store, &module)
-            .context("could not retrieve wasm imports")?;
-        let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &imports)
-            .context("wasm module could not be instantiated")?;
-
-        wasi_env.initialize(&mut store, instance.clone())?;
-
-        let start = instance
-            .exports
-            .get_function("_start")
-            .context("could not retrieve wasm module main function")?;
+            .finalize(&mut store)
+            .map_err(|err| ExecutorError::Other(format!("could not create wasi env: {}", err)))?;
+
+        let imports = wasi_env.import_object(&mut store, &module).map_err(|err| {
+            ExecutorError::Other(format!("could not retrieve wasm imports: {}", err))
+        })?;
+        let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &imports).map_err(|err| {
+            ExecutorError::Other(format!("could not instantiate wasm module: {}", err))
+        })?;
+
+        wasi_env
+            .initialize(&mut store, instance.clone())
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                ExecutorError::Other(format!("could not initialize wasi env: {}", err))
+            })?;
+
+        let start = instance.exports.get_function("_start").map_err(|err| {
+            ExecutorError::Other(format!(
+                "could not retrieve wasm module main function: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
         start
             .call(&mut store, &[])
-            .context("wasm module was not executed successfully")?;
+            .map_err(|err| ExecutorError::Execution(err.into()))?;
 
         wasi_env.cleanup(&mut store, None);
 
         Ok(())
     }
-}
-
-impl Executor for WasmerExecutor {
-    fn exec(&self, spec: &Spec) -> Result<(), ExecutorError> {
-        Self::exec_inner(spec).map_err(|err| {
-            tracing::error!(?err, "failed to execute workload with wasmer handler");
-            ExecutorError::Execution(err.into())
-        })
-    }
 
     fn can_handle(&self, spec: &Spec) -> bool {
         if let Some(annotations) = spec.annotations() {
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ impl Executor for WasmerExecutor {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use anyhow::{Context, Result};
     use oci_spec::runtime::SpecBuilder;
     use std::collections::HashMap;
 
diff --git a/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmtime.rs b/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmtime.rs
index dc1713829..d0c046ff0 100644
--- a/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmtime.rs
+++ b/crates/youki/src/workload/wasmtime.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
 use oci_spec::runtime::Spec;
 use wasmtime::*;
 use wasmtime_wasi::WasiCtxBuilder;
@@ -10,8 +9,8 @@ const EXECUTOR_NAME: &str = "wasmtime";
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct WasmtimeExecutor {}
 
-impl WasmtimeExecutor {
-    fn exec_inner(spec: &Spec) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+impl Executor for WasmtimeExecutor {
+    fn exec(&self, spec: &Spec) -> Result<(), ExecutorError> {
         tracing::info!("Executing workload with wasmtime handler");
         let process = spec.process().as_ref();
 
@@ -21,14 +20,16 @@ impl WasmtimeExecutor {
             .and_then(|p| p.args().as_ref())
             .unwrap_or(&EMPTY);
         if args.is_empty() {
-            bail!("at least one process arg must be specified")
+            tracing::error!("at least one process arg must be specified");
+            return Err(ExecutorError::InvalidArg);
         }
 
         if !args[0].ends_with(".wasm") && !args[0].ends_with(".wat") {
-            bail!(
+            tracing::error!(
                 "first argument must be a wasm or wat module, but was {}",
                 args[0]
-            )
+            );
+            return Err(ExecutorError::InvalidArg);
         }
 
         let mut cmd = args[0].clone();
@@ -48,42 +49,42 @@ impl WasmtimeExecutor {
             .collect();
 
         let engine = Engine::default();
-        let module = Module::from_file(&engine, &cmd)
-            .with_context(|| format!("could not load wasm module from {}", &cmd))?;
+        let module = Module::from_file(&engine, &cmd).map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!(err = ?err, file = ?cmd, "could not load wasm module from file");
+            ExecutorError::Other("could not load wasm module from file".to_string())
+        })?;
 
         let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
-        wasmtime_wasi::add_to_linker(&mut linker, |s| s)
-            .context("cannot add wasi context to linker")?;
+        wasmtime_wasi::add_to_linker(&mut linker, |s| s).map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!(err = ?err, "cannot add wasi context to linker");
+            ExecutorError::Other("cannot add wasi context to linker".to_string())
+        })?;
 
         let wasi = WasiCtxBuilder::new()
             .inherit_stdio()
             .args(args)
-            .context("cannot add args to wasi context")?
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                ExecutorError::Other(format!("cannot add args to wasi context: {}", err))
+            })?
             .envs(&envs)
-            .context("cannot add environment variables to wasi context")?
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                ExecutorError::Other(format!("cannot add envs to wasi context: {}", err))
+            })?
             .build();
 
         let mut store = Store::new(&engine, wasi);
 
-        let instance = linker
-            .instantiate(&mut store, &module)
-            .context("wasm module could not be instantiated")?;
-        let start = instance
-            .get_func(&mut store, "_start")
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("could not retrieve wasm module main function"))?;
+        let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module).map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!(err = ?err, "wasm module could not be instantiated");
+            ExecutorError::Other("wasm module could not be instantiated".to_string())
+        })?;
+        let start = instance.get_func(&mut store, "_start").ok_or_else(|| {
+            ExecutorError::Other("could not retrieve wasm module main function".into())
+        })?;
 
         start
             .call(&mut store, &[], &mut [])
-            .context("wasm module was not executed successfully")
-    }
-}
-
-impl Executor for WasmtimeExecutor {
-    fn exec(&self, spec: &Spec) -> Result<(), ExecutorError> {
-        Self::exec_inner(spec).map_err(|err| {
-            tracing::error!(?err, "failed to execute workload with wasmtime handler");
-            ExecutorError::Execution(err.into())
-        })
+            .map_err(|err| ExecutorError::Execution(err.into()))
     }
 
     fn can_handle(&self, spec: &Spec) -> bool {