From b8ebea7f172334f5a5d9ac87860aec5f55becd26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Anupam Snigdha <snianu@microsoft.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 11:01:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] [Clipboard API] Clipboard Web Custom Formats implementation.

This patch addresses the changes proposed by the EditingWG[1] and
agreed upon by all browser vendors. We are removing the `unsanitized`
option, and instead, adding custom format support for MIME types that
have "web " prefix in them.
Added few wpt tests to test these changes.
Below is a summary of the changes in this CL:
1. Removed `unsanitized` option from read/write methods.
2. If the custom format doesn't have a "web " prefix, then clipboard
   read/write fails.
3. Transient user activation is applicable to all supported formats -
   text/html, text/plain, image/png and web custom formats.
4. There are two "buckets" of clipboard formats. One for the
   well-known formats and the other for the web custom format. If the
   author doesn't specify the web format explicitly, then they don't
   get access to it. This means, we won't write web custom formats
   for well-known types implicitly if authors have not indicated that
   during the write call via a "web " prefix (e.g. "web text/html").
   Same  applies for reading web custom formats for well-known types-
   if there aren't any formats in the web custom format map, then we
   won't return any web custom formats i.e. text/html won't be
   automatically converted into "web text/html".

Spec: https://github.com/w3c/clipboard-apis/pull/175
Explainer: https://github.com/w3c/editing/blob/gh-pages/docs/clipboard-pickling/explainer.md
i2p: https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/blink-dev/c/Lo7WBM_v_LY/m/LncCKkXeAwAJ
i2s: https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/blink-dev/c/k2rgX-4Cigc/m/P0RijrpzBAAJ?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer&pli=1

1. Github issue: https://github.com/w3c/clipboard-apis/issues/165

Bug: 106449

Change-Id: I86aae6a662089efeede2a01ac87cb698e9646df5
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/3650952
Commit-Queue: Anupam Snigdha <snianu@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Timin <altimin@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Cheng <dcheng@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Sullivan <asully@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/main@{#1011078}
---
 ...om-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html | 50 +++++++++++++------
 .../async-html-script-removal.https.html      |  6 ++-
 ...or-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html |  4 ++
 ...vigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html |  4 ++
 ...-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html |  5 +-
 .../async-svg-script-removal.https.html       |  4 ++
 ...ml-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html | 24 +++++----
 ...xt-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html | 25 ++++++----
 .../async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html   |  4 ++
 .../async-write-html-read-html.https.html     |  4 ++
 .../async-write-image-read-image.https.html   |  6 +++
 .../async-write-svg-read-svg.https.html       |  4 ++
 .../write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html  |  2 +
 ...ext-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html |  2 +
 ...bute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html |  7 +--
 ...-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html |  7 +--
 ...licy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html |  7 +--
 ...by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html |  8 +--
 ...by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html | 14 ++++--
 ...bute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html |  7 +--
 ...-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html |  7 +--
 ...licy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html |  7 +--
 ...by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html |  8 +--
 ...by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html | 10 ++--
 .../permissions/readText-denied.https.html    |  3 ++
 .../permissions/readText-granted.https.html   |  3 ++
 .../permissions/writeText-denied.https.html   |  3 ++
 .../permissions/writeText-granted.https.html  |  3 ++
 .../async-write-read.https.html               |  4 ++
 .../async-write-readText.https.html           |  4 ++
 .../async-writeText-read.https.html           |  4 ++
 .../async-writeText-readText.https.html       |  4 ++
 32 files changed, 186 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
index b6c368f75bc2f2..77991ec98aa098 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
@@ -14,26 +14,19 @@
 promise_test(async t => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
-  const format1 = 'application/x-custom-format-clipboard-test-format-1';
-  const format2 = 'application/x-custom-format-clipboard-test-format-2';
+  const format1 = 'web application/x-custom-format-clipboard-test-format-1';
+  const format2 = 'web application/x-custom-format-clipboard-test-format-2';
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format1});
   const blobInput2 = new Blob(['input data 2'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
-      {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2},
-      {unsanitized: [format1, format2]});
+      {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
   await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
 
-  // Items may not be readable on the sanitized clipboard after custom format
-  // write.
-  await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'DataError',
-      navigator.clipboard.read());
-
   // Items should be readable on a custom format clipboard after custom format
   // write.
   await waitForUserActivation();
-  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read(
-    {unsanitized: [format1, format2]});
+  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
   const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
   assert_true(clipboardItem instanceof ClipboardItem);
@@ -58,15 +51,44 @@
   const customFormatArray = [];
   const customFormatMap = {};
   for (let i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
-    customFormatArray.push("CustomFormat" + i);
+    customFormatArray.push("web text/CustomFormat" + i);
     const blobInput = new Blob(['input data'], {type: customFormatArray[i]});
     customFormatMap[customFormatArray[i]] = blobInput;
   }
-  const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(customFormatMap,
-      {unsanitized: customFormatArray});
+  const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(customFormatMap);
   await waitForUserActivation();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for more than 100 custom formats');
 
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
+  await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
+
+  const format1 = 'application/x-custom-format-clipboard-test-format-1';
+  const format2 = 'application/x-custom-format-clipboard-test-format-2';
+  const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format1});
+  const blobInput2 = new Blob(['input data 2'], {type: format2});
+  const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
+      {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
+      navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
+}, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for custom formats without web prefix');
+
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
+  await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
+
+  const format1 = 'web ';
+  const format2 = 'web a';
+  const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format1});
+  const blobInput2 = new Blob(['input data 2'], {type: format2});
+  const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
+      {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
+      navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
+}, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for custom formats with web prefix, but invalid MIME types');
+
 </script>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html
index 90dc44c9db20e3..44c11add855137 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   Async Clipboard write ([text/html ClipboardItem]) -> readHtml (and remove scripts) tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 // This function removes extra spaces between tags in html. For example, the
@@ -36,8 +38,10 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
   const blobInput = new Blob([html_with_script], {type: 'text/html'});
   const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'text/html': blobInput});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
-  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read({type: 'text/html'});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
+  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   const html = clipboardItems[0];
   assert_equals(html.types.length, 1);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html
index 5f74be1a822827..d1e3019e7f9399 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()
 <p><button id="button">Put payload in the clipboard</button></p>
 <div id="output"></div>
 
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
   await test_driver.click(button);
 
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const items = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   const htmlBlob = await items[0].getType("text/html");
   const html = await htmlBlob.text();
@@ -38,3 +41,4 @@
   assert_false(loadObserved, 'Should not observe resource loading');
 });
 </script>
+</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html
index 9e0ab2ee740f85..cc1836753478b7 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()
 <p><button id="button">Put payload in the clipboard</button></p>
 <div id="output"></div>
 
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
   await test_driver.click(button);
 
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const items = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   const htmlBlob = await items[0].getType("text/html");
   const html = await htmlBlob.text();
@@ -42,3 +45,4 @@
   assert_false(testFailed);
 });
 </script>
+</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
index e4b93c7c5ffb7c..12184c92e0777f 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   Async Clipboard write blobs -> read blobs with promise tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 
 <script>
 async function loadBlob(fileName) {
@@ -26,8 +28,9 @@
 
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
         {'text/plain' : blobText, 'image/png' : promise1});
-
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-svg-script-removal.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-svg-script-removal.https.html
index cd1a551d9d1285..292d100b2fc7d2 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-svg-script-removal.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-svg-script-removal.https.html
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   Async Clipboard write ([image/svg+xml ClipboardItem]) -> readSvg (and remove scripts) tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 // This function removes extra spaces between tags in svg. For example, the
@@ -36,7 +38,9 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
   const blobInput = new Blob([svg_with_script], {type: 'image/svg+xml'});
   const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'image/svg+xml': blobInput});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const clipboardItems =
       await navigator.clipboard.read({type: 'image/svg+xml'});
 
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
index 887ba8a484fd97..ffe6a31c2a7a93 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
@@ -32,20 +32,18 @@
 
   // Create and write unsanitized version of standard HTML and custom formats.
   const format1 = 'text/html';
-  const format2 = 'application/x-custom-format-clipboard-test-format-2';
+  const format2 = 'web text/html';
   const textInput = '<style>p {color:blue}</style><p>Hello World</p>';
-  const blobInput1 = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'text/html'});
-  const blobInput2 = new Blob(['input data 2'], {type: format2});
+  const blobInput1 = new Blob([textInput], {type: format1});
+  const blobInput2 = new Blob([textInput], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
-      {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2},
-      {unsanitized: [format1, format2]});
+      {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
   await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
 
   // Read unsanitized version of HTML format.
   await waitForUserActivation();
-  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read(
-    {unsanitized: [format1, format2]});
+  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
   const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
@@ -55,12 +53,20 @@
   assert_equals(blobOutput1.type, format1);
   const data1 = await (new Response(blobOutput1)).text();
   const outputHtml = reformatHtml(data1);
-  const inputHtml = reformatHtml(textInput);
+  const expectedHtml = '<p style="color: blue; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; ' +
+                       'font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; ' +
+                       'font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; ' +
+                       'text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; '+
+                       'white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; ' +
+                       '-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; ' +
+                       'text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">' +
+                       'Hello World</p>';
+  const inputHtml = reformatHtml(expectedHtml);
   assert_equals(outputHtml, inputHtml);
 
   const blobOutput2 = await clipboardItem.getType(format2);
   assert_equals(blobOutput2.type, format2);
   const data2 = await (new Response(blobOutput2)).text();
-  assert_equals(data2, 'input data 2');
+  assert_equals(data2, textInput);
 }, 'Verify write and read unsanitized content to the clipboard given text/html format as input');
 </script>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
index f44ed22618e2fd..1c5638ca0a5faf 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
@@ -18,32 +18,35 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
 
   const dataToWrite = 'Test text.';
-  const format = 'text/plain';
+  const format1 = 'web text/plain';
+  const format2 = 'text/plain';
 
-  const blobInput = new Blob([dataToWrite], {type: format});
+  const blobInput1 = new Blob([dataToWrite], {type: format1});
+  const blobInput2 = new Blob([dataToWrite], {type: format2});
   // Blob types are automatically converted to lower-case.
-  assert_equals(blobInput.type, format.toLowerCase());
+  assert_equals(blobInput1.type, format1.toLowerCase());
+  assert_equals(blobInput2.type, format2.toLowerCase());
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
-      {[format]: blobInput}, {unsanitized: [format]});
+      {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
   await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
 
   // Items should be readable on a system clipboard after custom format write.
   await waitForUserActivation();
-  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read(
-    {unsanitized: [format]});
+  const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
   const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
   assert_true(clipboardItem instanceof ClipboardItem);
 
-  const blobOutput = await clipboardItem.getType(format);
-  assert_equals(blobOutput.type, format);
-  const data = await (new Response(blobOutput)).text();
-  assert_equals(data, dataToWrite);
+  const blobOutput1 = await clipboardItem.getType(format1);
+  assert_equals(blobOutput1.type, format1);
+  const data1 = await (new Response(blobOutput1)).text();
+  assert_equals(data1, dataToWrite);
 
   // These examples use native text formats, so these formats should be
   // accessible as text.
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const textOutput = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
   assert_equals(textOutput, dataToWrite);
-}, 'Verify write and read unsanitized content to the clipboard given standard format as input');
+}, 'Verify write and read unsanitized content to the clipboard given standard and custom formats as input');
 </script>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
index 50d23a9c3625d5..8bec558b2b2de8 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   Async Clipboard write blobs -> read blobs tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 
 <script>
 async function loadBlob(fileName) {
@@ -28,7 +30,9 @@
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
         {'text/plain' : blobText, 'image/png' : blobImage});
 
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html
index 7c271b9bd78d1b..ec1817c027bbc1 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   Async Clipboard write ([text/html ClipboardItem]) -> readHtml tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 // This function removes extra spaces between tags in html. For example, the
@@ -28,7 +30,9 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
   const blobInput = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'text/html'});
   const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'text/html': blobInput});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read({type: 'text/html'});
 
   const html = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html
index 281358dfc5f8d6..e10b69d824c203 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()
 <p>
   <p>The bottom image should display the same image as the top image.</p>
   <p>Original Image:</p>
@@ -47,7 +49,9 @@
 
   assert_equals(blobInput.type, 'image/png');
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'image/png' : blobInput});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
@@ -73,7 +77,9 @@
   const invalidPngBlob = new Blob(['this text is not a valid png image'],
       {type: 'image/png'});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'image/png' : invalidPngBlob});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'DataError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'Verify write error on malformed data [image/png ClipboardItem]');
 </script>
+</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-write-svg-read-svg.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-write-svg-read-svg.https.html
index 19c91597c111ee..42f6c547b29799 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-write-svg-read-svg.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-write-svg-read-svg.https.html
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   Async Clipboard write ([image/svg+xml ClipboardItem]) -> read and write svg tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 // This function removes extra spaces between tags in svg. For example, the
@@ -28,7 +30,9 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
   const blobInput = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'image/svg+xml'});
   const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'image/svg+xml': blobInput});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   const clipboardItems =
       await navigator.clipboard.read({type: 'image/svg+xml'});
 
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html
index c0f11772929eed..b21e6b20bc0d99 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <iframe id="iframe"></iframe>
 <script>
 'use strict';
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
   const iframeClipboard = iframe.contentWindow.navigator.clipboard;
   const blobInput = new Blob(['test string'], {type: 'text/plain'});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'text/plain': blobInput});
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   // Clipboard API must only be available in focused documents.
   // reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/clipboard-apis/#privacy-async
   iframe.focus();
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html
index 9cd8900aab0f9e..24fa586fc7709b 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <iframe id="iframe"></iframe>
 <script>
 'use strict';
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
 
   const iframe = document.getElementById('iframe');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   // Clipboard API must only be available in focused documents.
   // reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/clipboard-apis/#privacy-async
   iframe.focus();
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index 3b1cfd52ad7c9f..367d033d0f6afa 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
 // In Chrome and Firefox, Cross-origin focus requires user gesture. In Chrome
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
@@ -27,4 +29,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature policy "clipboard-read" can be enabled in cross-origin iframe using allow="clipboard-read" attribute');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
index 15d26842616372..e812854b4c7505 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
 const same_origin_src =
   '/feature-policy/resources/feature-policy-clipboard-read.html';
 
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
@@ -21,4 +23,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature policy "clipboard-read" can be enabled in same-origin iframe using allow="clipboard-read" attribute');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index 1b6f4929a19dea..c371ea3b41cb2e 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
 // In Chrome and Firefox, Cross-origin focus requires user gesture. In Chrome
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
@@ -26,4 +28,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "*" allows cross-origin iframes.');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index f8c5bcb129f932..552183cc67d461 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -15,10 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({ name: 'clipboard-read' }, 'granted');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.readText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "*" allows the top-level document.');
 
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
@@ -27,4 +30,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "*" allows same-origin iframes.');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index 47aa6511ec599b..17dc3628a77220 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -15,10 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({ name: 'clipboard-read' }, 'granted');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.readText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "self" allows the top-level document.');
 
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
@@ -27,7 +30,11 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "self" allows same-origin iframes.');
 
-async_test(t => {
+// TODO(https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/5493, https://crbug.com/1074482):
+// In Chrome and Firefox, Cross-origin focus requires user gesture. In Chrome
+// only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
+// cross-origin focus.
+promise_test(async t => {
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
@@ -36,4 +43,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "self" disallows cross-origin iframes.');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index c931bbbb89f32f..e669c8fec4910d 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
 // In Chrome and Firefox, Cross-origin focus requires user gesture. In Chrome
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
@@ -27,4 +29,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature policy "clipboard-write" can be enabled in cross-origin iframe using allow="clipboard-write" attribute');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
index a2858c638e6c05..b57dfe3dd2888d 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
 const same_origin_src =
   '/feature-policy/resources/feature-policy-clipboard-write.html';
 
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
@@ -21,4 +23,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature policy "clipboard-write" can be enabled in same-origin iframe using allow="clipboard-write" attribute');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index 0f3164d9b02a13..6e7029cc789a63 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
 // In Chrome and Firefox, Cross-origin focus requires user gesture. In Chrome
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
@@ -26,4 +28,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "*" allows cross-origin iframes.');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index 1c6fc49a056605..ca97994c617d0e 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -15,10 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({ name: 'clipboard-write' }, 'granted');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.writeText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "*" allows the top-level document.');
 
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
@@ -27,4 +30,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "*" allows same-origin iframes.');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index 51db5a427d2b41..5615a68ac55af8 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<body>
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="/feature-policy/resources/featurepolicy.js"></script>
+<script src="../../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
@@ -15,10 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({ name: 'clipboard-write' }, 'granted');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.writeText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "self" allows the top-level document.');
 
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "self" allows same-origin iframes.');
 
-async_test(t => {
+promise_test(async t => {
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
@@ -36,4 +39,3 @@
   );
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "self" disallows cross-origin iframes.');
 </script>
-</body>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html
index 935f520e7de2dd..010f4ba21b9533 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html
@@ -2,15 +2,18 @@
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>navigator.clipboard.readText() fails when permission denied</title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'denied');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t,
       'NotAllowedError', navigator.clipboard.readText());
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.readText() fails when permission denied');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html
index ab76cd5e1da86e..e912bd64a83148 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html
@@ -2,15 +2,18 @@
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>navigator.clipboard.readText() succeeds when permission granted</title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
 promise_test(async () => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.readText();
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.readText() succeeds when permission granted');
 </script>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html
index 4d0530f0bc2217..5fbcab411748e2 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html
@@ -2,15 +2,18 @@
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>navigator.clipboard.writeText() fails when permission denied</title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'denied');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.writeText('xyz'));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.writeText() fails when permission denied');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html
index b03ae7ff26b59c..ff347b7adda072 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html
@@ -2,15 +2,18 @@
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>navigator.clipboard.writeText() succeeds when permission granted</title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 'use strict';
 
 promise_test(async () => {
   await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
+  await waitForUserActivation();
   await navigator.clipboard.writeText('xyz');
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.writeText() succeeds when permission granted');
 </script>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html
index a00c5b27a4d65f..c46e5d43171314 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
         read ([text/plain ClipboardItem]) tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 async function readWriteTest(textInput) {
   promise_test(async t => {
@@ -18,7 +20,9 @@
     const blobInput = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'text/plain'});
     const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'text/plain': blobInput});
 
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
     assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
     const clipboardItemOutput = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html
index e8156af47f4c34..66969b1777b251 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   Async Clipboard write ([text/plain ClipboardItem]) -> readText tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 async function readWriteTest(textInput) {
   promise_test(async t => {
@@ -17,7 +19,9 @@
     const blobInput = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'text/plain'});
     const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'text/plain': blobInput});
 
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     const textOutput = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
 
     assert_equals(textOutput, textInput);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html
index 4a37aa1a5f73d3..ddf563269a422a 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html
@@ -4,17 +4,21 @@
   Async Clipboard writeText -> read ([text/plain ClipboardItem]) tests
 </title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 async function readWriteTest(textInput) {
   promise_test(async t => {
     await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
     await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
 
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     await navigator.clipboard.writeText(textInput);
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
     assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
     const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html
index 7e56bfef2c6844..0defdf7a709535 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html
@@ -2,17 +2,21 @@
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>Async Clipboard writeText -> readText tests</title>
 <link rel="help" href="https://w3c.github.io/clipboard-apis/#async-clipboard-api">
+<body>Body needed for test_driver.click()</body>
 <script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver.js"></script>
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
+<script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
 async function readWriteTest(textInput) {
   promise_test(async t => {
     await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-read'}, 'granted');
     await test_driver.set_permission({name: 'clipboard-write'}, 'granted');
 
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     await navigator.clipboard.writeText(textInput);
+    await waitForUserActivation();
     const textOutput = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
 
     assert_equals(textOutput, textInput);