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Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses).
Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.
Too often an English teacher may allow overpronounce, perhaps thinking that colloquial English is unsophisticated.
firmament: (old use or literary) the sky: (figurative) a rising star in the literary firmament
In some books, tense vowels are called long and lax vowels are called short.
He is not allowed solid food yet, only fluids; (formal) (of a situation) likely to change, not fixed: a fluid political situation
You can use the plain old Ext2 filesystem if you don't have specific needs. You might switch to Ext3 if you want to avoid lengthy filesystem checks after a system crash. If you'll have to deal with many small files, the ReiserFS filesystem is likely to be the best choice.
When a file is created by a process, its owner ID is the UID of the process. Its owner user group ID can be either the process group ID of the creator process or the user group ID of the parent directory, depending on the value of the sgid flag of the parent directory.
Several processes may concurrently open the same file. In this case, the filesystem assigns a separate file descriptor to each file, along with a separate open file object. When this occurs, the Unix filesystem does not provide any kind of synchronization among the I/O operations issued by the processes on the same file. However, several system calls such as flock( ) are available to allow processes to synchronize themselves on the entire file or on portions of it.
Actually, some CPUs can have more than two execution states. For instance, the 80 x 86 microprocessors have four different execution states. But all standard Unix kernels use only Kernel Mode and User Mode.
A naive implementation of the fork() would require both the parent's data and the parent's code to be duplicated and the copies assigned to the child. This would be quite time consuming. Current kernels that can rely on hardware paging units follow the Copy-On-Write approach, which defers page duplication until the last moment.
Elevator algorithm is the algorithm used in hard disk.
Internal interrupts are raised from within the CPU, either from an error or the interrupt instruction. Error interrupts are also called traps. Many interrupt handlers return control back to the interrupted program when they finish. Traps generally do not return. Often they abort the program.
Page replacement algorithms were a hot topic of research and debate in the 1960s and 1970s. That mostly ended with the development of sophisticated LRU approximations and working set algorithms.
A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of the changes that will be made in a journal before committing them to the main file system. In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are quicker to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted.
Peter Denning (1968) defines "the working set of information W(t,τ) of a process at time t to be the collection of information referenced by the process during the process time interval (t − τ,t)". Typically the units of information in question are considered to be memory pages.
The working set model states that a process can be in RAM if and only if all of the pages that it is currently using (often approximated by the most recently used pages) can be in RAM. The model is an all or nothing model, meaning if the pages it needs to use increases, and there is no room in RAM, the process is swapped out of memory to free the memory for other processes to use.
The working set of a process is the set of pages expected to be used by that process during some time interval.
In computer storage, Belady's anomaly proves that it is possible to have more page faults when increasing the number of page frames while using the First in First Out (FIFO) page replacement algorithm. Laszlo Belady demonstrated this in 1969.