diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/constants.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/constants.ts
index 12bc4f22c10038..5a108652ef7ce6 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/constants.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export const DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILES = [
 
 export const JS_TYPES_RE = /\.(?:j|t)sx?$|\.mjs$/
 
-export const OPTIMIZABLE_ENTRY_RE = /\.(?:m?js|ts)$/
+export const OPTIMIZABLE_ENTRY_RE = /\.(?:(m|c)?js|ts)$/
 
 export const SPECIAL_QUERY_RE = /[\?&](?:worker|sharedworker|raw|url)\b/
 
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts
index 2c56f04aba491a..1388f1e7e294d1 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   emptyDir,
   flattenId,
   getHash,
+  isOptimizable,
   lookupFile,
   normalizeId,
   normalizePath,
@@ -647,20 +648,26 @@ export async function findKnownImports(
 async function addManuallyIncludedOptimizeDeps(
   deps: Record<string, string>,
   config: ResolvedConfig,
-  extra?: string[],
+  extra: string[] = [],
   filter?: (id: string) => boolean
 ): Promise<void> {
-  const include = [...(config.optimizeDeps?.include ?? []), ...(extra ?? [])]
-  if (include) {
+  const optimizeDepsInclude = config.optimizeDeps?.include ?? []
+  if (optimizeDepsInclude.length || extra.length) {
     const resolve = config.createResolver({ asSrc: false, scan: true })
-    for (const id of include) {
+    for (const id of [...optimizeDepsInclude, ...extra]) {
       // normalize 'foo   >bar` as 'foo > bar' to prevent same id being added
       // and for pretty printing
       const normalizedId = normalizeId(id)
       if (!deps[normalizedId] && filter?.(normalizedId) !== false) {
         const entry = await resolve(id)
         if (entry) {
-          deps[normalizedId] = entry
+          if (isOptimizable(entry, config.optimizeDeps)) {
+            deps[normalizedId] = entry
+          } else if (optimizeDepsInclude.includes(id)) {
+            config.logger.warn(
+              `Cannot optimize included dependency: ${colors.cyan(id)}`
+            )
+          }
         } else {
           throw new Error(
             `Failed to resolve force included dependency: ${colors.cyan(id)}`
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts
index 36eb0229c6fcc0..5608472b4efe91 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts
@@ -6,18 +6,14 @@ import type { Loader, OnLoadResult, Plugin } from 'esbuild'
 import { build, transform } from 'esbuild'
 import colors from 'picocolors'
 import type { ResolvedConfig } from '..'
-import {
-  JS_TYPES_RE,
-  KNOWN_ASSET_TYPES,
-  OPTIMIZABLE_ENTRY_RE,
-  SPECIAL_QUERY_RE
-} from '../constants'
+import { JS_TYPES_RE, KNOWN_ASSET_TYPES, SPECIAL_QUERY_RE } from '../constants'
 import {
   cleanUrl,
   createDebugger,
   dataUrlRE,
   externalRE,
   isObject,
+  isOptimizable,
   moduleListContains,
   multilineCommentsRE,
   normalizePath,
@@ -189,10 +185,6 @@ function esbuildScanPlugin(
     '@vite/env'
   ]
 
-  const isOptimizable = (id: string) =>
-    OPTIMIZABLE_ENTRY_RE.test(id) ||
-    !!config.optimizeDeps.extensions?.some((ext) => id.endsWith(ext))
-
   const externalUnlessEntry = ({ path }: { path: string }) => ({
     path,
     external: !entries.includes(path)
@@ -235,7 +227,11 @@ function esbuildScanPlugin(
         // It is possible for the scanner to scan html types in node_modules.
         // If we can optimize this html type, skip it so it's handled by the
         // bare import resolve, and recorded as optimization dep.
-        if (resolved.includes('node_modules') && isOptimizable(resolved)) return
+        if (
+          resolved.includes('node_modules') &&
+          isOptimizable(resolved, config.optimizeDeps)
+        )
+          return
         return {
           path: resolved,
           namespace: 'html'
@@ -382,7 +378,7 @@ function esbuildScanPlugin(
             }
             if (resolved.includes('node_modules') || include?.includes(id)) {
               // dependency or forced included, externalize and stop crawling
-              if (isOptimizable(resolved)) {
+              if (isOptimizable(resolved, config.optimizeDeps)) {
                 depImports[id] = resolved
               }
               return externalUnlessEntry({ path: id })
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts
index 796f95a35f6667..345ce0a8627365 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/utils.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_EXTENSIONS,
   ENV_PUBLIC_PATH,
   FS_PREFIX,
+  OPTIMIZABLE_ENTRY_RE,
   VALID_ID_PREFIX,
   wildcardHosts
 } from './constants'
@@ -91,6 +92,16 @@ export function moduleListContains(
   return moduleList?.some((m) => m === id || id.startsWith(m + '/'))
 }
 
+export function isOptimizable(
+  id: string,
+  optimizeDepsConfig: ResolvedConfig['optimizeDeps']
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    OPTIMIZABLE_ENTRY_RE.test(id) ||
+    (optimizeDepsConfig.extensions?.some((ext) => id.endsWith(ext)) ?? false)
+  )
+}
+
 export const bareImportRE = /^[\w@](?!.*:\/\/)/
 export const deepImportRE = /^([^@][^/]*)\/|^(@[^/]+\/[^/]+)\//
 
diff --git a/playground/optimize-deps/non-optimizable-include/index.css b/playground/optimize-deps/non-optimizable-include/index.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..161363ab3641a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/optimize-deps/non-optimizable-include/index.css
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'Not Real Sans';
+  src: url('./i-throw-if-you-optimize-this-file.woff') format('woff');
+}
diff --git a/playground/optimize-deps/non-optimizable-include/package.json b/playground/optimize-deps/non-optimizable-include/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b49a3f7a4c004d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/optimize-deps/non-optimizable-include/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "name": "non-optimizable-include",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "version": "0.0.0",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": "./index.css"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js b/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js
index 133d0da1e32b74..0b857173fe1e83 100644
--- a/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js
+++ b/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js
@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@ module.exports = {
   },
 
   optimizeDeps: {
-    include: ['dep-linked-include', 'nested-exclude > nested-include'],
+    include: [
+      'dep-linked-include',
+      'nested-exclude > nested-include',
+      // will throw if optimized (should log warning instead)
+      'non-optimizable-include'
+    ],
     exclude: ['nested-exclude'],
     esbuildOptions: {
       plugins: [
diff --git a/playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css/index.css b/playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css/index.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..161363ab3641a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css/index.css
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'Not Real Sans';
+  src: url('./i-throw-if-you-optimize-this-file.woff') format('woff');
+}
diff --git a/playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css/package.json b/playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c86fdf92229bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "name": "no-external-css",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "version": "0.0.0",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": "./index.css"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/playground/ssr-deps/package.json b/playground/ssr-deps/package.json
index 4dd1ee49aea717..5f9493a7dbf6be 100644
--- a/playground/ssr-deps/package.json
+++ b/playground/ssr-deps/package.json
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
     "read-file-content": "file:./read-file-content",
     "require-absolute": "file:./require-absolute",
     "ts-transpiled-exports": "file:./ts-transpiled-exports",
-    "no-external-cjs": "file:./no-external-cjs"
+    "no-external-cjs": "file:./no-external-cjs",
+    "no-external-css": "file:./no-external-css"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "cross-env": "^7.0.3",
diff --git a/playground/ssr-deps/server.js b/playground/ssr-deps/server.js
index 52a214f7668e39..0e1c28ce31dbf0 100644
--- a/playground/ssr-deps/server.js
+++ b/playground/ssr-deps/server.js
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export async function createServer(root = process.cwd(), hmrPort) {
     },
     appType: 'custom',
     ssr: {
-      noExternal: ['no-external-cjs']
+      noExternal: ['no-external-cjs', 'no-external-css']
     }
   })
   // use vite's connect instance as middleware
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index fa51b25fa00fa3..a7809a6a3a323e 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -535,6 +535,9 @@ importers:
   playground/lib:
     specifiers: {}
 
+  playground/minify:
+    specifiers: {}
+
   playground/multiple-entrypoints:
     specifiers:
       fast-glob: ^3.2.11
@@ -854,6 +857,7 @@ importers:
       express: ^4.18.1
       forwarded-export: file:./forwarded-export
       no-external-cjs: file:./no-external-cjs
+      no-external-css: file:./no-external-css
       object-assigned-exports: file:./object-assigned-exports
       only-object-assigned-exports: file:./only-object-assigned-exports
       primitive-export: file:./primitive-export
@@ -866,6 +870,7 @@ importers:
       define-property-exports: file:playground/ssr-deps/define-property-exports
       forwarded-export: file:playground/ssr-deps/forwarded-export
       no-external-cjs: file:playground/ssr-deps/no-external-cjs
+      no-external-css: file:playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css
       object-assigned-exports: file:playground/ssr-deps/object-assigned-exports
       only-object-assigned-exports: file:playground/ssr-deps/only-object-assigned-exports
       primitive-export: file:playground/ssr-deps/primitive-export
@@ -891,6 +896,9 @@ importers:
   playground/ssr-deps/no-external-cjs:
     specifiers: {}
 
+  playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css:
+    specifiers: {}
+
   playground/ssr-deps/object-assigned-exports:
     specifiers: {}
 
@@ -8669,6 +8677,12 @@ packages:
     version: 0.0.0
     dev: false
 
+  file:playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css:
+    resolution: {directory: playground/ssr-deps/no-external-css, type: directory}
+    name: primitive-export-css
+    version: 0.0.0
+    dev: false
+
   file:playground/ssr-deps/object-assigned-exports:
     resolution: {directory: playground/ssr-deps/object-assigned-exports, type: directory}
     name: object-assigned-exports