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Swift Weekly - Issue 04 - The Swift Runtime (Part 3) - Operators

Vandad Nahavandipoor
http://www.oreilly.com/pub/au/4596
Email: [email protected]
Blog: http://vandadnp.wordpress.com
Skype: vandad.np

Introduction

I have always been interested in finding out how different compilers work with basic operators such as +, -, % and so on. This week on the train I was thinking that it would be nice if somebody could explore how Swift deals with operators so, long story short, I decided to do it myself.

In this edition of Swift Weekly, I will show you how the Swift compiler works deals with (system and your own) operators and how to use operators to ensure you get the maximum performance.

Note: in this edition of Swift Weekly, I'm going to change things a little bit and instead of building for the debug configuration, I am going to build for Release to ensure that the assembly code that we are going to analyze is as optimized as what you will get when you release the app for the App Store. Optimization is hence enabled and the assembly output is long. That means setting the Optimization Level in your build settings to Fastest, Smallest [-Os] to ensure you get the export GCC_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL=s export when you build your project.

Note: to ensure that the assembly code which we will look at is clean and nice without too much unnecessary code, I will remove bits and pieces of it but will keep all the assembly code that is relevant.

The + Operator on Constant Int Values

The + operator is usually used for integers so let's have a look at a basic usage:

func example1(){
  
  let int1 = 0xabcdefa
  let int2 = 0xabcdefb
  let int3 = int1 + int2
  println(int3)
  
  let int4 = 0xabcdefa + 0xabcdefb
  println(int4)
  
}

Note that the reason I've done the same operation twice is to see if the compiler is intelligent enough to compile the first sequence into the same code as the second sequence. Both are doing the same thing after all! And here is our output (long output, due to optimization level being set to Fastest, Smallest [-Os]):

push       rbp
mov        rbp, rsp
push       rbx
sub        rsp, 0x18
mov        rbx, rdi
mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_10], 0x1579bdf5
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_10]
call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_
mov        edi, 0xa          ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__putchar
call       imp___stubs__putchar
xor        edi, edi
call       imp___stubs__swift_unknownRelease
mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_18], 0x1579bdf5
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_18]
call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_
mov        edi, 0xa          ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__putchar
call       imp___stubs__putchar
xor        edi, edi
call       imp___stubs__swift_unknownRelease
mov        rdi, rbx
add        rsp, 0x18
pop        rbx
pop        rbp
jmp        imp___stubs__swift_release

So what is happening in this monster of a code? I'll explain:

  1. The stack is being set up

  2. The values of 0xabcdefa and 0xabcdefb are added at compile time and placed inside the stack. The result is the value of 0x1579bdf5 as you can see here:

    mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_10], 0x1579bdf5

  3. Then the rdi register is being set to the address in the stack that points to the calculated value (lea means load effective address, pretty much setting up rdi as a pointer to the value in the stack):

    lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_10]

  4. After that, the call is made to a function whose name is ginormous (__TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_). I'm going to break this name down into smaller pieces to see if I can understand it, ignoring anything that I don't understand. Std + out + S. That tells me it outputs a stream to the standard output. Then OutputStreamType followed by printU telling me that this is a function that prepares the output for the println() function based on the value that it is given. So to cut the story short, this long function name is a function that takes any value in, and then outputs it as a stream to be digested by the println() function.

  5. As we have seen in the previous editions of Swift Weekly, Swift uses the System V calling convention for calling functions which states that:

    ...additional arguments are passed on the stack and the return value is stored in RAX.

    So when we the function is called, its return value is stored in the rax register.

I just remembered that this edition is only about how Swift deals with operators so I am going to ignore the rest of the details. For now, bear in mind that for constant integers whose addition can be calculated at compile-time, Swift does this elegently as you would expect.

So that was the first piece of code that added two constant Int values together. Then later we added two constant values inline, without using the let syntax. The output of that code was, as you saw, the same:

mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_18], 0x1579bdf5
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_18]

So Swift compiles this code:

let int1 = 0xabcdefa
let int2 = 0xabcdefb
let int3 = int1 + int2
println(int3)

and this code:

let int4 = 0xabcdefa + 0xabcdefb
println(int4)

in the exact same way. Lesson? Don't be afraid to use additional constant integers if it makes your code more readable.

The + Operator on Variable Int Values

Let's see how the Swift compiler deals with Int variables and the + operator though:

func example2(){
  
  var int1 = 0xabcdefa
  var int2 = 0xabcdefb
  var int3 = int1 + int2
  println(int3)
  
  var int4 = 0xabcdefa + 0xabcdefb
  println(int4)

}

the output assembly code will look like this:

push       rbp
mov        rbp, rsp
push       rbx
sub        rsp, 0x18
mov        rbx, rdi
mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_10], 0x1579bdf5
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_10]
call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_
mov        edi, 0xa          ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__putchar
call       imp___stubs__putchar
xor        edi, edi
call       imp___stubs__swift_unknownRelease
mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_18], 0x1579bdf5
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_18]
call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_
mov        edi, 0xa          ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__putchar
call       imp___stubs__putchar
xor        edi, edi
call       imp___stubs__swift_unknownRelease
mov        rdi, rbx
add        rsp, 0x18
pop        rbx
pop        rbp
jmp        imp___stubs__swift_release

Look closely at this line of code:

mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_10], 0x1579bdf5
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_10]
call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_

Yes, you guessed it. The variables didn't make any difference. Swift realized that even though we had variables, the values that we assigned to them were constants and the + operator also added two constant values assigned to variables, and assigned the result back to a variable instead of a constant. Sooooo, cutting the long story short (probably all that what I said in the previous sentence was so difficult to get anyways), in this case, creating variables and constants is exactly the same. No stack variable was created. No constant was created in the stack. All that happened was that the addition was performed at compile time and the results were placed in the stack. So again, don't be afraid to use variables if you have to. They are very well optimized.

The above example has one simple flaw: even though we are using var to create variables, the values we are using are constants, and the compiler knows that. But what if we change this example to this?

func randomInt() -> Int{
  return Int(arc4random_uniform(UInt32.max))
}

func example3(){
  
  var int1 = randomInt()
  var int2 = randomInt()
  var int3 = int1 + int2
  
}

now what is happening here is obviously that our var variables are definitely not set to compile-time constants. We are going to check out how the compiler deals with additions on real variables:

0x0000000100002a70 55                      push       rbp
0x0000000100002a71 4889E5                  mov        rbp, rsp
0x0000000100002a74 4157                    push       r15
0x0000000100002a76 4156                    push       r14
0x0000000100002a78 4154                    push       r12
0x0000000100002a7a 53                      push       rbx
0x0000000100002a7b 4989FF                  mov        r15, rdi
0x0000000100002a7e 498B07                  mov        rax, qword [ds:r15]
0x0000000100002a81 4C8D2528370100          lea        r12, qword [ds:objc_class__TtC12swift_weekly7Example] ; objc_class__TtC12swift_weekly7Example
0x0000000100002a88 4C39E0                  cmp        rax, r12
0x0000000100002a8b 7514                    jne        0x100002aa1

0x0000000100002a8d 4D85FF                  test       r15, r15
0x0000000100002a90 740F                    je         0x100002aa1

0x0000000100002a92 BFFFFFFFFF              mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a97 E862060100              call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a9c 4189C6                  mov        r14d, eax
0x0000000100002a9f EB14                    jmp        0x100002ab5

0x0000000100002aa1 488B5858                mov        rbx, qword [ds:rax+0x58] ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example3fS0_FT_T_+27, __TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example3fS0_FT_T_+32
0x0000000100002aa5 4C89FF                  mov        rdi, r15
0x0000000100002aa8 E8ED060100              call       imp___stubs__swift_retain
0x0000000100002aad 4C89FF                  mov        rdi, r15
0x0000000100002ab0 FFD3                    call       rbx
0x0000000100002ab2 4989C6                  mov        r14, rax

0x0000000100002ab5 498B07                  mov        rax, qword [ds:r15] ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example3fS0_FT_T_+47
0x0000000100002ab8 31DB                    xor        ebx, ebx
0x0000000100002aba 4C39E0                  cmp        rax, r12
0x0000000100002abd 490F44DF                cmove      rbx, r15
0x0000000100002ac1 4885DB                  test       rbx, rbx
0x0000000100002ac4 7417                    je         0x100002add

0x0000000100002ac6 BFFFFFFFFF              mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002acb E82E060100              call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002ad0 4189C7                  mov        r15d, eax
0x0000000100002ad3 4889DF                  mov        rdi, rbx
0x0000000100002ad6 E8B9060100              call       imp___stubs__swift_release
0x0000000100002adb EB09                    jmp        0x100002ae6

0x0000000100002add 4C89FF                  mov        rdi, r15          ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example3fS0_FT_T_+84
0x0000000100002ae0 FF5058                  call       qword [ds:rax+0x58]
0x0000000100002ae3 4989C7                  mov        r15, rax

0x0000000100002ae6 4D01FE                  add        r14, r15          ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example3fS0_FT_T_+107
0x0000000100002ae9 7009                    jo         0x100002af4

0x0000000100002aeb 5B                      pop        rbx
0x0000000100002aec 415C                    pop        r12
0x0000000100002aee 415E                    pop        r14
0x0000000100002af0 415F                    pop        r15
0x0000000100002af2 5D                      pop        rbp
0x0000000100002af3 C3                      ret        

0x0000000100002af4 0F0B                    ud2                          ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example3fS0_FT_T_+121
0x0000000100002af6 662E0F1F840000000000    nop        qword [cs:rax+rax+0x0]
                                           __TFC12swift_weekly7Exampled:
0x0000000100002b00 55                      push       rbp
0x0000000100002b01 4889E5                  mov        rbp, rsp
0x0000000100002b04 4889F8                  mov        rax, rdi
0x0000000100002b07 5D                      pop        rbp
0x0000000100002b08 C3                      ret

Jesus. I have no clue as of yet what this code does but I am going to try and understand it now. Here is an explanation of the important (+ operation related) code:

  1. The UInt32.max value is placed right into the code and the arc4random_uniform() function is called directly for every single instance of our variable. You can see that we call the randomInt() function twice for two variables but there is no mention of this function in our code. The compiler has made the function inline. But that's a whole other story. So for this:

    var int1 = randomInt()

    we got this output:

    mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
mov        r14d, eax
jmp        0x100002ab5

    so the random number is now placed in the r14d register. r14 is a 64-bit register and its lower 32-bits are accessibly through the r14d register. Okay that's great.

  2. Later in the code you can see this:

    mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
mov        r15d, eax
mov        rdi, rbx
call       imp___stubs__swift_release
jmp        0x100002ae6

    that's the generated code for our var int2 = randomInt() code. In here you can see another call to the random function and the results are placed inside the r15d register. Up to now, r14d is keeping the first random number and r15d is keeping the second.

  3. The jmp instruction then jumps to this code:

    add        r14, r15          ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example3fS0_FT_T_+107
jo         0x100002af4

    thank God! finally an add instruction! Seriously. I thought I wouldn't see this eventually. So that's how the add is then performed.

The - Operator on Constant Int Values

Let's write this Swift code:

func example4(){
  
  let int1 = randomInt()
  let int2 = randomInt()
  let int3 = int1 - int2
  println(int3)
  
}

and see the output:

0x00000001000029f0 55             push       rbp
0x00000001000029f1 4889E5         mov        rbp, rsp
0x00000001000029f4 4157           push       r15
0x00000001000029f6 4156           push       r14
0x00000001000029f8 53             push       rbx
0x00000001000029f9 50             push       rax
0x00000001000029fa 4989FE         mov        r14, rdi
0x00000001000029fd 498B06         mov        rax, qword [ds:r14]
0x0000000100002a00 4C8D3DA9370100 lea        r15, qword [ds:objc_class__TtC12swift_weekly7Example] ; objc_class__TtC12swift_weekly7Example
0x0000000100002a07 4C39F8         cmp        rax, r15
0x0000000100002a0a 7513           jne        0x100002a1f

0x0000000100002a0c 4D85F6         test       r14, r14
0x0000000100002a0f 740E           je         0x100002a1f

0x0000000100002a11 BFFFFFFFFF     mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a16 E8B3060100     call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a1b 89C3           mov        ebx, eax
0x0000000100002a1d EB14           jmp        0x100002a33

0x0000000100002a1f 488B5858       mov        rbx, qword [ds:rax+0x58] ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+26, __TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+31
0x0000000100002a23 4C89F7         mov        rdi, r14
0x0000000100002a26 E83F070100     call       imp___stubs__swift_retain
0x0000000100002a2b 4C89F7         mov        rdi, r14
0x0000000100002a2e FFD3           call       rbx
0x0000000100002a30 4889C3         mov        rbx, rax

0x0000000100002a33 498B06         mov        rax, qword [ds:r14] ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+45
0x0000000100002a36 4C39F8         cmp        rax, r15
0x0000000100002a39 7513           jne        0x100002a4e

0x0000000100002a3b 4D85F6         test       r14, r14
0x0000000100002a3e 740E           je         0x100002a4e

0x0000000100002a40 BFFFFFFFFF     mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a45 E884060100     call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a4a 89C0           mov        eax, eax
0x0000000100002a4c EB12           jmp        0x100002a60

0x0000000100002a4e 4C8B7858       mov        r15, qword [ds:rax+0x58] ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+73, __TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+78
0x0000000100002a52 4C89F7         mov        rdi, r14
0x0000000100002a55 E810070100     call       imp___stubs__swift_retain
0x0000000100002a5a 4C89F7         mov        rdi, r14
0x0000000100002a5d 41FFD7         call       r15

0x0000000100002a60 4829C3         sub        rbx, rax          ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+92
0x0000000100002a63 7068           jo         0x100002acd

0x0000000100002a65 48895DE0       mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_20], rbx
0x0000000100002a69 488D7DE0       lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_20]
0x0000000100002a6d E88E090000     call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_
0x0000000100002aaa BF0A000000     mov        edi, 0xa          ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__putchar
0x0000000100002aaf E826060100     call       imp___stubs__putchar
0x0000000100002ab4 31FF           xor        edi, edi
0x0000000100002ab6 E8C7060100     call       imp___stubs__swift_unknownRelease
0x0000000100002abb 4C89F7         mov        rdi, r14
0x0000000100002abe 4883C408       add        rsp, 0x8
0x0000000100002ac2 5B             pop        rbx
0x0000000100002ac3 415E           pop        r14
0x0000000100002ac5 415F           pop        r15
0x0000000100002ac7 5D             pop        rbp
0x0000000100002ac8 E997060100     jmp        imp___stubs__swift_release

0x0000000100002acd 0F0B           ud2                          ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+115
0x0000000100002acf 90             nop        
                                  __TFC12swift_weekly7Exampled:
0x0000000100002ad0 55             push       rbp
0x0000000100002ad1 4889E5         mov        rbp, rsp
0x0000000100002ad4 4889F8         mov        rax, rdi
0x0000000100002ad7 5D             pop        rbp
0x0000000100002ad8 C3             ret

I will point out the important parts of the code:

  1. Here is the code generated for let int1 = randomInt():

    0x0000000100002a11 BFFFFFFFFF     mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a16 E8B3060100     call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a1b 89C3           mov        ebx, eax
0x0000000100002a1d EB14           jmp        0x100002a33

    The value of UInt32.max is placed right into the code segment, the arc4random_uniform() function is called inline and then the return value is placed in ebx, which is a 64-bit register.

  2. Then the code for let int2 = randomInt() is compiled:

    0x0000000100002a40 BFFFFFFFFF     mov        edi, 0xffffffff   ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a45 E884060100     call       imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform
0x0000000100002a4a 89C0           mov        eax, eax
0x0000000100002a4c EB12           jmp        0x100002a60

    again this is similar to what we discussed before. This time there is a bit of a sillyness to the code though and that's the mov eax, eax instruction. What a strange thing to do. So what happened here is that the compiler calculates the random value, and obviously the imp___stubs__arc4random_uniform function returns the value in the eax register but the compiler doesn't care that the value is already in eax. Instead, it tries to move the value from eax into eax again. Why could this be though? If you know, please correct this article and send a pull request.

  3. The subtraction is finally calculated using this code:

    0x0000000100002a60 4829C3                          sub        rbx, rax          ; XREF=__TFC12swift_weekly7Example8example4fS0_FT_T_+92
0x0000000100002a63 7068                            jo         0x100002acd

Nothing magical. So that's good to know!

Ternary Conditional Operator on Int Values

Ternary operator... I remember discussing this with my co-workers a few years back. I didn't like them, but now I have grown to like them more than I ever did before. They make the code clean(er) sometimes and can also make it messy, depending on how you use them. Enough ranting. Now let's see how Swift deals with a simple ternary:

func example5(){
  
  let int1 = random()
  let int2 = random()
  let int3 = int1 > int2 ? 0xabcdefa : 0xabcdefb
  
}

Note that I started using the random() function instead of our custom randomInt() function because the output assembly code with random() will just be much cleaner.

this code compiles into this:

push       rbp
mov        rbp, rsp
push       r14
push       rbx
sub        rsp, 0x10
mov        r14, rdi
call       imp___stubs__random
mov        rbx, rax
call       imp___stubs__random
cmp        rbx, rax
setle      al
movzx      eax, al
or         rax, 0xabcdefa
mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_18], rax
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_18]
call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_
mov        edi, 0xa          ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__putchar
call       imp___stubs__putchar
xor        edi, edi
mov        rdi, r14
add        rsp, 0x10
pop        rbx
pop        r14
pop        rbp
jmp        imp___stubs__swift_release

Okay that's quite nice and clean but, wait a minute, there is no mention of 0xabcdefb. What happened to our second value...? So if you look at the output, you can see or rax, 0xabcdefa but there is no mention of 0xabcdefb. Let's ee what happened:

  1. The 2 random values are placed inside rbx and rax, respectively.
  2. The cmp instruction is called comparing the two values. cmp really does a subtraction under the hoods (sub) and then sets the values for the EFLAGS. Read the Intel manuals in the References section of this article to find out more.
  3. Then the setle instruction is called. This is set if less than or equal which then sets the al register to 0x01 if the two random values are the same.
  4. The movzx is caleld on the eax register with al, basically setting the rest of the eax register to zero. Remember that al is the lower 8-bits of the eax 64-bit register on x86_64. So now eax is 1 if our random numbers are equal or zero if they aren't.
  5. Then the or rax, 0xabcdefa instruction is called. HOLY SHIT. Do you understand what the compiler did? So eax is right now set to 1 if the two random numbers are equal to each other and then boom, the whole register is ored with the value of 0xabcdefa. In other words, if the two random numbers are the same, eax will become 0x00000001 | 0xabcdefa effectively making it 0xabcdefb and if they are not equal, eax would have been zero from the comparison and will now be ored with 0xabcdefa, effectively making it 0xabcdefa. Shit! that's some serious optimization the Swift compiler did right there. So instead of writing an if statement, it solved the problem with the `EFLAGS.

Ternary Conditional Operator on Bool Values

So we saw the Int ternary operator but how does that work on Bool values? Let's see the Swift code first:

func example6(){
  let bool = Bool(random()) ? 0xabcdefa : 0xabcdefb
  println(bool)
}

Create a boolean value out of a random number, then if it's true, put the value of 0xabcdefa into our constant and if not, put the value of 0xabcdefb into it and then print the results.

Assembly output is this:

push       rbp
mov        rbp, rsp
push       rbx
push       rax
mov        rbx, rdi
call       imp___stubs__random
mov        rdi, rax
call       imp___stubs___TFE10FoundationSi19_bridgeToObjectiveCfSiFT_CSo8NSNumber
mov        rdi, rax
call       imp___stubs___TFE10FoundationSbCfMSbFCSo8NSNumberSb
test       al, 0x1
sete       al
movzx      eax, al
or         rax, 0xabcdefa
mov        qword [ss:rbp+var_10], rax
lea        rdi, qword [ss:rbp+var_10]
call       __TTSSi_VSs7_StdoutS_Ss16OutputStreamType___TFSs5printU_Ss16OutputStreamType__FTQ_RQ0__T_
mov        edi, 0xa          ; argument #1 for method imp___stubs__putchar
call       imp___stubs__putchar
xor        edi, edi
call       imp___stubs__swift_unknownRelease
mov        rdi, rbx
add        rsp, 0x8
pop        rbx
pop        rbp
jmp        imp___stubs__swift_release

Here is what happened:

  1. The imp___stubs__random function is called, generating a random number in the eax register.
  2. The imp___stubs___TFE10FoundationSi19_bridgeToObjectiveCfSiFT_CSo8NSNumber function is called, translating the random number into an NSNumber instance. Why the hell would the compiler do this? If you know, please send a pull request through.
  3. The imp___stubs___TFE10FoundationSbCfMSbFCSo8NSNumberSb function is called to translate the NSNumber to a boolean. Well this is awkward. Why would the compiler go through this length?
  4. So now the eax register contains a boolean value (0 or 1) out of the random number. Then test al, 0x1 instruction is called comparing the boolean value with true. Let's assume that the boolean value was true.. The test instruction ands the true (0x01) with the value of 0x01 and if the result is zero (which in this case it won't be) it will set the zero flag to 1, which in this case, the zero flag will be set to 0x00 since the and will yield 0x01.
  5. With our assumption in the previous step, the sete al instruction is called, setting the value of al to 0x00 since the zero flag is set to 0.
  6. Then the movzx eax, al is called making sure that the rest of the eax register is zero, keeping the lower 8-bits of this register (al) untouched. With our previous assumption, the whole eax register is now 0.
  7. And then or rax, 0xabcdefa is executed. With our previous assumtpion and eax now being 0, this will make rax equal to 0xabcdefa. If our eax was set to 1 from the previous operations, this would have yielded 0xabcdefb.

This is a very complicated way of dealing with a simple ternary but shows you how mature the Swift compiler has already become in terms of optimizing your code. No conditional jumps were used in this case.

Conclusion

  1. If you use the let syntax to create two compile-time Int constants and add them together using the + operator, the result is calculated at compile time and no stack variable is used. The addition is performed at compile-time and the result is placed right into the code segment, not the data-segment. No addition add instructions are created in the assembly output.

  2. Adding two constant inline Int values in one line of code and assigning the result to a constant Int value with the let statement will also create the results as a compile time constant placed inside the code segment.

  3. If two var of type Int point to a compile-time Int constant and are added into another variable of type Int using the + operator, no variable is created for the compiled code. The addition between the constants are calculated at compile time and placed right inside the code segment.

  4. A simple function similar to this:

    func randomInt() -> Int{
  return Int(arc4random_uniform(UInt32.max))
}

    will most probably get inlined in Swift. In other words, no randomInt() function will be created, but rather the code for this function will be called directly inside the code segment (cs) whenever this function is used.

  5. Addition of two local Int variables is performed using the add instruction, as expected. The values, dependent on how many registers are being used at the moment, will be placed inside one of the r registers, such as the r15 or r14.

  6. Int variables on x86_64 are treated as true native 64-bit values, placed inside registers such as eax and ebx.

  7. Subtraction of variable Int values is done using the sub instruction, as expected.

  8. A ternary operator comparing two Int values and placing an Int into another variable or constant is solved using EFLAGS. No if statement is compiled by the compiler, further optimizing the output.

  9. No conditional jumps are used for ternary operator between two Int values.

References

  1. Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual Combined Volumes: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B and 3C