Qiskit Runtime error

[YutoMorohoshi]

Issue Description

Hi team.

I'd like to calculate p(00...00) (i.e. the probability of getting all zeros) of a circuit.
So I'm using Sampler in Qiskit Runtime.
I also wanted to apply ZNE or other mitigation techniques using Mitiq, so I tried it, but it did not work.
It seems that Mitiq doesn't support Qiskit Runtime (but I could be wrong).

How can I solve this or is there a workaround?

Thanks.

How to Reproduce

I referred to https://mitiq.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples/ibmq-backends.html

%matplotlib inline

import qiskit
from qiskit_aer import QasmSimulator
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService
from qiskit.transpiler.preset_passmanagers import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import SamplerV2 as Sampler

from mitiq import zne
from mitiq.interface.mitiq_qiskit.qiskit_utils import initialized_depolarizing_noise

USE_REAL_HARDWARE = False

qreg, creg = qiskit.QuantumRegister(1), qiskit.ClassicalRegister(1)
circuit = qiskit.QuantumCircuit(qreg, creg)
for _ in range(10):
    circuit.x(qreg)
circuit.measure(qreg, creg)
circuit.draw(output="mpl")

if QiskitRuntimeService.saved_accounts() and USE_REAL_HARDWARE:
    service = QiskitRuntimeService()
    backend = service.least_busy(operational=True, simulator=False)
    noise_model = False
else:
    # Simulate the circuit with noise
    noise_model = initialized_depolarizing_noise(noise_level=0.02)
    # Default to a simulator
    backend = QasmSimulator(noise_model=noise_model)


def ibmq_executor(circuit: qiskit.QuantumCircuit, shots: int = 8192) -> float:
    """Returns the expectation value to be mitigated.

    Args:
        circuit: Circuit to run.
        shots: Number of times to execute the circuit to compute the expectation value.
    """
    sampler = Sampler(backend)

    pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(optimization_level=1, backend=backend)
    exec_circuit = pm.run(circuit)

    # Run the circuit
    job = sampler.run([exec_circuit])

    # Convert from raw measurement counts to the expectation value
    result = job.result()
    pub_result = result[0]
    counts = pub_result.data["c0"].get_counts()

    if counts["0"] is None:
        expectation_value = 0.0
    else:
        expectation_value = counts["0"] / shots
    return expectation_value

unmitigated = ibmq_executor(circuit)
mitigated = zne.execute_with_zne(circuit, ibmq_executor)
print(f"Unmitigated result {unmitigated:.3f}")
print(f"Mitigated result {mitigated:.3f}")

Output:

{
	"name": "AttributeError",
	"message": "'qiskit._accelerate.circuit.DAGCircuit' object has no attribute '_global_phase'",
	"stack": "---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[6], line 2
      1 unmitigated = ibmq_executor(circuit)
----> 2 mitigated = zne.execute_with_zne(circuit, ibmq_executor)
      3 print(f\"Unmitigated result {unmitigated:.3f}\")
      4 print(f\"Mitigated result {mitigated:.3f}\")

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/mitiq/zne/zne.py:109, in execute_with_zne(circuit, executor, observable, factory, scale_noise, num_to_average)
    106 if num_to_average < 1:
    107     raise ValueError(\"Argument `num_to_average` must be a positive int.\")
--> 109 return factory.run(
    110     circuit, executor, observable, scale_noise, int(num_to_average)
    111 ).reduce()

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/mitiq/zne/inference.py:541, in BatchedFactory.run(self, qp, executor, observable, scale_noise, num_to_average)
    538 _check_circuit_length(qp)
    540 # Get all noise-scaled circuits to run.
--> 541 to_run = self._generate_circuits(qp, scale_noise, num_to_average)
    543 # Run all circuits.
    544 if not isinstance(executor, Executor):

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/mitiq/zne/inference.py:617, in BatchedFactory._generate_circuits(self, circuit, scale_noise, num_to_average)
    615 for scale_factor in self.get_scale_factors():
    616     for _ in range(num_to_average):
--> 617         to_run.append(scale_noise(circuit, scale_factor))
    618 return to_run

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/mitiq/interface/conversions.py:395, in accept_qprogram_and_validate.<locals>.new_function(circuit, *args, **kwargs)
    388 from mitiq.interface.mitiq_qiskit.conversions import (
    389     _measurement_order,
    390     _remove_identity_from_idle,
    391     _transform_registers,
    392 )
    394 out_circuit.remove_final_measurements()
--> 395 out_circuit = _transform_registers(
    396     out_circuit, new_qregs=circuit.qregs
    397 )
    398 _remove_identity_from_idle(out_circuit, idle_qubits)
    399 if circuit.cregs and not out_circuit.cregs:

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/mitiq/interface/mitiq_qiskit/conversions.py:212, in _transform_registers(circuit, new_qregs)
    208 circuit_layout = Layout.from_qubit_list(circuit.qubits)
    209 pass_manager = PassManager(
    210     [SetLayout(circuit_layout), ApplyMitiqLayout(new_qregs), ClearLayout()]
    211 )
--> 212 return pass_manager.run(circuit)

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/transpiler/passmanager.py:464, in _replace_error.<locals>.wrapper(*meth_args, **meth_kwargs)
    461 @wraps(meth)
    462 def wrapper(*meth_args, **meth_kwargs):
    463     try:
--> 464         return meth(*meth_args, **meth_kwargs)
    465     except PassManagerError as ex:
    466         raise TranspilerError(ex.message) from ex

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/transpiler/passmanager.py:226, in PassManager.run(self, circuits, output_name, callback, num_processes)
    223 if callback is not None:
    224     callback = _legacy_style_callback(callback)
--> 226 return super().run(
    227     in_programs=circuits,
    228     callback=callback,
    229     output_name=output_name,
    230     num_processes=num_processes,
    231 )

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/passmanager/passmanager.py:231, in BasePassManager.run(self, in_programs, callback, num_processes, **kwargs)
    228 # If we're not going to run in parallel, we want to avoid spending time `dill` serializing
    229 # ourselves, since that can be quite expensive.
    230 if len(in_programs) == 1 or not should_run_in_parallel(num_processes):
--> 231     out = [
    232         _run_workflow(program=program, pass_manager=self, callback=callback, **kwargs)
    233         for program in in_programs
    234     ]
    235     if len(in_programs) == 1 and not is_list:
    236         return out[0]

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/passmanager/passmanager.py:232, in <listcomp>(.0)
    228 # If we're not going to run in parallel, we want to avoid spending time `dill` serializing
    229 # ourselves, since that can be quite expensive.
    230 if len(in_programs) == 1 or not should_run_in_parallel(num_processes):
    231     out = [
--> 232         _run_workflow(program=program, pass_manager=self, callback=callback, **kwargs)
    233         for program in in_programs
    234     ]
    235     if len(in_programs) == 1 and not is_list:
    236         return out[0]

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/passmanager/passmanager.py:292, in _run_workflow(program, pass_manager, **kwargs)
    286 initial_status = WorkflowStatus()
    288 passmanager_ir = pass_manager._passmanager_frontend(
    289     input_program=program,
    290     **kwargs,
    291 )
--> 292 passmanager_ir, final_state = flow_controller.execute(
    293     passmanager_ir=passmanager_ir,
    294     state=PassManagerState(
    295         workflow_status=initial_status,
    296         property_set=PropertySet(),
    297     ),
    298     callback=kwargs.get(\"callback\", None),
    299 )
    300 # The `property_set` has historically been returned as a mutable attribute on `PassManager`
    301 # This makes us non-reentrant (though `PassManager` would be dependent on its internal tasks to
    302 # be re-entrant if that was required), but is consistent with previous interfaces.  We're still
    303 # safe to be called in a serial loop, again assuming internal tasks are re-runnable.  The
    304 # conversion to the backend language is also allowed to use the property set, so it must be set
    305 # before calling it.
    306 pass_manager.property_set = final_state.property_set

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/passmanager/base_tasks.py:218, in BaseController.execute(self, passmanager_ir, state, callback)
    216     return passmanager_ir, state
    217 while True:
--> 218     passmanager_ir, state = next_task.execute(
    219         passmanager_ir=passmanager_ir,
    220         state=state,
    221         callback=callback,
    222     )
    223     try:
    224         # Sending the object through the generator implies the custom controllers
    225         # can always rely on the latest data to choose the next task to run.
    226         next_task = task_generator.send(state)

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/transpiler/basepasses.py:195, in TransformationPass.execute(self, passmanager_ir, state, callback)
    189 def execute(
    190     self,
    191     passmanager_ir: PassManagerIR,
    192     state: PassManagerState,
    193     callback: Callable = None,
    194 ) -> tuple[PassManagerIR, PassManagerState]:
--> 195     new_dag, state = super().execute(
    196         passmanager_ir=passmanager_ir,
    197         state=state,
    198         callback=callback,
    199     )
    201     if state.workflow_status.previous_run == RunState.SUCCESS:
    202         if isinstance(new_dag, DAGCircuit):
    203             # Copy calibration data from the original program

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/qiskit/passmanager/base_tasks.py:98, in GenericPass.execute(self, passmanager_ir, state, callback)
     96 try:
     97     if self not in state.workflow_status.completed_passes:
---> 98         ret = self.run(passmanager_ir)
     99         run_state = RunState.SUCCESS
    100     else:

File ~/Desktop/test_mitiq/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/mitiq/interface/mitiq_qiskit/transpiler.py:96, in ApplyMitiqLayout.run(self, dag)
     91     qargs = [q[virtual_physical_map[qarg]] for qarg in node.qargs]
     92     new_dag.apply_operation_back(
     93         node.op, qargs, node.cargs, check=False
     94     )
---> 96 new_dag._global_phase = dag._global_phase
     98 return new_dag

AttributeError: 'qiskit._accelerate.circuit.DAGCircuit' object has no attribute '_global_phase'"
}

Expected behavior

---

Unmitigated result xxx
Mitigated result yyy

Environment Context

Use the about() function to summarize information on operating system, python version and dependencies.

from mitiq import about
about()

Mitiq: A Python toolkit for implementing error mitigation on quantum computers
==============================================================================
Authored by: Mitiq team, 2020 & later (https://github.com/unitaryfund/mitiq)

Mitiq Version:	0.41.0

Core Dependencies
-----------------
Cirq Version:	1.4.1
NumPy Version:	1.26.4
SciPy Version:	1.14.1

Optional Dependencies
---------------------
PyQuil Version:	Not installed
Qiskit Version:	Not installed
Braket Version:	Not installed

Python Version:	3.10.14
Platform Info:	Darwin (arm64)

Additional Python Environment Details (pip freeze or conda list):

Copy and paste the output of `pip freeze` or `conda list` here.

%pip freeze

annotated-types==0.7.0
anyio==4.6.2.post1
appnope==0.1.4
argon2-cffi==23.1.0
argon2-cffi-bindings==21.2.0
arrow==1.3.0
asttokens==3.0.0
async-lru==2.0.4
attrs==24.2.0
babel==2.16.0
beautifulsoup4==4.12.3
bleach==6.2.0
certifi==2024.8.30
cffi==1.17.1
charset-normalizer==3.4.0
cirq-core==1.4.1
comm==0.2.2
contourpy==1.3.1
cryptography==44.0.0
cycler==0.12.1
debugpy==1.8.9
decorator==5.1.1
defusedxml==0.7.1
dill==0.3.9
duet==0.2.9
exceptiongroup==1.2.2
executing==2.1.0
fastjsonschema==2.21.1
fonttools==4.55.0
fqdn==1.5.1
h11==0.14.0
httpcore==1.0.7
httpx==0.28.0
ibm-cloud-sdk-core==3.22.0
ibm-platform-services==0.59.0
idna==3.10
ipykernel==6.29.5
ipython==8.30.0
isoduration==20.11.0
jedi==0.19.2
Jinja2==3.1.4
json5==0.10.0
jsonpointer==3.0.0
jsonschema==4.23.0
jsonschema-specifications==2024.10.1
jupyter-events==0.10.0
jupyter-lsp==2.2.5
jupyter_client==8.6.3
jupyter_core==5.7.2
jupyter_server==2.14.2
jupyter_server_terminals==0.5.3
jupyterlab==4.3.1
jupyterlab_pygments==0.3.0
jupyterlab_server==2.27.3
kiwisolver==1.4.7
MarkupSafe==3.0.2
matplotlib==3.9.3
matplotlib-inline==0.1.7
mistune==3.0.2
mitiq==0.41.0
mpmath==1.3.0
nbclient==0.10.1
nbconvert==7.16.4
nbformat==5.10.4
nest-asyncio==1.6.0
networkx==3.4.2
notebook_shim==0.2.4
numpy==1.26.4
overrides==7.7.0
packaging==24.2
pandas==2.2.3
pandocfilters==1.5.1
parso==0.8.4
pbr==6.1.0
pexpect==4.9.0
pillow==11.0.0
platformdirs==4.3.6
ply==3.11
prometheus_client==0.21.0
prompt_toolkit==3.0.48
psutil==6.1.0
ptyprocess==0.7.0
pure_eval==0.2.3
pycparser==2.22
pydantic==2.10.2
pydantic_core==2.27.1
Pygments==2.18.0
PyJWT==2.10.1
pylatexenc==2.10
pyparsing==3.2.0
pyspnego==0.11.2
python-dateutil==2.9.0.post0
python-json-logger==2.0.7
pytz==2024.2
PyYAML==6.0.2
pyzmq==26.2.0
qiskit==1.3.0
qiskit-aer==0.15.1
qiskit-ibm-runtime==0.33.2
referencing==0.35.1
requests==2.32.3
requests_ntlm==1.3.0
rfc3339-validator==0.1.4
rfc3986-validator==0.1.1
rpds-py==0.22.0
rustworkx==0.15.1
scipy==1.14.1
Send2Trash==1.8.3
six==1.16.0
sniffio==1.3.1
sortedcontainers==2.4.0
soupsieve==2.6
stack-data==0.6.3
stevedore==5.4.0
symengine==0.13.0
sympy==1.13.3
tabulate==0.9.0
terminado==0.18.1
tinycss2==1.4.0
tomli==2.2.1
tornado==6.4.2
tqdm==4.67.1
traitlets==5.14.3
types-python-dateutil==2.9.0.20241003
typing_extensions==4.12.2
tzdata==2024.2
uri-template==1.3.0
urllib3==2.2.3
wcwidth==0.2.13
webcolors==24.11.1
webencodings==0.5.1
websocket-client==1.8.0
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.

[cosenal]

Hi @YutoMorohoshi, qiskit==1.3.0 is not yet supported by Mitiq.
I have just made a fix to the dependabot PR that introduces support for it. See https://github.com/unitaryfund/mitiq/pull/2588/files
It's going to be merged today, but will be released at the end of the month.
In the meantime, you can use qiskit~=1.2.x, as per requirements

[YutoMorohoshi]

Thanks @cosenal . It was a version problem.
I downgraded qiskit to 1.2.4 like you said, and it works!
Thank you very much.

[cosenal]

Thanks for checking (and for using Mitiq 👍).
I am closing this as it's going to be fixed by #2588.