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ZFS on Linux Module Parameters

The ZFS kernel module parameters are accessible in the SysFS /sys/module/zfs/paramaters directory. Current value can be observed by

cat /sys/module/zfs/parameters/PARAMETER

Many of these can be changed by writing new values. These are denoted by Change|Dynamic in the PARAMETER details below.

echo NEWVALUE >> /sys/module/zfs/parameters/PARAMETER

If the parameter is not dynamically adjustable, an error can occur and the value will not be set. It can be helpful to check the permissions for the PARAMETER file in SysFS.

In some cases, the parameter must be set prior to loading the kernel modules or it is desired to have the parameters set automatically at boot time. For many distros, this can be accomplished by creating a file named /etc/modprobe.d/zfs.conf containing text lines of the format

options zfs PARAMETER=VALUE

See the man page for modprobe.d for more information.

zfs-module-parameters Manual Page

The zfs-module-parameters(5) man page contains brief descriptions of the module parameters. Alas, man pages are not as suitable for quick reference as wiki pages. This wiki page is intended to be a better cross-reference and capture some of the wisdom of ZFS developers and practitioners.

ZFS Module Parameters

The ZFS kernel module, zfs.ko, parameters are detailed below.

To observe the list of parameters along with a short synopsis of each parameter, use the modinfo command:

modinfo zfs

Tags

The list of parameters is quite large and resists hierarchical representation. To assist in quickly finding relevant information quickly, each module parameter has a "Tags" row with keywords for frequent searches.

Tags

ABD

allocation

ARC

checksum

compression

CPU

dbuf_cache

debug

dedup

delay

delete

discard

disks

DMU

encryption

filesystem

fragmentation

HDD

import

L2ARC

memory

metadata

metaslab

mirror

MMP

prefetch

QAT

raidz

resilver

scrub

send

snapshot

SPA

SSD

vdev

vdev_cache

volume

write_throttle

zed

ZIL

ZIO_scheduler

Index

ZFS Module Parameters

ignore_hole_birth

When set, the hole_birth optimization will not be used and all holes will always be sent by zfs send In the source code, ignore_hole_birth is an alias for and SysFS PARAMETER for send_holes_without_birth_time.

ignore_hole_birth Notes
Tags send
When to change Enable if you suspect your datasets are affected by a bug in hole_birth during zfs send operations
Data Type boolean
Range 0=disabled, 1=enabled
Default 1 (hole birth optimization is ignored)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected TBD

l2arc_feed_again

Turbo L2ARC cache warm-up. When the L2ARC is cold the fill interval will be set to aggressively fill as fast as possible.

l2arc_feed_again Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change If cache devices exist and it is desired to fill them as fast as possible
Data Type boolean
Range 0=disabled, 1=enabled
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected TBD

l2arc_feed_min_ms

Minimum time period for aggressively feeding the L2ARC. The L2ARC feed thread wakes up once per second (see l2arc_feed_secs) to look for data to feed into the L2ARC. l2arc_feed_min_ms only affects the turbo L2ARC cache warm-up and allows the aggressiveness to be adjusted.

l2arc_feed_min_ms Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change If cache devices exist and l2arc_feed_again and the feed is too aggressive, then this tunable can be adjusted to reduce the impact of the fill
Data Type uint64
Units milliseconds
Range 0 to (1000 * l2arc_feed_secs)
Default 200
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected 0.6 and later

l2arc_feed_secs

Seconds between waking the L2ARC feed thread. One feed thread works for all cache devices in turn.

If the pool that owns a cache device is imported readonly, then the feed thread is delayed 5 * l2arc_feed_secs before moving onto the next cache device. If multiple pools are imported with cache devices and one pool with cache is imported readonly, the L2ARC feed rate to all caches can be slowed.

l2arc_feed_secs Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change Do not change
Data Type uint64
Units seconds
Range 1 to UINT64_MAX
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected 0.6 and later

l2arc_headroom

How far through the ARC lists to search for L2ARC cacheable content, expressed as a multiplier of l2arc_write_max

l2arc_headroom Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change If the rate of change in the ARC is faster than the overall L2ARC feed rate, then increasing l2arc_headroom can increase L2ARC efficiency. Setting the value too large can cause the L2ARC feed thread to consume more CPU time looking for data to feed.
Data Type uint64
Units unit
Range 0 to UINT64_MAX
Default 2
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected 0.6 and later

l2arc_headroom_boost

Percentage scale for l2arc_headroom when L2ARC contents are being successfully compressed before writing.

l2arc_headroom_boost Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change If average compression efficiency is greater than 2:1, then increasing l2arc_headroom_boost can increase the L2ARC feed rate
Data Type uint64
Units percent
Range 100 to UINT64_MAX, when set to 100, the L2ARC headroom boost feature is effectively disabled
Default 200
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

l2arc_nocompress

Disable writing compressed data to cache devices. Disabling allows the legacy behavior of writing decompressed data to cache devices.

l2arc_nocompress Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change When testing compressed L2ARC feature
Data Type boolean
Range 0=store compressed blocks in cache device, 1=store uncompressed blocks in cache device
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected deprecated in v0.7.0 by new compressed ARC design

l2arc_noprefetch

Disables writing prefetched, but unused, buffers to cache devices.

l2arc_noprefetch Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC, prefetch
When to change Setting to 0 can increase L2ARC hit rates for workloads where the ARC is too small for a read workload that benefits from prefetching. Also, if the main pool devices are very slow, setting to 0 can improve some workloads such as backups.
Data Type boolean
Range 0=write prefetched but unused buffers to cache devices, 1=do not write prefetched but unused buffers to cache devices
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

l2arc_norw

Disables writing to cache devices while they are being read.

l2arc_norw Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change In the early days of SSDs, some devices did not perform well when reading and writing simultaneously. Modern SSDs do not have these issues.
Data Type boolean
Range 0=read and write simultaneously, 1=avoid writes when reading for antique SSDs
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

l2arc_write_boost

Until the ARC fills, increases the L2ARC fill rate l2arc_write_max by l2arc_write_boost.

l2arc_write_boost Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change To fill the cache devices more aggressively after pool import.
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 0 to UINT64_MAX
Default 8,388,608
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

l2arc_write_max

Maximum number of bytes to be written to each cache device for each L2ARC feed thread interval (see l2arc_feed_secs). The actual limit can be adjusted by l2arc_write_boost. By default l2arc_feed_secs is 1 second, delivering a maximum write workload to cache devices of 8 MiB/sec.

l2arc_write_max Notes
Tags ARC, L2ARC
When to change If the cache devices can sustain the write workload, increasing the rate of cache device fill when workloads generate new data at a rate higher than l2arc_write_max can increase L2ARC hit rate
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 1 to UINT64_MAX
Default 8,388,608
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

metaslab_aliquot

Sets the metaslab granularity. Nominally, ZFS will try to allocate this amount of data to a top-level vdev before moving on to the next top-level vdev. This is roughly similar to what would be referred to as the "stripe size" in traditional RAID arrays.

When tuning for HDDs, it can be more efficient to have a few larger, sequential writes to a device rather than switching to the next device. Monitoring the size of contiguous writes to the disks relative to the write throughput can be used to determine if increasing metaslab_aliquot can help. For modern devices, it is unlikely that decreasing metaslab_aliquot from the default will help.

If there is only one top-level vdev, this tunable is not used.

metaslab_aliquot Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab, vdev
When to change If write performance increases as devices more efficiently write larger, contiguous blocks
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 0 to UINT64_MAX
Default 524,288
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

metaslab_bias_enabled

Enables metaslab group biasing based on a top-level vdev's utilization relative to the pool. Nominally, all top-level devs are the same size and the allocation is spread evenly. When the top-level vdevs are not of the same size, for example if a new (empty) top-level is added to the pool, this allows the new top-level vdev to get a larger portion of new allocations.

metaslab_bias_enabled Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab, vdev
When to change If a new top-level vdev is added and you do not want to bias new allocations to the new top-level vdev
Data Type boolean
Range 0=spread evenly across top-level vdevs, 1=bias spread to favor less full top-level vdevs
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_metaslab_segment_weight_enabled

Enables metaslab allocation based on largest free segment rather than total amount of free space. The goal is to avoid metaslabs that exhibit free space fragmentation: when there is a lot of small free spaces, but few larger free spaces.

If zfs_metaslab_segment_weight_enabled is enabled, then metaslab_fragmentation_factor_enabled is ignored.

zfs_metaslab_segment_weight_enabled Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab
When to change When testing allocation and fragmentation
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not consider metaslab fragmentation, 1=avoid metaslabs where free space is highly fragmented
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_metaslab_switch_threshold

When using segment-based metaslab selection (see zfs_metaslab_segment_weight_enabled), continue allocating from the active metaslab until zfs_metaslab_switch_threshold worth of free space buckets have been exhausted.

zfs_metaslab_switch_threshold Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab
When to change When testing allocation and fragmentation
Data Type uint64
Units free spaces
Range 0 to UINT64_MAX
Default 2
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

metaslab_debug_load

When enabled, all metaslabs are loaded into memory during pool import. Nominally, metaslab space map information is loaded and unloaded as needed (see metaslab_debug_unload)

It is difficult to predict how much RAM is required to store a space map. An empty or completely full metaslab has a small space map. However, a highly fragmented space map can consume significantly more memory.

Enabling metaslab_debug_load can increase pool import time.

metaslab_debug_load Notes
Tags allocation, memory, metaslab
When to change When RAM is plentiful and pool import time is not a consideration
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not load all metaslab info at pool import, 1=dynamically load metaslab info as needed
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

metaslab_debug_unload

When enabled, prevents metaslab information from being dynamically unloaded from RAM. Nominally, metaslab space map information is loaded and unloaded as needed (see metaslab_debug_load)

It is difficult to predict how much RAM is required to store a space map. An empty or completely full metaslab has a small space map. However, a highly fragmented space map can consume significantly more memory.

Enabling metaslab_debug_unload consumes RAM that would otherwise be freed.

metaslab_debug_unload Notes
Tags allocation, memory, metaslab
When to change When RAM is plentiful and the penalty for dynamically reloading metaslab info from the pool is high
Data Type boolean
Range 0=dynamically unload metaslab info, 1=unload metaslab info only upon pool export
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

metaslab_fragmentation_factor_enabled

Enable use of the fragmentation metric in computing metaslab weights.

In version v0.7.0, if zfs_metaslab_segment_weight_enabled is enabled, then metaslab_fragmentation_factor_enabled is ignored.

metaslab_fragmentation_factor_enabled Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab
When to change To test metaslab fragmentation
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not consider metaslab free space fragmentation, 1=try to avoid fragmented metaslabs
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

metaslabs_per_vdev

When a vdev is added, it will be divided into approximately, but no more than, this number of metaslabs.

metaslabs_per_vdev Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab, vdev
When to change When testing metaslab allocation
Data Type uint64
Units metaslabs
Range 16 to UINT64_MAX
Default 200
Change Prior to pool creation or adding new top-level vdevs
Versions Affected all

metaslab_preload_enabled

Enable metaslab group preloading. Each top-level vdev has a metaslab group. By default, up to 3 copies of metadata can exist and are distributed across multiple top-level vdevs. metaslab_preload_enabled allows the corresponding metaslabs to be preloaded, thus improving allocation efficiency.

metaslab_preload_enabled Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab
When to change When testing metaslab allocation
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not preload metaslab info, 1=preload up to 3 metaslabs
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

metaslab_lba_weighting_enabled

Modern HDDs have uniform bit density and constant angular velocity. Therefore, the outer recording zones are faster (higher bandwidth) than the inner zones by the ratio of outer to inner track diameter. The difference in bandwidth can be 2:1, and is often available in the HDD detailed specifications or drive manual. For HDDs when metaslab_lba_weighting_enabled is true, write allocation preference is given to the metaslabs representing the outer recording zones. Thus the allocation to metaslabs prefers faster bandwidth over free space.

If the devices are not rotational, yet misrepresent themselves to the OS as rotational, then disabling metaslab_lba_weighting_enabled can result in more even, free-space-based allocation.

metaslab_lba_weighting_enabled Notes
Tags allocation, metaslab, HDD, SSD
When to change disable if using only SSDs and version v0.6.4 or earlier
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not use LBA weighting, 1=use LBA weighting
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Verfication The rotational setting described by a block device in sysfs by observing /sys/block/DISK_NAME/queue/rotational
Versions Affected prior to v0.6.5, the check for non-rotation media did not exist

spa_config_path

By default, the zpool import command searches for pool information in the zpool.cache file. If the pool to be imported has an entry in zpool.cache then the devices do not have to be scanned to determine if they are pool members. The path to the cache file is spa_config_path.

For more information on zpool import and the -o cachefile and -d options, see the man page for zpool(8)

See also zfs_autoimport_disable

spa_config_path Notes
Tags import
When to change If creating a non-standard distribution and the cachefile property is inconvenient
Data Type string
Default /etc/zfs/zpool.cache
Change Dynamic, applies only to the next invocation of zpool import
Versions Affected all

spa_asize_inflation

Multiplication factor used to estimate actual disk consumption from the size of data being written. The default value is a worst case estimate, but lower values may be valid for a given pool depending on its configuration. Pool administrators who understand the factors involved may wish to specify a more realistic inflation factor, particularly if they operate close to quota or capacity limits.

The worst case space requirement for allocation is single-sector max-parity RAIDZ blocks, in which case the space requirement is exactly 4 times the size, accounting for a maximum of 3 parity blocks. This is added to the maximum number of ZFS copies parameter (copies max=3). Additional space is required if the block could impact deduplication tables. Altogether, the worst case is 24.

If the estimation is not correct, then quotas or out-of-space conditions can lead to optimistic expectations of the ability to allocate. Applications are typically not prepared to deal with such failures and can misbehave.

spa_asize_inflation Notes
Tags allocation, SPA
When to change If the allocation requirements for the workload are well known and quotas are used
Data Type uint64
Units unit
Range 1 to 24
Default 24
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.3 and later

spa_load_verify_data

An extreme rewind import (see zpool import -X) normally performs a full traversal of all blocks in the pool for verification. If this parameter is set to 0, the traversal skips non-metadata blocks. It can be toggled once the import has started to stop or start the traversal of non-metadata blocks. See also spa_load_verify_metadata.

spa_load_verify_data Notes
Tags allocation, SPA
When to change At the risk of data integrity, to speed extreme import of large pool
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not verify data upon pool import, 1=verify pool data upon import
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

spa_load_verify_metadata

An extreme rewind import (see zpool import -X) normally performs a full traversal of all blocks in the pool for verification. If this parameter is set to 0, the traversal is not performed. It can be toggled once the import has started to stop or start the traversal. See spa_load_verify_data

spa_load_verify_metadata Notes
Tags import
When to change At the risk of data integrity, to speed extreme import of large pool
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not verify metadata upon pool import, 1=verify pool metadata upon import
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

spa_load_verify_maxinflight

Maximum number of concurrent I/Os during the data verification performed during an extreme rewind import (see zpool import -X)

spa_load_verify_maxinflight Notes
Tags import
When to change During an extreme rewind import, to match the concurrent I/O capabilities of the pool devices
Data Type int
Units I/Os
Range 1 to MAX_INT
Default 10,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

spa_slop_shift

Normally, the last 3.2% (1/(2^spa_slop_shift)) of pool space is reserved to ensure the pool doesn't run completely out of space, due to unaccounted changes (e.g. to the MOS). This also limits the worst-case time to allocate space. When less than this amount of free space exists, most ZPL operations (e.g. write, create) return error:no space (ENOSPC).

Changing spa_slop_shift affects the currently loaded ZFS module and all imported pools. spa_slop_shift is not stored on disk. Beware when importing full pools on systems with larger spa_slop_shift can lead to over-full conditions.

The minimum SPA slop space is limited to 128 MiB.

spa_slop_shift Notes
Tags allocation, SPA
When to change For large pools, when 3.2% may be too conservative and more usable space is desired, consider increasing spa_slop_shift
Data Type int
Units shift
Range 1 to MAX_INT, however the practical upper limit is 15 for a system with 4TB of RAM
Default 5
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfetch_array_rd_sz

If prefetching is enabled, do not prefetch blocks larger than zfetch_array_rd_sz size.

zfetch_array_rd_sz Notes
Tags prefetch
When to change To allow prefetching when using large block sizes
Data Type unsigned long
Units bytes
Range 0 to MAX_ULONG
Default 1,048,576 (1 MiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfetch_max_distance

Limits the maximum number of bytes to prefetch per stream.

zfetch_max_distance Notes
Tags prefetch
When to change Consider increasing read workloads that use large blocks and exhibit high prefetch hit ratios
Data Type uint
Units bytes
Range 0 to UINT_MAX
Default 8,388,608
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0

zfetch_max_streams

Maximum number of prefetch streams per file.

For version v0.7.0 and later, when prefetching small files the number of prefetch streams is automatically reduced below to prevent the streams from overlapping.

zfetch_max_streams Notes
Tags prefetch
When to change If the workload benefits from prefetching and has more than zfetch_max_streams concurrent reader threads
Data Type uint
Units streams
Range 1 to MAX_UINT
Default 8
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfetch_min_sec_reap

Prefetch streams that have been accessed in zfetch_min_sec_reap seconds are automatically stopped.

zfetch_min_sec_reap Notes
Tags prefetch
When to change To test prefetch efficiency
Data Type uint
Units seconds
Range 0 to MAX_UINT
Default 2
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_dnode_limit_percent

Percentage of ARC metadata space that can be used for dnodes.

The value calculated for zfs_arc_dnode_limit_percent can be overridden by zfs_arc_dnode_limit.

zfs_arc_dnode_limit_percent Notes
Tags ARC
When to change Consider increasing if arc_prune is using excessive system time and /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats shows arc_dnode_size is near or over arc_dnode_limit
Data Type int
Units percent of arc_meta_limit
Range 0 to 100
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_arc_dnode_limit

When the number of bytes consumed by dnodes in the ARC exceeds zfs_arc_dnode_limit bytes, demand for new metadata can take from the space consumed by dnodes.

The default value 0, indicates that a percent which is based on zfs_arc_dnode_limit_percent of the ARC meta buffers that may be used for dnodes.

zfs_arc_dnode_limit is similar to zfs_arc_meta_prune which serves a similar purpose for metadata.

zfs_arc_dnode_limit Notes
Tags ARC
When to change Consider increasing if arc_prune is using excessive system time and /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats shows arc_dnode_size is near or over arc_dnode_limit
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 0 to MAX_UINT64
Default 0 (uses zfs_arc_dnode_limit_percent)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_arc_dnode_reduce_percent

Percentage of ARC dnodes to try to evict in response to demand for non-metadata when the number of bytes consumed by dnodes exceeds zfs_arc_dnode_limit.

zfs_arc_dnode_reduce_percent Notes
Tags ARC
When to change Testing dnode cache efficiency
Data Type uint64
Units percent of size of dnode space used above zfs_arc_dnode_limit
Range 0 to 100
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_arc_average_blocksize

The ARC's buffer hash table is sized based on the assumption of an average block size of zfs_arc_average_blocksize. The default of 8 KiB uses approximately 1 MiB of hash table per 1 GiB of physical memory with 8-byte pointers.

zfs_arc_average_blocksize Notes
Tags ARC, memory
When to change For workloads where the known average blocksize is larger, increasing zfs_arc_average_blocksize can reduce memory usage
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 512 to 16,777,216
Default 8,192
Change Prior to zfs module load
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_evict_batch_limit

Number ARC headers to evict per sublist before proceeding to another sublist. This batch-style operation prevents entire sublists from being evicted at once but comes at a cost of additional unlocking and locking.

zfs_arc_evict_batch_limit Notes
Tags ARC
When to change Testing ARC multilist features
Data Type int
Units count of ARC headers
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_arc_grow_retry

When the ARC is shrunk due to memory demand, do not retry growing the ARC for zfs_arc_grow_retry seconds. This operates as a damper to prevent oscillating grow/shrink cycles when there is memory pressure.

If zfs_arc_grow_retry = 0, the internal default of 5 seconds is used.

zfs_arc_grow_retry Notes
Tags ARC, memory
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units seconds
Range 1 to MAX_INT
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_arc_lotsfree_percent

Throttle ARC memory consumption, effectively throttling I/O, when free system memory drops below this percentage of total system memory. Setting zfs_arc_lotsfree_percent to 0 disables the throttle.

The arcstat_memory_throttle_count counter in /proc/spl/kstat/arcstats can indicate throttle activity.

zfs_arc_lotsfree_percent Notes
Tags ARC, memory
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 0 to 100
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_arc_max

Maximum size of ARC in bytes. If set to 0 then the maximum ARC size is set to 1/2 of system RAM.

zfs_arc_max can be changed dynamically with some caveats. It cannot be set back to 0 while running and reducing it below the current ARC size will not cause the ARC to shrink without memory pressure to induce shrinking.

zfs_arc_max Notes
Tags ARC, memory
When to change Reduce if ARC competes too much with other applications, increase if ZFS is the primary application and can use more RAM
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 67,108,864 to RAM size in bytes
Default 0 (uses default of RAM size in bytes / 2)
Change Dynamic (see description above)
Verification c column in arcstats.py or /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry c_max
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_meta_adjust_restarts

The number of restart passes to make while scanning the ARC attempting the free buffers in order to stay below the zfs_arc_meta_limit.

zfs_arc_meta_adjust_restarts Notes
Tags ARC
When to change Testing ARC metadata adjustment feature
Data Type int
Units restarts
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 4,096
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_arc_meta_limit

Sets the maximum allowed size metadata buffers in the ARC. When zfs_arc_meta_limit is reached metadata buffers are reclaimed, even if the overall c_max has not been reached.

In version v0.7.0, with a default value = 0, zfs_arc_meta_limit_percent is used to set arc_meta_limit

zfs_arc_meta_limit Notes
Tags ARC
When to change For workloads where the metadata to data ratio in the ARC can be changed to improve ARC hit rates
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 0 to c_max
Default 0
Change Dynamic, except that it cannot be set back to 0 for a specific percent of the ARC; it must be set to an explicit value
Verification /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry arc_meta_limit
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_meta_limit_percent

Sets the limit to ARC metadata, arc_meta_limit, as a percentage of the maximum size target of the ARC, c_max

Prior to version v0.7.0, the zfs_arc_meta_limit was used to set the limit as a fixed size. zfs_arc_meta_limit_percent provides a more convenient interface for setting the limit.

zfs_arc_meta_limit_percent Notes
Tags ARC
When to change For workloads where the metadata to data ratio in the ARC can be changed to improve ARC hit rates
Data Type uint64
Units percent of c_max
Range 0 to 100
Default 75
Change Dynamic
Verification /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry arc_meta_limit
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_arc_meta_min

The minimum allowed size in bytes that metadata buffers may consume in the ARC. This value defaults to 0 which disables a floor on the amount of the ARC devoted meta data.

When evicting data from the ARC, if the metadata_size is less than arc_meta_min then data is evicted instead of metadata.

zfs_arc_meta_min Notes
Tags ARC
When to change
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 16,777,216 to c_max
Default 0 (use internal default 16 MiB)
Change Dynamic
Verification /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry arc_meta_min
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_meta_prune

zfs_arc_meta_prune sets the number of dentries and znodes to be scanned looking for entries which can be dropped. This provides a mechanism to ensure the ARC can honor the arc_meta_limit and reclaim otherwise pinned ARC buffers. Pruning may be required when the ARC size drops to arc_meta_limit because dentries and znodes can pin buffers in the ARC. Increasing this value will cause to dentry and znode caches to be pruned more aggressively and the arc_prune thread becomes more active. Setting zfs_arc_meta_prune to 0 will disable pruning.

zfs_arc_meta_prune Notes
Tags ARC
When to change TBD
Data Type uint64
Units entries
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 10,000
Change Dynamic
! Verification Prune activity is counted by the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry arc_prune
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_arc_meta_strategy

Defines the strategy for ARC metadata eviction (meta reclaim strategy). A value of 0 (META_ONLY) will evict only the ARC metadata. A value of 1 (BALANCED) indicates that additional data may be evicted if required in order to evict the requested amount of metadata.

zfs_arc_meta_strategy Notes
Tags ARC
When to change Testing ARC metadata eviction
Data Type int
Units enum
Range 0=evict metadata only, 1=also evict data buffers if they can free metadata buffers for eviction
Default 1 (BALANCED)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_arc_min

Minimum ARC size limit. When the ARC is asked to shrink, it will stop shrinking at c_min as tuned by zfs_arc_min.

zfs_arc_min Notes
Tags ARC
When to change If the primary focus of the system is ZFS, then increasing can ensure the ARC gets a minimum amount of RAM
Data Type uint64
Units bytes
Range 33,554,432 to c_max
Default greater of 33,554,432 (32 MiB) and c_max / 2
Change Dynamic
Verification /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry c_min
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_min_prefetch_ms

Minimum time prefetched blocks are locked in the ARC.

A value of 0 represents the default of 1 second. However, once changed, dynamically setting to 0 will not return to the default.

zfs_arc_min_prefetch_ms Notes
Tags ARC, prefetch
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 0 (use internal default of 1000 ms)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_arc_min_prescient_prefetch_ms

Minimum time "prescient prefetched" blocks are locked in the ARC. These blocks are meant to be prefetched fairly aggresively ahead of the code that may use them.

A value of 0 represents the default of 6 seconds. However, once changed, dynamically setting to 0 will not return to the default.

zfs_arc_min_prescient_prefetch_ms Notes
Tags ARC, prefetch
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 0 (use internal default of 6000 ms)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_multilist_num_sublists

To allow more fine-grained locking, each ARC state contains a series of lists (sublists) for both data and metadata objects. Locking is performed at the sublist level. This parameters controls the number of sublists per ARC state, and also applies to other uses of the multilist data structure.

zfs_multilist_num_sublists Notes
Tags ARC
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units lists
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 0 (internal value is greater of number of online CPUs or 4)
Change Prior to zfs module load
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_arc_overflow_shift

The ARC size is considered to be overflowing if it exceeds the current ARC target size (/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry c) by a threshold determined by zfs_arc_overflow_shift. The threshold is calculated as a fraction of c using the formula: (ARC target size) c >> zfs_arc_overflow_shift

The default value of 8 causes the ARC to be considered to be overflowing if it exceeds the target size by 1/256th (0.3%) of the target size.

When the ARC is overflowing, new buffer allocations are stalled until the reclaim thread catches up and the overflow condition no longer exists.

zfs_arc_overflow_shift Notes
Tags ARC
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units shift
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 8
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_arc_p_min_shift

arc_p_min_shift is used to shift of ARC target size (/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry c) for calculating both minimum and maximum most recently used (MRU) target size (/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry p)

A value of 0 represents the default setting of arc_p_min_shift = 4. However, once changed, dynamically setting zfs_arc_p_min_shift to 0 will not return to the default.

zfs_arc_p_min_shift Notes
Tags ARC
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units shift
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 0 (internal default = 4)
Change Dynamic
Verification Observe changes to /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats entry p
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_p_dampener_disable

When data is being added to the ghost lists, the MRU target size is adjusted. The amount of adjustment is based on the ratio of the MRU/MFU sizes. When enabled, the ratio is capped to 10, avoiding large adjustments.

zfs_arc_p_dampener_disable Notes
Tags ARC
When to change Testing ARC ghost list behaviour
Data Type boolean
Range 0=avoid large adjustments, 1=permit large adjustments
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_arc_shrink_shift

arc_shrink_shift is used to adjust the ARC target sizes when large reduction is required. The current ARC target size, c, and MRU size p can be reduced by by the current size >> arc_shrink_shift. For the default value of 7, this reduces the target by approximately 0.8%.

A value of 0 represents the default setting of arc_shrink_shift = 7. However, once changed, dynamically setting arc_shrink_shift to 0 will not return to the default.

zfs_arc_shrink_shift Notes
Tags ARC, memory
When to change During memory shortfall, reducing zfs_arc_shrink_shift increases the rate of ARC shrinkage
Data Type int
Units shift
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 0 (arc_shrink_shift = 7)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_arc_pc_percent

zfs_arc_pc_percent allows ZFS arc to play more nicely with the kernel's LRU pagecache. It can guarantee that the arc size won't collapse under scanning pressure on the pagecache, yet still allows arc to be reclaimed down to zfs_arc_min if necessary. This value is specified as percent of pagecache size (as measured by NR_FILE_PAGES) where that percent may exceed 100. This only operates during memory pressure/reclaim.

zfs_arc_pc_percent Notes
Tags ARC, memory
When to change When using file systems under memory shortfall, if the page scanner causes the ARC to shrink too fast, then adjusting zfs_arc_pc_percent can reduce the shrink rate
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 0 to 100
Default 0 (disabled)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_arc_sys_free

zfs_arc_sys_free is the target number of bytes the ARC should leave as free memory on the system. Defaults to the larger of 1/64 of physical memory or 512K. Setting this option to a non-zero value will override the default.

A value of 0 represents the default setting of larger of 1/64 of physical memory or 512 KiB. However, once changed, dynamically setting zfs_arc_sys_free to 0 will not return to the default.

zfs_arc_sys_free Notes
Tags ARC, memory
When to change Change if more free memory is desired as a margin against memory demand by applications
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 0 to ULONG_MAX
Default 0 (default to larger of 1/64 of physical memory or 512 KiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_autoimport_disable

Disable reading zpool.cache file (see spa_config_path) when loading the zfs module.

zfs_autoimport_disable Notes
Tags import
When to change Leave as default so that zfs behaves as other Linux kernel modules
Data Type boolean
Range 0=read zpool.cache at module load, 1=do not read zpool.cache at module load
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_commit_timeout_pct

zfs_commit_timeout_pct controls the amount of time that a log (ZIL) write block (lwb) remains "open" when it isn't "full" and it has a thread waiting to commit to stable storage. The timeout is scaled based on a percentage of the last lwb latency to avoid significantly impacting the latency of each individual intent log transaction (itx).

zfs_commit_timeout_pct Notes
Tags ZIL
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 1 to 100
Default 5
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zfs_dbgmsg_enable

Internally ZFS keeps a small log to facilitate debugging. The contents of the log are in the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/dbgmsg file.
Writing 0 to /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/dbgmsg file clears the log.

See also zfs_dbgmsg_maxsize

zfs_dbgmsg_enable Notes
Tags debug
When to change To view ZFS internal debug log
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not log debug messages, 1=log debug messages
Default 0 (1 for debug builds)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_dbgmsg_maxsize

The /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/dbgmsg file size limit is set by zfs_dbgmsg_maxsize.

See also zfs_dbgmsg_enable

zfs_dbgmsg_maxsize Notes
Tags debug
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 4 MiB
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_dbuf_state_index

The zfs_dbuf_state_index feature is currently unused. It is normally used for controlling values in the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/dbufs file.

zfs_dbuf_state_index Notes
Tags debug
When to change Do not change
Data Type int
Units TBD
Range TBD
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_deadman_enabled

When a pool sync operation takes longer than zfs_deadman_synctime_ms milliseconds, a "slow spa_sync" message is logged to the debug log (see zfs_dbgmsg_enable). If zfs_deadman_enabled is set to 1, then all pending IO operations are also checked and if any haven't completed within zfs_deadman_synctime_ms milliseconds, a "SLOW IO" message is logged to the debug log and a "deadman" system event (see zpool events command) with the details of the hung IO is posted.

zfs_deadman_enabled Notes
Tags debug
When to change To disable logging of slow I/O
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not log slow I/O, 1=log slow I/O
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zfs_deadman_checktime_ms

Once a pool sync operation has taken longer than zfs_deadman_synctime_ms milliseconds, continue to check for slow operations every zfs_deadman_checktime_ms milliseconds.

zfs_deadman_checktime_ms Notes
Tags debug
When to change When debugging slow I/O
Data Type ulong
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to ULONG_MAX
Default 60,000 (1 minute)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zfs_deadman_ziotime_ms

When an individual I/O takes longer than zfs_deadman_ziotime_ms milliseconds, then the operation is considered to be "hung". If zfs_deadman_enabled is set then the deadman behaviour is invoked as described by the zfs_deadman_failmode option.

zfs_deadman_ziotime_ms Notes
Tags debug
When to change Testing ABD features
Data Type ulong
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to ULONG_MAX
Default 300,000 (5 minutes)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zfs_deadman_synctime_ms

The I/O deadman timer expiration time has two meanings

  1. determines when the spa_deadman() logic should fire, indicating the txg sync has not completed in a timely manner
  2. determines if an I/O is considered "hung"

In version v0.8.0, any I/O that has not completed in zfs_deadman_synctime_ms is considered "hung" resulting in one of three behaviors controlled by the zfs_deadman_failmode parameter.

zfs_deadman_synctime_ms takes effect if zfs_deadman_enabled = 1.

zfs_deadman_synctime_ms Notes
Tags debug
When to change When debugging slow I/O
Data Type ulong
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to ULONG_MAX
Default 600,000 (10 minutes)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_deadman_failmode

zfs_deadman_failmode controls the behavior of the I/O deadman timer when it detects a "hung" I/O. Valid values are:

  • wait - Wait for the "hung" I/O (default)
  • continue - Attempt to recover from a "hung" I/O
  • panic - Panic the system
zfs_deadman_failmode Notes
Tags debug
When to change In some cluster cases, panic can be appropriate
Data Type string
Range wait, continue, or panic
Default wait
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zfs_dedup_prefetch

ZFS can prefetch deduplication table (DDT) entries. zfs_dedup_prefetch allows DDT prefetches to be enabled.

zfs_dedup_prefetch Notes
Tags prefetch, memory
When to change For systems with limited RAM using the dedup feature, disabling deduplication table prefetch can reduce memory pressure
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not prefetch, 1=prefetch dedup table entries
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_delete_blocks

zfs_delete_blocks defines a large file for the purposes of delete. Files containing more than zfs_delete_blocks will be deleted asynchronously while smaller files are deleted synchronously. Decreasing this value reduces the time spent in an unlink(2) system call at the expense of a longer delay before the freed space is available.

The zfs_delete_blocks value is specified in blocks, not bytes. The size of blocks can vary and is ultimately limited by the filesystem's recordsize property.

zfs_delete_blocks Notes
Tags filesystem, delete
When to change If applications delete large files and blocking on unlink(2) is not desired
Data Type ulong
Units blocks
Range 1 to ULONG_MAX
Default 20,480
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_delay_min_dirty_percent

The ZFS write throttle begins to delay each transaction when the amount of dirty data reaches the threshold zfs_delay_min_dirty_percent of zfs_dirty_data_max. This value should be >= zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent.

zfs_delay_min_dirty_percent Notes
Tags write_throttle
When to change See section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY"
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 0 to 100
Default 60
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_delay_scale

zfs_delay_scale controls how quickly the ZFS write throttle transaction delay approaches infinity. Larger values cause longer delays for a given amount of dirty data.

For the smoothest delay, this value should be about 1 billion divided by the maximum number of write operations per second the pool can sustain. The throttle will smoothly handle between 10x and 1/10th zfs_delay_scale.

Note: zfs_delay_scale * zfs_dirty_data_max must be < 2^64.

zfs_delay_scale Notes
Tags write_throttle
When to change See section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY"
Data Type ulong
Units scalar (nanoseconds)
Range 0 to ULONG_MAX
Default 500,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_dirty_data_max

zfs_dirty_data_max is the ZFS write throttle dirty space limit. Once this limit is exceeded, new writes are delayed until space is freed by writes being committed to the pool.

zfs_dirty_data_max takes precedence over zfs_dirty_data_max_percent.

zfs_dirty_data_max Notes
Tags write_throttle
When to change See section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY"
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 1 to zfs_dirty_data_max_max
Default 10% of physical RAM
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_dirty_data_max_percent

zfs_dirty_data_max_percent is an alternative method of specifying zfs_dirty_data_max, the ZFS write throttle dirty space limit. Once this limit is exceeded, new writes are delayed until space is freed by writes being committed to the pool.

zfs_dirty_data_max takes precedence over zfs_dirty_data_max_percent.

zfs_dirty_data_max_percent Notes
Tags write_throttle
When to change See section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY"
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 1 to 100
Default 10% of physical RAM
Change Prior to zfs module load or a memory hot plug event
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_dirty_data_max_max

zfs_dirty_data_max_max is the maximum allowable value of zfs_dirty_data_max.

zfs_dirty_data_max_max takes precedence over zfs_dirty_data_max_max_percent.

zfs_dirty_data_max_max Notes
Tags write_throttle
When to change See section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY"
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 1 to physical RAM size
Default 25% of physical RAM
Change Prior to zfs module load
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_dirty_data_max_max_percent

zfs_dirty_data_max_max_percent an alternative to zfs_dirty_data_max_max for setting the maximum allowable value of zfs_dirty_data_max

zfs_dirty_data_max_max takes precedence over zfs_dirty_data_max_max_percent

zfs_dirty_data_max_max_percent Notes
Tags write_throttle
When to change See section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY"
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 1 to 100
Default 25% of physical RAM
Change Prior to zfs module load
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_dirty_data_sync

When there is at least zfs_dirty_data_sync dirty data, a transaction group sync is started. This allows a transaction group sync to occur more frequently than the transaction group timeout interval (see zfs_txg_timeout) when there is dirty data to be written.

zfs_dirty_data_sync Notes
Tags write_throttle
When to change TBD
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 1 to ULONG_MAX
Default 67,108,864 (64 MiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_fletcher_4_impl

Fletcher-4 is the default checksum algorithm for metadata and data. When the zfs kernel module is loaded, a set of microbenchmarks are run to determine the fastest algorithm for the current hardware. The zfs_fletcher_4_impl parameter allows a specific implementation to be specified other than the default (fastest). Selectors other than fastest and scalar require instruction set extensions to be available and will only appear if ZFS detects their presence. The scalar implementation works on all processors.

The results of the microbenchmark are visible in the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/fletcher_4_bench file. Larger numbers indicate better performance. Since ZFS is processor endian-independent, the microbenchmark is run against both big and little-endian transformation.

zfs_fletcher_4_impl Notes
Tags CPU, checksum
When to change Testing Fletcher-4 algorithms
Data Type string
Range fastest, scalar, superscalar, superscalar4, sse2, ssse3, avx2, avx512f, or aarch64_neon depending on hardware support
Default fastest
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_free_bpobj_enabled

The processing of the free_bpobj object can be enabled by zfs_free_bpobj_enabled

zfs_free_bpobj_enabled Notes
Tags delete
When to change If there's a problem with processing free_bpobj (e.g. i/o error or bug)
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not process free_bpobj objects, 1=process free_bpobj objects
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_free_max_blocks

zfs_free_max_blocks sets the maximum number of blocks to be freed in a single transaction group (txg). For workloads that delete (free) large numbers of blocks in a short period of time, the processing of the frees can negatively impact other operations, including txg commits. zfs_free_max_blocks acts as a limit to reduce the impact.

zfs_free_max_blocks Notes
Tags filesystem, delete
When to change For workloads that delete large files, zfs_free_max_blocks can be adjusted to meet performance requirements while reducing the impacts of deletion
Data Type ulong
Units blocks
Range 1 to ULONG_MAX
Default 100,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_vdev_async_read_max_active

Maximum asynchronous read I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_async_read_max_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_max_active
Default 3
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_async_read_min_active

Minimum asynchronous read I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_async_read_min_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to (zfs_vdev_async_read_max_active - 1)
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent

When the amount of dirty data exceeds the threshold zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent of zfs_dirty_data_max dirty data, then zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active is used to limit active async writes. If the dirty data is between zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent and zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent, the active I/O limit is linearly interpolated between zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active and zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active

zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type int
Units percent of zfs_dirty_data_max
Range 0 to 100
Default 60
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent

If the amount of dirty data is between zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent and zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent of zfs_dirty_data_max, the active I/O limit is linearly interpolated between zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active and zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active

zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type int
Units percent of zfs_dirty_data_max
Range 0 to (zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent - 1)
Default 30
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active

zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active sets the maximum asynchronous write I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_max_active
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active

zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active sets the minimum asynchronous write I/Os active to each device.

Lower values are associated with better latency on rotational media but poorer resilver performance. The default value of 2 was chosen as a compromise. A value of 3 has been shown to improve resilver performance further at a cost of further increasing latency.

zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active
Default 1 for v0.6.x, 2 for v0.7.0 and later
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_max_active

The maximum number of I/Os active to each device. Ideally, zfs_vdev_max_active >= the sum of each queue's max_active.

Once queued to the device, the ZFS I/O scheduler is no longer able to prioritize I/O operations. The underlying device drivers have their own scheduler and queue depth limits. Values larger than the device's maximum queue depth can have the affect of increased latency as the I/Os are queued in the intervening device driver layers.

zfs_vdev_max_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range sum of each queue's min_active to UINT32_MAX
Default 1,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active

zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active sets the maximum scrub or scan read I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler, scrub, resilver
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_max_active
Default 2
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_scrub_min_active

zfs_vdev_scrub_min_active sets the minimum scrub or scan read I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_scrub_min_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler, scrub, resilver
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_sync_read_max_active

Maximum synchronous read I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_sync_read_max_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_max_active
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_sync_read_min_active

zfs_vdev_sync_read_min_active sets the minimum synchronous read I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_sync_read_min_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_sync_read_max_active
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_sync_write_max_active

zfs_vdev_sync_write_max_active sets the maximum synchronous write I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_sync_write_max_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_max_active
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_sync_write_min_active

zfs_vdev_sync_write_min_active sets the minimum synchronous write I/Os active to each device.

zfs_vdev_sync_write_min_active Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to zfs_vdev_sync_write_max_active
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_vdev_queue_depth_pct

Maximum number of queued allocations per top-level vdev expressed as a percentage of zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active. This allows the system to detect devices that are more capable of handling allocations and to allocate more blocks to those devices. It also allows for dynamic allocation distribution when devices are imbalanced as fuller devices will tend to be slower than empty devices. Once the queue depth reaches (zfs_vdev_queue_depth_pct * zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active / 100) then allocator will stop allocating blocks on that top-level device and switch to the next.

See also zio_dva_throttle_enabled

zfs_vdev_queue_depth_pct Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type uint32
Units I/O operations
Range 1 to UINT32_MAX
Default 1,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_disable_dup_eviction

Disable duplicate buffer eviction from ARC.

zfs_disable_dup_eviction Notes
Tags ARC, dedup
When to change TBD
Data Type boolean
Range 0=duplicate buffers can be evicted, 1=do not evict duplicate buffers
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5, deprecated in v0.7.0

zfs_expire_snapshot

Snapshots of filesystems are normally automounted under the filesystem's .zfs/snapshot subdirectory. When not in use, snapshots are unmounted after zfs_expire_snapshot seconds.

zfs_expire_snapshot Notes
Tags filesystem, snapshot
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units seconds
Range 0 disables automatic unmounting, maximum time is INT_MAX
Default 300
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.1 and later

zfs_admin_snapshot

Allow the creation, removal, or renaming of entries in the .zfs/snapshot subdirectory to cause the creation, destruction, or renaming of snapshots. When enabled this functionality works both locally and over NFS exports which have the "no_root_squash" option set.

zfs_admin_snapshot Notes
Tags filesystem, snapshot
When to change TBD
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not allow snapshot manipulation via the filesystem, 1=allow snapshot manipulation via the filesystem
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_flags

Set additional debugging flags (see zfs_dbgmsg_enable)

flag value symbolic name description
0x1 ZFS_DEBUG_DPRINTF Enable dprintf entries in the debug log
0x2 ZFS_DEBUG_DBUF_VERIFY Enable extra dnode verifications
0x4 ZFS_DEBUG_DNODE_VERIFY Enable extra dnode verifications
0x8 ZFS_DEBUG_SNAPNAMES Enable snapshot name verification
0x10 ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY Check for illegally modified ARC buffers
0x20 ZFS_DEBUG_SPA Enable spa_dbgmsg entries in the debug log
0x40 ZFS_DEBUG_ZIO_FREE Enable verification of block frees
0x80 ZFS_DEBUG_HISTOGRAM_VERIFY Enable extra spacemap histogram verifications
0x100 ZFS_DEBUG_METASLAB_VERIFY Verify space accounting on disk matches in-core range_trees
0x200 ZFS_DEBUG_SET_ERROR Enable SET_ERROR and dprintf entries in the debug log
zfs_flags Notes
Tags debug
When to change When debugging ZFS
Data Type int
Default 0 no debug flags set, for debug builds: all except ZFS_DEBUG_DPRINTF and ZFS_DEBUG_SPA
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_free_leak_on_eio

If destroy encounters an I/O error (EIO) while reading metadata (eg indirect blocks), space referenced by the missing metadata cannot be freed. Normally, this causes the background destroy to become "stalled", as the destroy is unable to make forward progress. While in this stalled state, all remaining space to free from the error-encountering filesystem is temporarily leaked. Set zfs_free_leak_on_eio = 1 to ignore the EIO, permanently leak the space from indirect blocks that can not be read, and continue to free everything else that it can.

The default, stalling behavior is useful if the storage partially fails (eg some but not all I/Os fail), and then later recovers. In this case, we will be able to continue pool operations while it is partially failed, and when it recovers, we can continue to free the space, with no leaks. However, note that this case is rare.

Typically pools either:

  1. fail completely (but perhaps temporarily (eg a top-level vdev going offline)

  2. have localized, permanent errors (eg disk returns the wrong data due to bit flip or firmware bug)

In case (1), the zfs_free_leak_on_eio setting does not matter because the pool will be suspended and the sync thread will not be able to make forward progress. In case (2), because the error is permanent, the best effort do is leak the minimum amount of space. Therefore, it is reasonable for zfs_free_leak_on_eio be set, but by default the more conservative approach is taken, so that there is no possibility of leaking space in the "partial temporary" failure case.

zfs_free_leak_on_eio Notes
Tags debug
When to change When debugging I/O errors during destroy
Data Type boolean
Range 0=normal behavior, 1=ignore error and permanently leak space
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_free_min_time_ms

During a zfs destroy operation using feature@async_destroy a minimum of zfs_free_min_time_ms time will be spent working on freeing blocks per txg commit.

zfs_free_min_time_ms Notes
Tags delete
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to (zfs_txg_timeout * 1000)
Default 1,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

zfs_immediate_write_sz

If a pool does not have a log device, data blocks equal to or larger than zfs_immediate_write_sz are treated as if the dataset being written to had the property setting logbias=throughput

Terminology note: logbias=throughput writes the blocks in "indirect mode" to the ZIL where the data is written to the pool and a pointer to the data is written to the ZIL.

zfs_immediate_write_sz Notes
Tags ZIL
When to change TBD
Data Type long
Units bytes
Range 512 to 16,777,216 (valid block sizes)
Default 32,768 (32 KiB)
Change Dynamic
Verification Data blocks that exceed zfs_immediate_write_sz or are written as logbias=throughput increment the zil_itx_indirect_count entry in /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/zil
Versions Affected all

zfs_max_recordsize

ZFS supports logical record (block) sizes from 512 bytes to 16 MiB. The benefits of larger blocks, and thus larger average I/O sizes, can be weighed against the cost of copy-on-write of large block to modify one byte. Additionally, very large blocks can have a negative impact on both I/O latency at the device level and the memory allocator. The zfs_max_recordsize parameter limits the upper bound of the dataset volblocksize and recordsize properties.

Larger blocks can be created by enabling zpool large_blocks feature and changing this zfs_max_recordsize. Pools with larger blocks can always be imported and used, regardless of the value of zfs_max_recordsize.

For 32-bit systems, zfs_max_recordsize also limits the size of kernel virtual memory caches used in the ZFS I/O pipeline (zio_buf_* and zio_data_buf_*).

See also the zpool large_blocks feature.

zfs_max_recordsize Notes
Tags filesystem, memory, volume
When to change To create datasets with larger volblocksize or recordsize
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 512 to 16,777,216 (valid block sizes)
Default 1,048,576
Change Dynamic, set prior to creating volumes or changing filesystem recordsize
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zfs_mdcomp_disable

zfs_mdcomp_disable allows metadata compression to be disabled.

zfs_mdcomp_disable Notes
Tags CPU, metadata
When to change When CPU cycles cost less than I/O
Data Type boolean
Range 0=compress metadata, 1=do not compress metadata
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

zfs_metaslab_fragmentation_threshold

Allow metaslabs to keep their active state as long as their fragmentation percentage is less than or equal to this value. When writing, an active metaslab whose fragmentation percentage exceeds zfs_metaslab_fragmentation_threshold is avoided allowing metaslabs with less fragmentation to be preferred.

Metaslab fragmentation is used to calculate the overall pool fragmentation property value. However, individual metaslab fragmentation levels are observable using the zdb with the -mm option.

zfs_metaslab_fragmentation_threshold works at the metaslab level and each top-level vdev has approximately metaslabs_per_vdev metaslabs. See also zfs_mg_fragmentation_threshold

zfs_metaslab_fragmentation_threshold Notes
Tags allocation, fragmentation, vdev
When to change Testing metaslab allocation
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 1 to 100
Default 70
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_mg_fragmentation_threshold

Metaslab groups (top-level vdevs) are considered eligible for allocations if their fragmentation percentage metric is less than or equal to zfs_mg_fragmentation_threshold. If a metaslab group exceeds this threshold then it will be skipped unless all metaslab groups within the metaslab class have also crossed the zfs_mg_fragmentation_threshold threshold.

zfs_mg_fragmentation_threshold Notes
Tags allocation, fragmentation, vdev
When to change Testing metaslab allocation
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 1 to 100
Default 85
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_mg_noalloc_threshold

Metaslab groups (top-level vdevs) with free space percentage greater than zfs_mg_noalloc_threshold are eligible for new allocations. If a metaslab group's free space is less than or equal to the threshold, the allocator avoids allocating to that group unless all groups in the pool have reached the threshold. Once all metaslab groups have reached the threshold, all metaslab groups are allowed to accept allocations. The default value of 0 disables the feature and causes all metaslab groups to be eligible for allocations.

This parameter allows one to deal with pools having heavily imbalanced vdevs such as would be the case when a new vdev has been added. Setting the threshold to a non-zero percentage will stop allocations from being made to vdevs that aren't filled to the specified percentage and allow lesser filled vdevs to acquire more allocations than they otherwise would under the older zfs_mg_alloc_failures facility.

zfs_mg_noalloc_threshold Notes
Tags allocation, fragmentation, vdev
When to change To force rebalancing as top-level vdevs are added or expanded
Data Type int
Units percent
Range 0 to 100
Default 0 (disabled)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_multihost_history

The pool multihost multimodifier protection (MMP) subsystem can record historical updates in the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/POOL_NAME/multihost file for debugging purposes. The number of lines of history is determined by zfs_multihost_history.

zfs_multihost_history Notes
Tags MMP, import
When to change When testing multihost feature
Data Type int
Units lines
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_multihost_interval

zfs_multihost_interval controls the frequency of multihost writes performed by the pool multihost multimodifier protection (MMP) subsystem. The multihost write period is (zfs_multihost_interval / number of leaf-vdevs) milliseconds. Thus on average a multihost write will be issued for each leaf vdev every zfs_multihost_interval milliseconds. In practice, the observed period can vary with the I/O load and this observed value is the delay which is stored in the uberblock.

On import the multihost activity check waits a minimum amount of time determined by (zfs_multihost_interval * zfs_multihost_import_intervals) with a lower bound of 1 second. The activity check time may be further extended if the value of mmp delay found in the best uberblock indicates actual multihost updates happened at longer intervals than zfs_multihost_interval

Note: the multihost protection feature applies to storage devices that can be shared between multiple systems.

zfs_multihost_interval Notes
Tags MMP, import, vdev
When to change To optimize pool import time against possibility of simultaneous import by another system
Data Type ulong
Units milliseconds
Range 100 to ULONG_MAX
Default 1000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_multihost_import_intervals

zfs_multihost_import_intervals controls the duration of the activity test on pool import for the multihost multimodifier protection (MMP) subsystem. The activity test can be expected to take a minimum time of (zfs_multihost_import_intervals * zfs_multihost_interval * random(25%)) milliseconds. The random period of up to 25% improves simultaneous import detection. For example, if two hosts are rebooted at the same time and automatically attempt to import the pool, then is is highly probable that one host will win.

Smaller values of zfs_multihost_import_intervals reduces the import time but increases the risk of failing to detect an active pool. The total activity check time is never allowed to drop below one second.

Note: the multihost protection feature applies to storage devices that can be shared between multiple systems.

zfs_multihost_import_intervals Notes
Tags MMP, import
When to change TBD
Data Type uint
Units intervals
Range 1 to UINT_MAX
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_multihost_fail_intervals

zfs_multihost_fail_intervals controls the behavior of the pool when write failures are detected in the multihost multimodifier protection (MMP) subsystem.

If zfs_multihost_fail_intervals = 0 then multihost write failures are ignored. The write failures are reported to the ZFS event daemon (zed) which can take action such as suspending the pool or offlining a device.

If zfs_multihost_fail_intervals > 0 then sequential multihost write failures will cause the pool to be suspended. This occurs when (zfs_multihost_fail_intervals * zfs_multihost_interval) milliseconds have passed since the last successful multihost write.
This guarantees the activity test will see multihost writes if the pool is attempted to be imported by another system.

zfs_multihost_fail_intervals Notes
Tags MMP, import
When to change TBD
Data Type uint
Units intervals
Range 0 to UINT_MAX
Default 5
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_delays_per_second

The ZFS Event Daemon (zed) processes events from ZFS. However, it can be overwhelmed by high rates of error reports which can be generated by failing, high-performance devices. zfs_delays_per_second limits the rate of delay events reported to zed.

zfs_delays_per_second Notes
Tags zed, delay
When to change If processing delay events at a higher rate is desired
Data Type uint
Units events per second
Range 0 to UINT_MAX
Default 20
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.7 and later

zfs_checksums_per_second

The ZFS Event Daemon (zed) processes events from ZFS. However, it can be overwhelmed by high rates of error reports which can be generated by failing, high-performance devices. zfs_checksums_per_second limits the rate of checksum events reported to zed.

Note: do not set this value lower than the SERD limit for checksum in zed. By default, checksum_N = 10 and checksum_T = 10 minutes, resulting in a practical lower limit of 1.

zfs_checksums_per_second Notes
Tags zed, checksum
When to change If processing checksum error events at a higher rate is desired
Data Type uint
Units events per second
Range 0 to UINT_MAX
Default 20
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.7 and later

zfs_no_scrub_io

When zfs_no_scrub_io = 1 scrubs do not actually scrub data and simply doing a metadata crawl of the pool instead.

zfs_no_scrub_io Notes
Tags scrub
When to change Testing scrub feature
Data Type boolean
Range 0=perform scrub I/O, 1=do not perform scrub I/O
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

zfs_no_scrub_prefetch

When zfs_no_scrub_prefetch = 1, prefetch is disabled for scrub I/Os.

zfs_no_scrub_prefetch Notes
Tags prefetch, scrub
When to change Testing scrub feature
Data Type boolean
Range 0=prefetch scrub I/Os, 1=do not prefetch scrub I/Os
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.4 and later

zfs_nocacheflush

ZFS uses barriers (volatile cache flush commands) to ensure data is committed to permanent media by devices. This ensures consistent on-media state for devices where caches are volatile (eg HDDs).

For devices with nonvolatile caches, the cache flush operation can be a no-op. However, in some RAID arrays, cache flushes can cause the entire cache to be flushed to the backing devices.

To ensure on-media consistency, keep cache flush enabled.

zfs_nocacheflush Notes
Tags disks
When to change If the storage device has nonvolatile cache, then disabling cache flush can save the cost of occasional cache flush comamnds.
Data Type boolean
Range 0=send cache flush commands, 1=do not send cache flush commands
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_nopwrite_enabled

The NOP-write feature is enabled by default when a crytographically-secure checksum algorithm is in use by the dataset. zfs_nopwrite_enabled allows the NOP-write feature to be completely disabled.

zfs_nopwrite_enabled Notes
Tags checksum, debug
When to change TBD
Data Type boolean
Range 0=disable NOP-write feature, 1=enable NOP-write feature
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

zfs_dmu_offset_next_sync

zfs_dmu_offset_next_sync enables forcing txg sync to find holes. This causes ZFS to act like older versions when SEEK_HOLE or SEEK_DATA flags are used: when a dirty dnode causes txgs to be synced so the previous data can be found.

zfs_dmu_offset_next_sync Notes
Tags DMU
When to change TBD
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not force txg sync to find holes, 1=force txg sync to find holes
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_pd_bytes_max

zfs_pd_bytes_max limits the number of bytes prefetched during a pool traversal (eg zfs send or other data crawling operations). These prefetches are referred to as "prescient prefetches" and are always 100% hit rate. The traversal operations do not use the default data or metadata prefetcher.

zfs_pd_bytes_max Notes
Tags prefetch, send
When to change TBD
Data Type int32
Units bytes
Range 0 to INT32_MAX
Default 52,428,800 (50 MiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected TBD

zfs_per_txg_dirty_frees_percent

zfs_per_txg_dirty_frees_percent as a percentage of zfs_dirty_data_max controls the percentage of dirtied blocks from frees in one txg. After the threshold is crossed, additional dirty blocks from frees wait until the next txg. Thus, when deleting large files, filling consecutive txgs with deletes/frees, does not throttle other, perhaps more important, writes.

A side effect of this throttle can impact zfs receive workloads that contain a large number of frees and the ignore_hole_birth optimization is disabled. The symptom is that the receive workload causes an increase in the frequency of txg commits. The frequency of txg commits is observable via the otime column of /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/POOLNAME/txgs. Since txg commits also flush data from volatile caches in HDDs to media, HDD performance can be negatively impacted. Also, since the frees do not consume much bandwidth over the pipe, the pipe can appear to stall. Thus the overall progress of receives is slower than expected.

A value of zero will disable this throttle.

zfs_per_txg_dirty_frees_percent Notes
Tags delete
When to change For zfs receive workloads, consider increasing or disabling. See section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type ulong
Units percent
Range 0 to 100
Default 30
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_prefetch_disable

zfs_prefetch_disable controls the predictive prefetcher.

Note that it leaves "prescient" prefetch (eg prefetch for zfs send) intact (see zfs_pd_bytes_max)

zfs_prefetch_disable Notes
Tags prefetch
When to change In some case where the workload is completely random reads, overall performance can be better if prefetch is disabled
Data Type boolean
Range 0=prefetch enabled, 1=prefetch disabled
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Verification prefetch efficacy is observed by arcstat, arc_summary, and the relevant entries in /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
Versions Affected all

zfs_read_chunk_size

zfs_read_chunk_size is the limit for ZFS filesystem reads. If an application issues a read() larger than zfs_read_chunk_size, then the read() is divided into multiple operations no larger than zfs_read_chunk_size

zfs_read_chunk_size Notes
Tags filesystem
When to change TBD
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 512 to ULONG_MAX
Default 1,048,576
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_read_history

Historical statistics for the last zfs_read_history reads are available in /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/POOL_NAME/reads

zfs_read_history Notes
Tags debug
When to change To observe read operation details
Data Type int
Units lines
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_read_history_hits

When zfs_read_history > 0, zfs_read_history_hits controls whether ARC hits are displayed in the read history file, /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/POOL_NAME/reads

zfs_read_history_hits Notes
Tags debug
When to change To observe read operation details with ARC hits
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not include data for ARC hits, 1=include ARC hit data
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_recover

zfs_recover can be set to true (1) to attempt to recover from otherwise-fatal errors, typically caused by on-disk corruption. When set, calls to zfs_panic_recover() will turn into warning messages rather than calling panic()

zfs_recover Notes
Tags import
When to change zfs_recover should only be used as a last resort, as it typically results in leaked space, or worse
Data Type boolean
Range 0=normal operation, 1=attempt recovery zpool import
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Verification check output of dmesg and other logs for details
Versions Affected v0.6.4 or later

zfs_resilver_min_time_ms

Resilvers are processed by the sync thread in syncing context. While resilvering, ZFS spends at least zfs_resilver_min_time_ms time working on a resilver between txg commits.

See also zfs_txg_timeout.

zfs_resilver_min_time_ms Notes
Tags resilver
When to change In some resilvering cases, increasing zfs_resilver_min_time_ms can result in faster completion
Data Type int
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to zfs_txg_timeout converted to milliseconds
Default 3,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_scrub_min_time_ms

Scrubs are processed by the sync thread in syncing context. While scrubbing, ZFS spends at least zfs_scrub_min_time_ms time working on a resilver between txg commits.

See also zfs_txg_timeout.

zfs_scrub_min_time_ms Notes
Tags scrub
When to change In some scrub cases, increasing zfs_scrub_min_time_ms can result in faster completion
Data Type int
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to zfs_txg_timeout converted to milliseconds
Default 1,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_scan_checkpoint_intval

To preserve progress across reboots the sequential scan algorithm periodically needs to stop metadata scanning and issue all the verifications I/Os to disk every zfs_scan_checkpoint_intval seconds.

zfs_scan_checkpoint_intval Notes
Tags resilver, scrub
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units seconds
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 7,200 (2 hours)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_scan_fill_weight

This tunable affects how scrub and resilver I/O segments are ordered. A higher number indicates that we care more about how filled in a segment is, while a lower number indicates we care more about the size of the extent without considering the gaps within a segment.

zfs_scan_fill_weight Notes
Tags resilver, scrub
When to change Testing sequential scrub and resilver
Data Type int
Units scalar
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 3
Change Prior to zfs module load
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_scan_issue_strategy

zfs_scan_issue_strategy controls the order of data verification while scrubbing or resilvering.

value description
0 fs will use strategy 1 during normal verification and strategy 2 while taking a checkpoint
1 data is verified as sequentially as possible, given the amount of memory reserved for scrubbing (see zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact). This can improve scrub performance if the pool's data is heavily fragmented.
2 the largest mostly-contiguous chunk of found data is verified first. By deferring scrubbing of small segments, we may later find adjacent data to coalesce and increase the segment size.
zfs_scan_issue_strategy Notes
Tags resilver, scrub
When to change TBD
Data Type enum
Range 0 to 2
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected TBD

zfs_scan_legacy

Setting zfs_scan_legacy = 1 enables the legacy scan and scrub behavior instead of the newer sequential behavior.

zfs_scan_legacy Notes
Tags resilver, scrub
When to change TBD
Data Type TBD
Units TBD
Range 0=use new method: scrubs and resilvers will gather metadata in memory before issuing sequential I/O, 1=use legacy algorithm will be used where I/O is initiated as soon as it is discovered
Default 0
Change Dynamic, however changing to 0 does not affect in-progress scrubs or resilvers
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_scan_max_ext_gap

zfs_scan_max_ext_gap limits the largest gap in bytes between scrub and resilver I/Os that will still be considered sequential for sorting purposes.

zfs_scan_max_ext_gap Notes
Tags resilver, scrub
When to change TBD
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 512 to ULONG_MAX
Default 2,097,152 (2 MiB)
Change Dynamic, however changing to 0 does not affect in-progress scrubs or resilvers
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact

zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact limits the maximum fraction of RAM used for I/O sorting by sequential scan algorithm. When the limit is reached scanning metadata is stopped and data verification I/O is started. Data verification I/O continues until the memory used by the sorting algorithm drops below below zfs_scan_mem_lim_soft_fact

Memory used by the sequential scan algorithm can be observed as the kmem sio_cache. This is visible from procfs as grep sio_cache /proc/slabinfo and can be monitored using slab-monitoring tools such as slabtop

zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact Notes
Tags memory, resilver, scrub
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units divisor of physical RAM
Range TBD
Default 20 (physical RAM / 20 or 5%)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_scan_mem_lim_soft_fact

zfs_scan_mem_lim_soft_fact sets the fraction of the hard limit, zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact, used to determined the RAM soft limit for I/O sorting by the sequential scan algorithm. After zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact has been reached, metadata scanning is stopped until the RAM usage drops below zfs_scan_mem_lim_soft_fact

zfs_scan_mem_lim_soft_fact Notes
Tags resilver, scrub
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units divisor of (physical RAM / zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact)
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 20 (for default zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact, 0.25% of physical RAM)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_scan_vdev_limit

zfs_scan_vdev_limit is the maximum amount of data that can be concurrently issued at once for scrubs and resilvers per leaf vdev. zfs_scan_vdev_limit attempts to strike a balance between keeping the leaf vdev queues full of I/Os while not overflowing the queues causing high latency resulting in long txg sync times. While zfs_scan_vdev_limit represents a bandwidth limit, the existing I/O limit of zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active remains in effect, too.

zfs_scan_vdev_limit Notes
Tags resilver, scrub, vdev
When to change TBD
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 512 to ULONG_MAX
Default 4,194,304 (4 MiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_send_corrupt_data

zfs_send_corrupt_data enables zfs send to send of corrupt data by ignoring read and checksum errors. The corrupted or unreadable blocks are replaced with the value 0x2f5baddb10c (ZFS bad block)

zfs_send_corrupt_data Notes
Tags send
When to change When data corruption exists and an attempt to recover at least some data via zfs send is needed
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not send corrupt data, 1=replace corrupt data with cookie
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free

The SPA sync process is performed in multiple passes. Once the pass number reaches zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free, frees are no long processed and must wait for the next SPA sync.

The zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free value is expected to be removed as a tunable once the optimal value is determined during field testing.

The zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free pass must be greater than 1 to ensure that regular blocks are not deferred.

zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free Notes
Tags SPA
When to change Testing SPA sync process
Data Type int
Units SPA sync passes
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 2
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_sync_pass_dont_compress

The SPA sync process is performed in multiple passes. Once the pass number reaches zfs_sync_pass_dont_compress, data block compression is no longer processed and must wait for the next SPA sync.

The zfs_sync_pass_dont_compress value is expected to be removed as a tunable once the optimal value is determined during field testing.

zfs_sync_pass_dont_compress Notes
Tags SPA
When to change Testing SPA sync process
Data Type int
Units SPA sync passes
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 5
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_sync_pass_rewrite

The SPA sync process is performed in multiple passes. Once the pass number reaches zfs_sync_pass_rewrite, blocks can be split into gang blocks.

The zfs_sync_pass_rewrite value is expected to be removed as a tunable once the optimal value is determined during field testing.

zfs_sync_pass_rewrite Notes
Tags SPA
When to change Testing SPA sync process
Data Type int
Units SPA sync passes
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 2
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_sync_taskq_batch_pct

zfs_sync_taskq_batch_pct controls the number of threads used by the DSL pool sync taskq, dp_sync_taskq

zfs_sync_taskq_batch_pct Notes
Tags SPA
When to change To adjust the number of dp_sync_taskq threads
Data Type int
Units percent of number of online CPUs
Range 1 to 100
Default 75
Change Prior to zfs module load
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_txg_history

Historical statistics for the last zfs_txg_history txg commits are available in /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/POOL_NAME/txgs

The work required to measure the txg commit (SPA statistics) is low. However, for debugging purposes, it can be useful to observe the SPA statistics.

zfs_txg_history Notes
Tags debug
When to change To observe details of SPA sync behavior.
Data Type int
Units lines
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 0 for version v0.6.0 to v0.7.6, 100 for version v0.8.0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_txg_timeout

The open txg is committed to the pool periodically (SPA sync) and zfs_txg_timeout represents the default target upper limit.

txg commits can occur more frequently and a rapid rate of txg commits often indicates a busy write workload, quota limits reached, or the free space is critically low.

txg commits can also take longer than zfs_txg_timeout if the ZFS write throttle is not properly tuned or the time to sync is otherwise delayed (eg slow device)

See also zfs_dirty_data_sync and zfs_txg_history

zfs_txg_timeout Notes
Tags SPA, ZIO_scheduler
When to change To optimize the work done by txg commit relative to the pool requirements. See also section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type int
Units seconds
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 5
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_aggregation_limit

To reduce IOPs, small, adjacent I/Os can be aggregated (coalesced) into a large I/O. For reads, aggregations occur across small adjacency gaps. For writes, aggregation can occur at the ZFS or disk level. zfs_vdev_aggregation_limit is the upper bound on the size of the larger, aggregated I/O.

Setting zfs_vdev_aggregation_limit = 0 effectively disables aggregation by ZFS. However, the block device scheduler can still merge (aggregate) I/Os. Also, many devices, such as modern HDDs, contain schedulers that can aggregate I/Os.

In general, I/O aggregation can improve performance for devices, such as HDDs, where ordering I/O operations for contiguous LBAs is a benefit. For random access devices, such as SSDs, aggregation might not improve performance relative to the CPU cycles needed to aggregate.

zfs_vdev_aggregation_limit Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change If the workload does not benefit from aggregation, the zfs_vdev_aggregation_limit can be reduced to avoid aggregation attempts
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 0 to 131,072 (default) or 16,777,216 (if zpool large_blocks feature is enabled)
Default 131,072 (128 KiB)
Change Dynamic
Verification ZFS aggregation is observed with zpool iostat -r and the block scheduler merging is observed with iostat -x
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_cache_size

Note: with the current ZFS code, the vdev cache is not helpful and in some cases actually harmful. Thusit is disabled by setting the zfs_vdev_cache_size = 0

zfs_vdev_cache_size is the size of the vdev cache.

zfs_vdev_cache_size Notes
Tags vdev, vdev_cache
When to change Do not change
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 0 to MAX_INT
Default 0 (vdev cache is disabled)
Change Dynamic
Verification vdev cache statistics are availabe in the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/vdev_cache_stats file
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_cache_bshift

Note: with the current ZFS code, the vdev cache is not helpful and in some cases actually harmful. Thus it is disabled by setting the zfs_vdev_cache_size to zero. This related tunable is, by default, inoperative.

All read I/Os smaller than zfs_vdev_cache_max are turned into (1 << zfs_vdev_cache_bshift) byte reads by the vdev cache. At most zfs_vdev_cache_size bytes will be kept in each vdev's cache.

zfs_vdev_cache_bshift Notes
Tags vdev, vdev_cache
When to change Do not change
Data Type int
Units shift
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 16 (65,536 bytes)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_cache_max

Note: with the current ZFS code, the vdev cache is not helpful and in some cases actually harmful. Thus it is disabled by setting the zfs_vdev_cache_size to zero. This related tunable is, by default, inoperative.

All read I/Os smaller than zfs_vdev_cache_max will be turned into (1 << zfs_vdev_cache_bshift byte reads by the vdev cache. At most zfs_vdev_cache_size bytes will be kept in each vdev's cache.

zfs_vdev_cache_max Notes
Tags vdev, vdev_cache
When to change Do not change
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 512 to INT_MAX
Default 16,384 (16 KiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_inc

The mirror read algorithm uses current load and an incremental weighting value to determine the vdev to service a read operation. Lower values determine the preferred vdev. The weighting value is zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_inc for rotating media and zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_inc for nonrotating media.

Verify the rotational setting described by a block device in sysfs by observing /sys/block/DISK_NAME/queue/rotational

zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_inc Notes
Tags vdev, mirror, HDD
When to change Increasing for mirrors with both rotating and nonrotating media more strongly favors the nonrotating media
Data Type int
Units scalar
Range 0 to MAX_INT
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_inc

The mirror read algorithm uses current load and an incremental weighting value to determine the vdev to service a read operation. Lower values determine the preferred vdev. The weighting value is zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_inc for rotating media and zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_inc for nonrotating media.

Verify the rotational setting described by a block device in sysfs by observing /sys/block/DISK_NAME/queue/rotational

zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_inc Notes
Tags vdev, mirror, SSD
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units scalar
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_inc

For rotating media in a mirror, if the next I/O offset is within zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_offset then the weighting factor is incremented by (zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_inc / 2). Otherwise the weighting factor is increased by zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_inc. This algorithm prefers rotating media with lower seek distance.

Verify the rotational setting described by a block device in sysfs by observing /sys/block/DISK_NAME/queue/rotational

zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_inc Notes
Tags vdev, mirror, HDD
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units scalar
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 5
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_offset

For rotating media in a mirror, if the next I/O offset is within zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_offset then the weighting factor is incremented by (zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_inc / 2). Otherwise the weighting factor is increased by zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_inc. This algorithm prefers rotating media with lower seek distance.

Verify the rotational setting described by a block device in sysfs by observing /sys/block/DISK_NAME/queue/rotational

zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_offset Notes
Tags vdev, mirror, HDD
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 1,048,576 (1 MiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_seek_inc

For nonrotating media in a mirror, a seek penalty is applied as sequential I/O's can be aggregated into fewer operations, avoiding unnecessary per-command overhead, often boosting performance.

Verify the rotational setting described by a block device in SysFS by observing /sys/block/DISK_NAME/queue/rotational

zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_seek_inc Notes
Tags vdev, mirror, SSD
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units scalar
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_vdev_read_gap_limit

To reduce IOPs, small, adjacent I/Os are aggregated (coalesced) into into a large I/O. For reads, aggregations occur across small adjacency gaps where the gap is less than zfs_vdev_read_gap_limit

zfs_vdev_read_gap_limit Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 32,768 (32 KiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_write_gap_limit

To reduce IOPs, small, adjacent I/Os are aggregated (coalesced) into into a large I/O. For writes, aggregations occur across small adjacency gaps where the gap is less than zfs_vdev_write_gap_limit

zfs_vdev_write_gap_limit Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units bytes
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 4,096 (4 KiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_scheduler

When the pool is imported, for whole disk vdevs, the block device I/O scheduler is set to zfs_vdev_scheduler. The most common schedulers are: noop, cfq, bfq, and deadline.

In some cases, the scheduler is not changeable using this method. Known schedulers that cannot be changed are: scsi_mq and none. In these cases, the scheduler is unchanged and an error message can be reported to logs.

zfs_vdev_scheduler Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change since ZFS has its own I/O scheduler, using a simple scheduler can result in more consistent performance
Data Type string
Range expected: noop, cfq, bfq, and deadline
Default noop
Change Dynamic, but takes effect upon pool creation or import
Versions Affected all

zfs_vdev_raidz_impl

zfs_vdev_raidz_impl overrides the raidz parity algorithm. By default, the algorithm is selected at zfs module load time by the results of a microbenchmark of algorithms based on the current hardware.

Once the module is loaded, the content of /sys/module/zfs/parameters/zfs_vdev_raidz_impl shows available options with the currently selected enclosed in []. Details of the results of the microbenchmark are observable in the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/vdev_raidz_bench file.

algorithm architecture description
fastest all fastest implementation selected by microbenchmark
original all original raidz implementation
scalar all scalar raidz implementation
sse2 64-bit x86 uses SSE2 instruction set
ssse3 64-bit x86 uses SSSE3 instruction set
avx2 64-bit x86 uses AVX2 instruction set
avx512f 64-bit x86 uses AVX512F instruction set
avx512bw 64-bit x86 uses AVX512F & AVX512BW instruction sets
aarch64_neon aarch64/64 bit ARMv8 uses NEON
aarch64_neonx2 aarch64/64 bit ARMv8 uses NEON with more unrolling
zfs_vdev_raidz_impl Notes
Tags CPU, raidz, vdev
When to change testing raidz algorithms
Data Type string
Range see table above
Default fastest
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_zevent_cols

zfs_zevent_cols is a soft wrap limit in columns (characters) for ZFS events logged to the console.

zfs_zevent_cols Notes
Tags debug
When to change if 80 columns isn't enough
Data Type int
Units characters
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 80
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_zevent_console

If zfs_zevent_console is true (1), then ZFS events are logged to the console.

More logging and log filtering capabilities are provided by zed

zfs_zevent_console Notes
Tags debug
When to change to log ZFS events to the console
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not log to console, 1=log to console
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_zevent_len_max

zfs_zevent_len_max is the maximum ZFS event queue length. A value of 0 results in a calculated value (16 * number of CPUs) with a minimum of 64. Events in the queue can be viewed with the zpool events command.

zfs_zevent_len_max Notes
Tags debug
When to change increase to see more ZFS events
Data Type int
Units events
Range 0 to INT_MAX
Default 0 (calculate as described above)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_maxalloc

During a SPA sync, intent log transaction groups (itxg) are cleaned. The cleaning work is dispatched to the DSL pool ZIL clean taskq (dp_zil_clean_taskq). zfs_zil_clean_taskq_minalloc is the minumum and zfs_zil_clean_taskq_maxalloc is the maximum number of cached taskq entries for dp_zil_clean_taskq. The actual number of taskq entries dynamically varies between these values.

When zfs_zil_clean_taskq_maxalloc is exceeded transaction records (itxs) are cleaned synchronously with possible negative impact to the performance of SPA sync.

Ideally taskq entries are pre-allocated prior to being needed by zil_clean(), thus avoiding dynamic allocation of new taskq entries.

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_maxalloc Notes
Tags ZIL
When to change If more dp_zil_clean_taskq entries are needed to prevent the itxs from being synchronously cleaned
Data Type int
Units dp_zil_clean_taskq taskq entries
Range zfs_zil_clean_taskq_minalloc to INT_MAX
Default 1,048,576
Change Dynamic, takes effect per-pool when the pool is imported
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_minalloc

During a SPA sync, intent log transaction groups (itxg) are cleaned. The cleaning work is dispatched to the DSL pool ZIL clean taskq (dp_zil_clean_taskq). zfs_zil_clean_taskq_minalloc is the minumum and zfs_zil_clean_taskq_maxalloc is the maximum number of cached taskq entries for dp_zil_clean_taskq. The actual number of taskq entries dynamically varies between these values.

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_minalloc is the minimum number of ZIL transaction records (itxs).

Ideally taskq entries are pre-allocated prior to being needed by zil_clean(), thus avoiding dynamic allocation of new taskq entries.

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_minalloc Notes
Tags ZIL
When to change TBD
Data Type int
Units dp_zil_clean_taskq taskq entries
Range 1 to zfs_zil_clean_taskq_maxalloc
Default 1,024
Change Dynamic, takes effect per-pool when the pool is imported
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_nthr_pct

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_nthr_pct controls the number of threads used by the DSL pool ZIL clean taskq (dp_zil_clean_taskq). The default value of 100% will create a maximum of one thread per cpu.

zfs_zil_clean_taskq_nthr_pct Notes
Tags ZIL
When to change Testing ZIL clean and SPA sync performance
Data Type int
Units percent of number of CPUs
Range 1 to 100
Default 100
Change Dynamic, takes effect per-pool when the pool is imported
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zil_replay_disable

If zil_replay_disable = 1, then when a volume or filesystem is brought online, no attempt to replay the ZIL is made and any existing ZIL is destroyed. This can result in loss of data without notice.

zil_replay_disable Notes
Tags debug, ZIL
When to change Do not change
Data Type boolean
Range 0=replay ZIL, 1=destroy ZIL
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5

zil_slog_bulk

zil_slog_bulk is the log device write size limit per commit executed with synchronous priority. Writes below zil_slog_bulk are executed with synchronous priority. Writes above zil_slog_bulk are executed with lower (asynchronous) priority to reduct potential log device abuse by a single active ZIL writer.

zil_slog_bulk Notes
Tags ZIL
When to change See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER"
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 0 to ULONG_MAX
Default 786,432
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0

zio_delay_max

If a ZFS I/O operation takes more than zio_delay_max milliseconds to complete, then an event is logged. Note that this is only a logging facility, not a timeout on operations. See also zpool events

zio_delay_max Notes
Tags debug
When to change when debugging slow I/O
Data Type int
Units milliseconds
Range 1 to INT_MAX
Default 30,000 (30 seconds)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zio_dva_throttle_enabled

zio_dva_throttle_enabled controls throttling of block allocations in the ZFS I/O (ZIO) pipeline. When enabled, the maximum number of pending allocations per top-level vdev is limited by zfs_vdev_queue_depth_pct

zio_dva_throttle_enabled Notes
Tags vdev, ZIO_scheduler
When to change Testing ZIO block allocation algorithms
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do not throttle ZIO block allocations, 1=throttle ZIO block allocations
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zio_requeue_io_start_cut_in_line

zio_requeue_io_start_cut_in_line controls prioritization of a re-queued ZFS I/O (ZIO) in the ZIO pipeline by the ZIO taskq.

zio_requeue_io_start_cut_in_line Notes
Tags ZIO_scheduler
When to change Do not change
Data Type boolean
Range 0=don't prioritize re-queued I/Os, 1=prioritize re-queued I/Os
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected all

zio_taskq_batch_pct

zio_taskq_batch_pct sets the number of I/O worker threads as a percentage of online CPUs. These workers threads are responsible for IO work such as compression and checksum calculations.

Each block is handled by one worker thread, so maximum overall worker thread throughput is function of the number of concurrent blocks being processed, the number of worker threads, and the algorithms used. The default value of 75% is chosen to avoid using all CPUs which can result in latency issues and inconsistent application performance, especially when high compression is enabled.

The taskq batch processes are:

taskq process name Notes
Write issue z_wr_iss[_#] Can be CPU intensive, runs at lower priority than other taskqs

Other taskqs exist, but most have fixed numbers of instances and therefore require recompiling the kernel module to adjust.

zio_taskq_batch_pct Notes
Tags ZIO_scheduler
When to change To tune parallelism in multiprocessor systems
Data Type int
Units percent of number of CPUs
Range 1 to 100, fractional number of CPUs are rounded down
Default 75
Change Prior to zfs module load
Verification The number of taskqs for each batch group can be observed using ps and counting the threads
Versions Affected TBD

zvol_inhibit_dev

zvol_inhibit_dev controls the creation of volume device nodes upon pool import.

zvol_inhibit_dev Notes
Tags import, volume
When to change Inhibiting can slightly improve startup time on systems with a very large number of volumes
Data Type boolean
Range 0=create volume device nodes, 1=do not create volume device nodes
Default 0
Change Dynamic, takes effect per-pool when the pool is imported
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

zvol_major

zvol_major is the default major number for volume devices.

zvol_major Notes
Tags volume
When to change Do not change
Data Type uint
Default 230
Change Dynamic, takes effect per-pool when the pool is imported or volumes are created
Versions Affected all

zvol_max_discard_blocks

Discard (aka ATA TRIM or SCSI UNMAP) operations done on volumes are done in batches zvol_max_discard_blocks blocks. The block size is determined by the volblocksize property of a volume.

Some applications, such as mkfs, discard the whole volume at once using the maximum possible discard size. As a result, many gigabytes of discard requests are not uncommon. Unfortunately, if a large amount of data is already allocated in the volume, ZFS can be quite slow to process discard requests. This is especially true if the volblocksize is small (eg default=8KB). As a result, very large discard requests can take a very long time (perhaps minutes under heavy load) to complete. This can cause a number of problems, most notably if the volume is accessed remotely (eg via iSCSI), in which case the client has a high probability of timing out on the request.

Limiting the zvol_max_discard_blocks can decrease the amount of discard workload request by setting the discard_max_bytes and discard_max_hw_bytes for the volume's block device in SysFS. This value is readable by volume device consumers.

zvol_max_discard_blocks Notes
Tags discard, volume
When to change if volume discard activity severely impacts other workloads
Data Type ulong
Units number of blocks of size volblocksize
Range 0 to ULONG_MAX
Default 16,384
Change Dynamic, takes effect per-pool when the pool is imported or volumes are created
Verification Observe value of /sys/block/VOLUME_INSTANCE/queue/discard_max_bytes
Versions Affected v0.6.0 and later

zvol_prefetch_bytes

When importing a pool with volumes or adding a volume to a pool, zvol_prefetch_bytes are prefetch from the start and end of the volume. Prefetching these regions of the volume is desirable because they are likely to be accessed immediately by blkid(8) or by the kernel scanning for a partition table.

zvol_prefetch_bytes Notes
Tags prefetch, volume
When to change TBD
Data Type uint
Units bytes
Range 0 to UINT_MAX
Default 131,072
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.6.5 and later

zvol_request_sync

When processing I/O requests for a volume submit them synchronously. This effectively limits the queue depth to 1 for each I/O submitter. When set to 0 requests are handled asynchronously by the "zvol" thread pool.

See also zvol_threads

zvol_request_sync Notes
Tags volume
When to change Testing concurrent volume requests
Data Type boolean
Range 0=do concurrent (async) volume requests, 1=do sync volume requests
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.2 and later

zvol_threads

zvol_threads controls the maximum number of threads handling concurrent volume I/O requests.

The default of 32 threads behaves similarly to a disk with a 32-entry command queue. The actual number of threads required can vary widely by workload and available CPUs. If lock analysis shows high contention in the zvol taskq threads, then reducing the number of zvol_threads or workload queue depth can improve overall throughput.

See also zvol_request_sync

zvol_threads Notes
Tags volume
When to change Matching the number of concurrent volume requests with workload requirements can improve concurrency
Data Type uint
Units threads
Range 1 to UINT_MAX
Default 32
Change Dynamic, takes effect per-volume when the pool is imported or volumes are created
Verification iostat using avgqu-sz or aqu-sz results
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zvol_volmode

zvol_volmode defines volume block devices behaviour when the volmode property is set to default

Note: to maintain compatibility with ZFS on BSD, "geom" is synonymous with "full"

value volmode Description
1 full legacy fully functional behaviour (default)
2 dev hide partitions on volume block devices
3 none not exposing volumes outside ZFS
zvol_volmode Notes
Tags volume
When to change TBD
Data Type enum
Range 1, 2, or 3
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_qat_disable

zfs_qat_disable controls the Intel QuickAssist Technology (QAT) driver providing hardware acceleration for gzip compression. When the QAT hardware is present and qat driver available, the default behaviour is to enable QAT.

zfs_qat_disable Notes
Tags compression, QAT
When to change Testing QAT functionality
Data Type boolean
Range 0=use QAT acceleration if available, 1=do not use QAT acceleration
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 to TBD, renamed to zfs_qat_compression_enable in version TBD

zfs_qat_compress_disable

zfs_qat_compress_disable controls the Intel QuickAssist Technology (QAT) driver providing hardware acceleration for gzip compression. When the QAT hardware is present and qat driver available, the default behaviour is to enable QAT.

zfs_qat_compress_disable Notes
Tags compression, QAT
When to change Testing QAT functionality
Data Type boolean
Range 0=use QAT acceleration if available, 1=do not use QAT acceleration
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected planned for v0.8.0

dbuf_cache_hiwater_pct

The dbuf_cache_hiwater_pct and dbuf_cache_lowater_pct define the operating range for dbuf cache evict thread. The hiwater and lowater are percentages of the dbuf_cache_max_bytes value. When the dbuf cache grows above ((100% + dbuf_cache_hiwater_pct) * dbuf_cache_max_bytes) then the dbuf cache thread begins evicting. When the dbug cache falls below ((100% - dbuf_cache_lowater_pct) * dbuf_cache_max_bytes) then the dbuf cache thread stops evicting.

dbuf_cache_hiwater_pct Notes
Tags dbuf_cache
When to change Testing dbuf cache algorithms
Data Type uint
Units percent
Range 0 to UINT_MAX
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

dbuf_cache_lowater_pct

The dbuf_cache_hiwater_pct and dbuf_cache_lowater_pct define the operating range for dbuf cache evict thread. The hiwater and lowater are percentages of the dbuf_cache_max_bytes value. When the dbuf cache grows above ((100% + dbuf_cache_hiwater_pct) * dbuf_cache_max_bytes) then the dbuf cache thread begins evicting. When the dbug cache falls below ((100% - dbuf_cache_lowater_pct) * dbuf_cache_max_bytes) then the dbuf cache thread stops evicting.

dbuf_cache_lowater_pct Notes
Tags dbuf_cache
When to change Testing dbuf cache algorithms
Data Type uint
Units percent
Range 0 to UINT_MAX
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

dbuf_cache_max_bytes

The dbuf cache maintains a list of dbufs that are not currently held but have been recently released. These dbufs are not eligible for ARC eviction until they are aged out of the dbuf cache. Dbufs are added to the dbuf cache once the last hold is released. If a dbuf is later accessed and still exists in the dbuf cache, then it will be removed from the cache and later re-added to the head of the cache. Dbufs that are aged out of the cache will be immediately destroyed and become eligible for ARC eviction.

The size of the dbuf cache is set by dbuf_cache_max_bytes. The actual size is dynamically adjusted to the minimum of current ARC target size (c) >> dbuf_cache_max_shift and the default dbuf_cache_max_bytes

dbuf_cache_max_bytes Notes
Tags dbuf_cache
When to change Testing dbuf cache algorithms
Data Type ulong
Units bytes
Range 16,777,216 to ULONG_MAX
Default 104,857,600 (100 MiB)
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

dbuf_cache_max_shift

The dbuf_cache_max_bytes minimum is the lesser of dbuf_cache_max_bytes and the current ARC target size (c) >> dbuf_cache_max_shift

dbuf_cache_max_shift Notes
Tags dbuf_cache
When to change Testing dbuf cache algorithms
Data Type int
Units shift
Range 1 to 63
Default 5
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

dmu_object_alloc_chunk_shift

Each of the concurrent object allocators grabs 2^dmu_object_alloc_chunk_shift dnode slots at a time. The default is to grab 128 slots, or 4 blocks worth. This default value was experimentally determined to be the lowest value that eliminates the measurable effect of lock contention in the DMU object allocation code path.

dmu_object_alloc_chunk_shift Notes
Tags allocation, DMU
When to change If the workload creates many files concurrently on a system with many CPUs, then increasing dmu_object_alloc_chunk_shift can decrease lock contention
Data Type int
Units shift
Range 7 to 9
Default 7
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

send_holes_without_birth_time

Alias for ignore_hole_birth

zfs_abd_scatter_enabled

zfs_abd_scatter_enabled controls the ARC Buffer Data (ABD) scatter/gather feature.

When disabled, the legacy behaviour is selected using linear buffers. For linear buffers, all the data in the ABD is stored in one contiguous buffer in memory (from a zio_[data_]buf_* kmem cache).

When enabled (default), the data in the ABD is split into equal-sized chunks (from the abd_chunk_cache kmem_cache), with pointers to the chunks recorded in an array at the end of the ABD structure. This allows more efficient memory allocation for buffers, especially when large recordsizes are used.

zfs_abd_scatter_enabled Notes
Tags ABD, memory
When to change Testing ABD
Data Type boolean
Range 0=use linear allocation only, 1=allow scatter/gather
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Verification ABD statistics are observable in /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/abdstats. Slab allocations are observable in /proc/slabinfo
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_abd_scatter_max_order

zfs_abd_scatter_max_order sets the maximum order for physical page allocation when ABD is enabled (see zfs_abd_scatter_enabled)

See also Buddy Memory Allocation in the Linux kernel documentation.

zfs_abd_scatter_max_order Notes
Tags ABD, memory
When to change Testing ABD features
Data Type int
Units orders
Range 1 to 10 (upper limit is hardware-dependent)
Default 10
Change Dynamic
Verification ABD statistics are observable in /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/abdstats
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_compressed_arc_enabled

When compression is enabled for a dataset, later reads of the data can store the blocks in ARC in their on-disk, compressed state. This can increse the effective size of the ARC, as counted in blocks, and thus improve the ARC hit ratio.

zfs_compressed_arc_enabled Notes
Tags ABD, compression
When to change Testing ARC compression feature
Data Type boolean
Range 0=compressed ARC disabled (legacy behaviour), 1=compress ARC data
Default 1
Change Dynamic
Verification raw ARC statistics are observable in /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats and ARC hit ratios can be observed using arcstat
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_key_max_salt_uses

For encrypted datasets, the salt is regenerated every zfs_key_max_salt_uses blocks. This automatic regeneration reduces the probability of collisions due to the Birthday problem. When set to the default (400,000,000) the probability of collision is approximately 1 in 1 trillion.

zfs_key_max_salt_uses Notes
Tags encryption
When to change Testing encryption features
Data Type ulong
Units blocks encrypted
Range 1 to ULONG_MAX
Default 400,000,000
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0 and later

zfs_object_mutex_size

zfs_object_mutex_size facilitates resizing the the per-dataset znode mutex array for testing deadlocks therein.

zfs_object_mutex_size Notes
Tags debug
When to change Testing znode mutex array deadlocks
Data Type uint
Units orders
Range 1 to UINT_MAX
Default 64
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.7.0 and later

zfs_scan_strict_mem_lim

When scrubbing or resilvering, by default, ZFS checks to ensure it is not over the hard memory limit before each txg commit. If finer-grained control of this is needed zfs_scan_strict_mem_lim can be set to 1 to enable checking before scanning each block.

zfs_scan_strict_mem_lim Notes
Tags memory, resilver, scrub
When to change Do not change
Data Type boolean
Range 0=normal scan behaviour, 1=check hard memory limit strictly during scan
Default 0
Change Dynamic
Versions Affected v0.8.0