From a6af8936e5806ee4c299e050f806a773ca8b179f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: emoreau3216 <95738200+emoreau3216@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 30 Jan 2023 20:14:17 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] border final changes --- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/02.md | 14 ++++++++++---- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/03.md | 4 ++-- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/04.md | 8 ++++---- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/05.md | 10 +++++----- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/06.md | 6 +++--- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/07.md | 10 +++++----- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/08.md | 10 +++++----- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/09.md | 6 +++--- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/10.md | 6 +++--- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/11.md | 6 +++--- .../projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/12.md | 18 ++++++++++++++++++ 11 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) create mode 100644 contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/12.md diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/02.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/02.md index c3c0cbe606..c1ef4e8bec 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/02.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/02.md @@ -6,13 +6,19 @@ viewer: bbox: [4.587475,51.775669,4.887222,51.960796] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem, Gorinchem 3 no. 38. First edition, series 1, 2023. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map Gorinchem 3, no. 38. First edition, series 1, 1881. 690 x 555 mm, scale 1:10,000. Rijkswaterstaat. - annotation: newbigspec1881.json + - label: Water Management Map Gorinchem 3, no. 38. First edition, series 1, 1881. 690 x 555 mm, scale 1:10,000. Rijkswaterstaat. + annotation: gorinchemmap1881.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## Wijngaarden Water Board (1881) +## Waterschappen - on the mediation of local risk, scales of collectivity, and the allocation of resources for water management -Wijngaarden, a water board named after one of the polders inside its boundaries, sits inland of the river. This sheltered polder had lower taxes for water management and flood defense projects. With no extra costs for flood protection, the water board entered into an agreement with the National Rail Company for a train station within its borders, with a direct connection to Dordrecht. Although Dordrecht had jobs, it also had a high cost of living due to the necessary flood protection measures. +Following the need to protect reclaimed land, the first water boards were established in the twelfth century to handle local water management. As institutions they were funded through taxation. The Rijkswaterstaat was established in 1798 to manage water on a national scale. With the creation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, a new democratic monarchy was established. At the time, there was debate between unitarians – who favored a centralized state—and federalists—who preferred regional, or provincial autonomy. + +What if the federalist approach to decentralized water management dominated policy during the establishment of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands? What if rather than a centralized Rijkswaterstaat, all water management would be overseen by local and regional water boards, each tasked with balancing local conditions, risk management, and finances? + +The contribution compares two decentralized water boards: one bordering the river, one surrounded by other water boards. Baring the burden of financing one’s own protection, inhabitation of flood prone areas would have not been feasible, and development patterns would have shifted away from the river. + +On the scale of a historical water board—the size of one polder—the contribution addresses the paradox of investing in the protection of increasingly vulnerable areas, and the shift that may occur when the population and related tax income are reducing. diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/03.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/03.md index efbce432fc..c3c0cbe606 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/03.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/03.md @@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ viewer: bbox: [4.587475,51.775669,4.887222,51.960796] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem, Gorinchem 3 no. 38. First Edition, series 1, 2023. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map Gorinchem 3, no. 38. First Edition, series 1, 1881. 690 x 555 mm, scale 1:10,000. Rijkswaterstaat. - annotation: speculative1881wijngaarden.json + - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem, Gorinchem 3 no. 38. First edition, series 1, 2023. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map Gorinchem 3, no. 38. First edition, series 1, 1881. 690 x 555 mm, scale 1:10,000. Rijkswaterstaat. + annotation: newbigspec1881.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) colorize: rgb(255,0,0) diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/04.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/04.md index 5f84039c0d..efbce432fc 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/04.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/04.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ viewer: bbox: [4.587475,51.775669,4.887222,51.960796] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem, Gorinchem 3 no. 38. First edition, series 1, 2023. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map Gorinchem 3, no. 38. First edition, series 1, 1881. 690 x 555 mm, scale 1:10,000. Rijkswaterstaat. - annotation: speculative1881lekkerlek.json + - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem, Gorinchem 3 no. 38. First Edition, series 1, 2023. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map Gorinchem 3, no. 38. First Edition, series 1, 1881. 690 x 555 mm, scale 1:10,000. Rijkswaterstaat. + annotation: speculative1881wijngaarden.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## Lekkerland Water Board (1881) +## Wijngaarden Water Board (1881) -The Nieuw Lekkerlandsche and Streefkerksche Polders had similar beginnings to their neighbors, protecting reclaimed land used for farming. Unable to strike a deal with other polders, they were forced to start their own water board. With an agricultural focus, the water board did not have the population density to properly pay for the upkeep of the extensive band dike within its boundaries. +Wijngaarden, a water board named after one of the polders inside its boundaries, sits inland of the river. This sheltered polder had lower taxes for water management and flood defense projects. With no extra costs for flood protection, the water board entered into an agreement with the National Rail Company for a train station within its borders, with a direct connection to Dordrecht. Although Dordrecht had jobs, it also had a high cost of living due to the necessary flood protection measures. diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/05.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/05.md index 9a4b323763..5f84039c0d 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/05.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/05.md @@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ meta: heading: Waterschappen period: [1815,1961] viewer: - bbox: [4.67453,51.875755,4.735093,51.913133] + bbox: [4.587475,51.775669,4.887222,51.960796] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Lekkerland (1921). 2023. 925 x 625 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. - annotation: speculativelekkerlek1921.json + - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem, Gorinchem 3 no. 38. First edition, series 1, 2023. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map Gorinchem 3, no. 38. First edition, series 1, 1881. 690 x 555 mm, scale 1:10,000. Rijkswaterstaat. + annotation: speculative1881lekkerlek.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## Lekkerland Water Board (1921) +## Lekkerland Water Board (1881) -Lekkerland’s population remained small through the turn of the twentieth century. Due to flood dangers and lack of financial resources, the water board was forced to accept life with a higher risk of flooding. Maintaining its agricultural focus, land values began to decline as dikes began to show weaknesses. +The Nieuw Lekkerlandsche and Streefkerksche Polders had similar beginnings to their neighbors, protecting reclaimed land used for farming. Unable to strike a deal with other polders, they were forced to start their own water board. With an agricultural focus, the water board did not have the population density to properly pay for the upkeep of the extensive band dike within its boundaries. diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/06.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/06.md index bd47a7ab66..9a4b323763 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/06.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/06.md @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ meta: heading: Waterschappen period: [1815,1961] viewer: - bbox: [4.613217,51.836688,4.823172,51.966288] + bbox: [4.67453,51.875755,4.735093,51.913133] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Lekkerland (1921). 2023. 925 x 625 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. + - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Lekkerland (1921). 2023. 925 x 625 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. annotation: speculativelekkerlek1921.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ allmaps: ## Lekkerland Water Board (1921) -Where water boards could not afford to normalize their stretch of river, shipping companies paid for projects that may improve trade routes. To foster relationships with water boards, and to document the river, the shipping company helped pay for many maps. This map was commissioned by both a shipping company and the Lekkerland Water Board. \ No newline at end of file +Lekkerland’s population remained small through the turn of the twentieth century. Due to flood dangers and lack of financial resources, the water board was forced to accept life with a higher risk of flooding. Maintaining its agricultural focus, land values began to decline as dikes began to show weaknesses. diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/07.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/07.md index 499f239551..bd47a7ab66 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/07.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/07.md @@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ meta: heading: Waterschappen period: [1815,1961] viewer: - bbox: [4.656836,51.81118,4.83788,51.923051] + bbox: [4.613217,51.836688,4.823172,51.966288] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Wijngaarden (1947). 2023. Sticker paper, 925 x 625 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. - annotation: speculativerivermap1947.json + - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Lekkerland (1921). 2023. 925 x 625 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. + annotation: speculativelekkerlek1921.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## Wijngaarden Water Board +## Lekkerland Water Board (1921) -After the Second Industrial Revolution, inland railway lines became an important means of transportation for the Netherlands. Development in the water board received another boost from the housing boom after the second world war. At the same time, the water board noticed a lack of upkeep in their neighbors’ dikes, especially those adjacent to the river. With population increasing, the water board decided to raise taxes and begin strengthening their own dikes. \ No newline at end of file +Where water boards could not afford to normalize their stretch of river, shipping companies paid for projects that may improve trade routes. To foster relationships with water boards, and to document the river, the shipping company helped pay for many maps. This map was commissioned by both a shipping company and the Lekkerland Water Board. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/08.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/08.md index 953851d6a7..499f239551 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/08.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/08.md @@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ meta: heading: Waterschappen period: [1815,1961] viewer: - bbox: [4.627107,51.821216,4.836453,51.950431] + bbox: [4.656836,51.81118,4.83788,51.923051] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem (1961), Gorinchem West 1, no. 38. Fourth edition, series 1, 2023. 374 x 297 mm, scale 1:25,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map 38 Gorinchem West 1. Fourth edition, series 1, 1961. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:50,000. Rijkswaterstaat. - annotation: newbigmapspec1961.json + - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Wijngaarden (1947). 2023. Sticker paper, 925 x 625 mm, scale 1:10,000. The Berlage. + annotation: speculativerivermap1947.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## The End of Lekkerland +## Wijngaarden Water Board -The Alblasserwaard region was devastated by the 1953 flood. Due to poor dike maintenance, some water boards, including Lekkerland Water Board, were completely flooded. These water boards could not afford repairs and decided to abandon their land. Over time, the river began to claim and naturalize this land. +After the Second Industrial Revolution, inland railway lines became an important means of transportation for the Netherlands. Development in the water board received another boost from the housing boom after the second world war. At the same time, the water board noticed a lack of upkeep in their neighbors’ dikes, especially those adjacent to the river. With population increasing, the water board decided to raise taxes and begin strengthening their own dikes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/09.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/09.md index f7602dcfbe..953851d6a7 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/09.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/09.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ meta: heading: Waterschappen period: [1815,1961] viewer: - bbox: [4.717499,51.825143,4.819724,51.888271] + bbox: [4.627107,51.821216,4.836453,51.950431] rotation: 0 allmaps: - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem (1961), Gorinchem West 1, no. 38. Fourth edition, series 1, 2023. 374 x 297 mm, scale 1:25,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map 38 Gorinchem West 1. Fourth edition, series 1, 1961. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:50,000. Rijkswaterstaat. @@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ allmaps: colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## Wijngaarden Water Board (1961) +## The End of Lekkerland -Wijngaarden sustained minimal damage in the 1953 flood. However, with the abandonment of nearby water boards, the water board decided to increase spending on flood prevention to protect its booming population. The water board also had to deal with a new challenge: sinking polders. Construction and infrastructure projects continued to remove groundwater from the polders, slowly lowering the ground level. The water board began to plan infrastructure projects and dike improvements to combat these new challenges. +The Alblasserwaard region was devastated by the 1953 flood. Due to poor dike maintenance, some water boards, including Lekkerland Water Board, were completely flooded. These water boards could not afford repairs and decided to abandon their land. Over time, the river began to claim and naturalize this land. diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/10.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/10.md index 3a2b64851e..f7602dcfbe 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/10.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/10.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ meta: heading: Waterschappen period: [1815,1961] viewer: - bbox: [4.587475,51.775669,4.887222,51.960796] + bbox: [4.717499,51.825143,4.819724,51.888271] rotation: 0 allmaps: - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem (1961), Gorinchem West 1, no. 38. Fourth edition, series 1, 2023. 374 x 297 mm, scale 1:25,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map 38 Gorinchem West 1. Fourth edition, series 1, 1961. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:50,000. Rijkswaterstaat. @@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ allmaps: colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## Water Board (1961) +## Wijngaarden Water Board (1961) -These decentralized water boards used land differently than reality. While the decentralized water boards were each able to respond to specific needs, their land use differs from the Dutch river landscape today, where development is often adjacent to the river. Projects such as Room for the River counter some of the outcomes of this proximity. If funds for the river were not so evenly distributed maybe the river would have reclaimed areas on its own. The contrasting water boards presented in this speculative history question the current balance of risk prevention, finances, and development. \ No newline at end of file +Wijngaarden sustained minimal damage in the 1953 flood. However, with the abandonment of nearby water boards, the water board decided to increase spending on flood prevention to protect its booming population. The water board also had to deal with a new challenge: sinking polders. Construction and infrastructure projects continued to remove groundwater from the polders, slowly lowering the ground level. The water board began to plan infrastructure projects and dike improvements to combat these new challenges. diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/11.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/11.md index 1203b24941..3a2b64851e 100644 --- a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/11.md +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/11.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ viewer: bbox: [4.587475,51.775669,4.887222,51.960796] rotation: 0 allmaps: - - label: Water Management Map, Gorinchem West 1, no. 38. Fourth edition, series 1, 1961. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:50,000. Rijkswaterstaat. - annotation: gorinchemmap1961.json + - label: Speculative Water Management Map of Gorinchem (1961), Gorinchem West 1, no. 38. Fourth edition, series 1, 2023. 374 x 297 mm, scale 1:25,000. The Berlage. Based on Water Management Map 38 Gorinchem West 1. Fourth edition, series 1, 1961. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:50,000. Rijkswaterstaat. + annotation: newbigmapspec1961.json opacity: 100 mask: rgb(255,0,0) colorize: rgb(255,0,0) --- -## In Realtiy +## Water Board (1961) These decentralized water boards used land differently than reality. While the decentralized water boards were each able to respond to specific needs, their land use differs from the Dutch river landscape today, where development is often adjacent to the river. Projects such as Room for the River counter some of the outcomes of this proximity. If funds for the river were not so evenly distributed maybe the river would have reclaimed areas on its own. The contrasting water boards presented in this speculative history question the current balance of risk prevention, finances, and development. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/12.md b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/12.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1203b24941 --- /dev/null +++ b/contents/projects/bordersandboundaries/slides/12.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +meta: + heading: Waterschappen + period: [1815,1961] +viewer: + bbox: [4.587475,51.775669,4.887222,51.960796] + rotation: 0 +allmaps: + - label: Water Management Map, Gorinchem West 1, no. 38. Fourth edition, series 1, 1961. 555 x 690 mm, scale 1:50,000. Rijkswaterstaat. + annotation: gorinchemmap1961.json + opacity: 100 + mask: rgb(255,0,0) + colorize: rgb(255,0,0) +--- + +## In Realtiy + +These decentralized water boards used land differently than reality. While the decentralized water boards were each able to respond to specific needs, their land use differs from the Dutch river landscape today, where development is often adjacent to the river. Projects such as Room for the River counter some of the outcomes of this proximity. If funds for the river were not so evenly distributed maybe the river would have reclaimed areas on its own. The contrasting water boards presented in this speculative history question the current balance of risk prevention, finances, and development. \ No newline at end of file