diff --git a/lib/src/id3/util/decodeId3ImageFrame.ts b/lib/src/id3/util/decodeId3ImageFrame.ts
index 877dafa1..dcfd11f1 100644
--- a/lib/src/id3/util/decodeId3ImageFrame.ts
+++ b/lib/src/id3/util/decodeId3ImageFrame.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { DecodedId3Frame } from '../DecodedId3Frame.js';
 import { RawId3Frame } from './RawFrame.js';
 import { toUint8 } from './utf8.js';
-import { BufferSource } from 'stream/web';
 import { toArrayBuffer } from './toArrayBuffer.js';
+import { utf8ArrayToStr } from '../../utils.js'; 
 
 interface MetadataFrame {
 	key: string;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export function decodeId3ImageFrame(
 	if (mimeTypeEndIndex === -1) {
 		return undefined;
 	}
-	const mimeType = fromUTF8(toUint8(frame.data, 1, mimeTypeEndIndex));
+	const mimeType = utf8ArrayToStr(toUint8(frame.data, 1, mimeTypeEndIndex));
 	const pictureType = frame.data[2 + mimeTypeEndIndex];
 	const descriptionEndIndex = frame.data
 		.subarray(3 + mimeTypeEndIndex)
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ export function decodeId3ImageFrame(
 	if (descriptionEndIndex === -1) {
 		return undefined;
 	}
-	const description = fromUTF8(
+	const description = utf8ArrayToStr(
 		toUint8(frame.data, 3 + mimeTypeEndIndex, descriptionEndIndex)
 	);
 
 	let data;
 	if (mimeType === '-->') {
-		data = fromUTF8(
+		data = utf8ArrayToStr(
 			toUint8(frame.data, 4 + mimeTypeEndIndex + descriptionEndIndex)
 		);
 	} 
@@ -67,85 +67,3 @@ export function decodeId3ImageFrame(
 	metadataFrame.data = data;
 	return metadataFrame;
 }
-
-function fromUTF8(data?: BufferSource) {
-	if (!data) {
-		return '';
-	}
-
-	let uint8 = toUint8(data);
-	// If present, strip off the UTF-8 BOM.
-	if (uint8[0] == 0xef && uint8[1] == 0xbb && uint8[2] == 0xbf) {
-		uint8 = uint8.subarray(3);
-	}
-
-	let decoded = '';
-	for (let i = 0; i < uint8.length; ++i) {
-		// By default, the 'replacement character' codepoint.
-		let codePoint = 0xfffd;
-
-		// Top bit is 0, 1-byte encoding.
-		if ((uint8[i] & 0x80) == 0) {
-			codePoint = uint8[i];
-
-			// Top 3 bits of byte 0 are 110, top 2 bits of byte 1 are 10,
-			// 2-byte encoding.
-		} 
-		else if (
-			uint8.length >= i + 2 &&
-			(uint8[i] & 0xe0) == 0xc0 &&
-			(uint8[i + 1] & 0xc0) == 0x80
-		) {
-			codePoint = ((uint8[i] & 0x1f) << 6) | (uint8[i + 1] & 0x3f);
-			i += 1; // Consume one extra byte.
-
-			// Top 4 bits of byte 0 are 1110, top 2 bits of byte 1 and 2 are 10,
-			// 3-byte encoding.
-		} 
-		else if (
-			uint8.length >= i + 3 &&
-			(uint8[i] & 0xf0) == 0xe0 &&
-			(uint8[i + 1] & 0xc0) == 0x80 &&
-			(uint8[i + 2] & 0xc0) == 0x80
-		) {
-			codePoint =
-				((uint8[i] & 0x0f) << 12) |
-				((uint8[i + 1] & 0x3f) << 6) |
-				(uint8[i + 2] & 0x3f);
-			i += 2; // Consume two extra bytes.
-
-			// Top 5 bits of byte 0 are 11110, top 2 bits of byte 1, 2 and 3 are 10,
-			// 4-byte encoding.
-		} 
-		else if (
-			uint8.length >= i + 4 &&
-			(uint8[i] & 0xf1) == 0xf0 &&
-			(uint8[i + 1] & 0xc0) == 0x80 &&
-			(uint8[i + 2] & 0xc0) == 0x80 &&
-			(uint8[i + 3] & 0xc0) == 0x80
-		) {
-			codePoint =
-				((uint8[i] & 0x07) << 18) |
-				((uint8[i + 1] & 0x3f) << 12) |
-				((uint8[i + 2] & 0x3f) << 6) |
-				(uint8[i + 3] & 0x3f);
-			i += 3; // Consume three extra bytes.
-		}
-
-		// JavaScript strings are a series of UTF-16 characters.
-		if (codePoint <= 0xffff) {
-			decoded += String.fromCharCode(codePoint);
-		} 
-		else {
-			// UTF-16 surrogate-pair encoding, based on
-			// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16#Description
-			const baseCodePoint = codePoint - 0x10000;
-			const highPart = baseCodePoint >> 10;
-			const lowPart = baseCodePoint & 0x3ff;
-			decoded += String.fromCharCode(0xd800 + highPart);
-			decoded += String.fromCharCode(0xdc00 + lowPart);
-		}
-	}
-
-	return decoded;
-}
diff --git a/lib/test/id3/getId3Frames.test.ts b/lib/test/id3/getId3Frames.test.ts
index d614bef0..ac4d3bd1 100644
--- a/lib/test/id3/getId3Frames.test.ts
+++ b/lib/test/id3/getId3Frames.test.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 	generateId3,
 	generateId3Frame,
 } from '../structuredfield/util/id3Generator.js';
-import { toArrayBuffer } from '../../src/id3/util/decodeId3ImageFrame.js';
+import { toArrayBuffer } from '../../src/id3/util/toArrayBuffer.js';
 
 describe('getId3Frames', () => {
 	it('no valid data produces empty output', () => {