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<h1 class="kratos-entry-title text-center">常用的linux安全处理</h1>
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<i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> 2018-09-13
<i class="fa fa-folder"></i> 分类 <a class="label-link" href="/categories/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/">编程基础</a>, <a class="label-link" href="/categories/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/linux%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/">linux基础</a>
<i class="fa fa-user"></i> 作者 云海鹰影
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<h2 id="一、登录安全"><a href="#一、登录安全" class="headerlink" title="一、登录安全"></a>一、登录安全</h2><h3 id="1-1-修改ssh端口"><a href="#1-1-修改ssh端口" class="headerlink" title="1.1 修改ssh端口"></a>1.1 修改ssh端口</h3><p>修改SSH默认端口，可以降低各种暴力攻击的风险。<br>SSH端口默认为22，编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>, 修改Port，然后重启sshd服务。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># Port 22</span><br><span class="line">Port 12345</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-2-设置最大登录尝试次数"><a href="#1-2-设置最大登录尝试次数" class="headerlink" title="1.2 设置最大登录尝试次数"></a>1.2 设置最大登录尝试次数</h3><p>设置较低的最大登录场是次数，可以降低SSH服务器被暴力攻击成功的风险。<br>编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>，取消MaxAuthTries注释符号#，设置最大密码尝试失败次数3-6，建议为4：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">MaxAuthTries 4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-3-SSHD强制使用V2安全协议"><a href="#1-3-SSHD强制使用V2安全协议" class="headerlink" title="1.3 SSHD强制使用V2安全协议"></a>1.3 SSHD强制使用V2安全协议</h3><p>编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>，文件以按如下方式设置参数：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Protocol 2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-4-设置SSH空闲超时退出时间"><a href="#1-4-设置SSH空闲超时退出时间" class="headerlink" title="1.4 设置SSH空闲超时退出时间"></a>1.4 设置SSH空闲超时退出时间</h3><p>设置SSH空闲超时退出时间,可降低未授权用户访问其他用户ssh会话的风险。<br>编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>，将ClientAliveInterval 设置为300到900，即5-15分钟，将ClientAliveCountMax设置为0-3。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ClientAliveInterval 600</span><br><span class="line">ClientAliveCountMax 2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-5-确保SSH-LogLevel设置为INFO"><a href="#1-5-确保SSH-LogLevel设置为INFO" class="headerlink" title="1.5 确保SSH LogLevel设置为INFO"></a>1.5 确保SSH LogLevel设置为INFO</h3><p>确保SSH LogLevel设置为INFO,记录登录和注销活动。<br>编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>，取消LogLevel注释符号#，将其设置为INFO:</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">LogLevel INFO</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-6-禁用root登录"><a href="#1-6-禁用root登录" class="headerlink" title="1.6 禁用root登录"></a>1.6 禁用root登录</h3><p>root用户权限太高，不小心可能引起误操作。可以禁用root登录，以拥有sudo权限的用户登录。</p>
<h4 id="1-6-1-创建sudo用户"><a href="#1-6-1-创建sudo用户" class="headerlink" title="1.6.1 创建sudo用户:"></a>1.6.1 创建sudo用户:</h4><figure class="highlight sh" data-lang="sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">useradd username</span><br><span class="line">passwd username </span><br><span class="line">visudo <span class="comment"># 去掉%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL前的#</span></span><br><span class="line">usermod -aG wheel username</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-6-2-禁用root登录："><a href="#1-6-2-禁用root登录：" class="headerlink" title="1.6.2 禁用root登录："></a>1.6.2 禁用root登录：</h4><p>编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>，将PermitRootLogin配置为no：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PermitRootLogin no</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-7-采用密钥对登录，禁用密码登录"><a href="#1-7-采用密钥对登录，禁用密码登录" class="headerlink" title="1.7 采用密钥对登录，禁用密码登录"></a>1.7 采用密钥对登录，禁用密码登录</h3><h4 id="1-7-1-设置sshkey登录"><a href="#1-7-1-设置sshkey登录" class="headerlink" title="1.7.1 设置sshkey登录:"></a>1.7.1 设置sshkey登录:</h4><p>在客户端本地创建sshkey，将公钥id_rsa.pub内容拷贝到远程服务器用户目录下~/.ssh/authorized_keys文件中。</p>
<figure class="highlight sh" data-lang="sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#客户端本地操作</span></span><br><span class="line">ssh-keygen -t rsa</span><br><span class="line">scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [user]@[serverhost]:[port]/home/[user]/client_id_rsa.pub</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#用[user]账号登录远程服务器，执行以下命令：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cat</span> ~/client_id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-7-2-禁用密码登录"><a href="#1-7-2-禁用密码登录" class="headerlink" title="1.7.2 禁用密码登录:"></a>1.7.2 禁用密码登录:</h4><p>编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>，将PasswordAuthentication配置为no：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PasswordAuthentication no</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="二、密码安全"><a href="#二、密码安全" class="headerlink" title="二、密码安全"></a>二、密码安全</h2><h3 id="2-1-禁用空密码登录"><a href="#2-1-禁用空密码登录" class="headerlink" title="2.1 禁用空密码登录"></a>2.1 禁用空密码登录</h3><p>编辑<code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>，将PermitEmptyPasswords配置为no:</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PermitEmptyPasswords no</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2-2-密码复杂度检查"><a href="#2-2-密码复杂度检查" class="headerlink" title="2.2 密码复杂度检查"></a>2.2 密码复杂度检查</h3><p>使用非密码登陆方式如密钥对，请忽略此项。<br>编辑<code>/etc/security/pwquality.conf</code>，把minlen（密码最小长度）设置为9-32位，把minclass设置为3或4。如：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">minlen=10</span><br><span class="line">minclass=3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>【minlen=密码最小长度，minclass=密码至少包含小写字母、大写字母、数字、特殊字符等4类字符中的种类数）】</p>
<h3 id="2-3-设置密码失效时间"><a href="#2-3-设置密码失效时间" class="headerlink" title="2.3 设置密码失效时间"></a>2.3 设置密码失效时间</h3><p>使用非密码登陆方式如密钥对，请忽略此项。<br>编辑<code>/etc/login.defs</code>，将 PASS_MAX_DAYS 参数设置为 60-180之间，如：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PASS_MAX_DAYS 90</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>同时执行命令使root用户设置生效：</p>
<figure class="highlight sh" data-lang="sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">chage --maxdays 90 root</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2-4-设置密码修改最小间隔时间"><a href="#2-4-设置密码修改最小间隔时间" class="headerlink" title="2.4 设置密码修改最小间隔时间"></a>2.4 设置密码修改最小间隔时间</h3><p>使用非密码登陆方式如密钥对，请忽略此项。<br>编辑<code>/etc/login.defs</code>，将 PASS_MIN_DAYS 参数设置为7-14之间,建议为7：<br> <figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PASS_MIN_DAYS 7</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><br>同时执行命令使root用户设置生效：</p>
<figure class="highlight sh" data-lang="sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">chage --mindays 7 root</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2-5-确保密码到期警告天数为7或更多"><a href="#2-5-确保密码到期警告天数为7或更多" class="headerlink" title="2.5 确保密码到期警告天数为7或更多"></a>2.5 确保密码到期警告天数为7或更多</h3><p>使用非密码登陆方式如密钥对，请忽略此项。<br>编辑<code>/etc/login.defs</code>，将 PASS_WARN_AGE 参数设置为7-14之间，建议为7：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PASS_WARN_AGE 7</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>同时执行命令使root用户设置生效： </p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">chage --warndays 7 root</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="三、系统权限管理"><a href="#三、系统权限管理" class="headerlink" title="三、系统权限管理"></a>三、系统权限管理</h2><h3 id="3-1-设置用户权限配置文件的权限"><a href="#3-1-设置用户权限配置文件的权限" class="headerlink" title="3.1 设置用户权限配置文件的权限"></a>3.1 设置用户权限配置文件的权限</h3><p>建议执行以下5条命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext" data-lang="plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">chown root:root /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow</span><br><span class="line">chmod 0644 /etc/group</span><br><span class="line">chmod 0644 /etc/passwd</span><br><span class="line">chmod 0400 /etc/shadow</span><br><span class="line">chmod 0400 /etc/gshadow</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="四、配置安全组策略"><a href="#四、配置安全组策略" class="headerlink" title="四、配置安全组策略"></a>四、配置安全组策略</h2><ol>
<li>待整理。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="五、服务和辅助工具"><a href="#五、服务和辅助工具" class="headerlink" title="五、服务和辅助工具"></a>五、服务和辅助工具</h2><ol>
<li>禁用不需要的服务：<figure class="highlight sh" data-lang="sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl <span class="built_in">disable</span> service_name</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li>安装fail2ban, 监控服务器攻击。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="六、应用服务安全"><a href="#六、应用服务安全" class="headerlink" title="六、应用服务安全"></a>六、应用服务安全</h2><h3 id="6-1-mysql安全"><a href="#6-1-mysql安全" class="headerlink" title="6.1 mysql安全"></a>6.1 mysql安全</h3><ol>
<li>修改mysql端口：mysql默认端口为3306，编辑<code>/etc/my.cnf</code> (查看自己mysql配置文件位置), 找到端口修改，然后重启mysqld服务。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="6-2-redis安全"><a href="#6-2-redis安全" class="headerlink" title="6.2 redis安全"></a>6.2 redis安全</h3><ol>
<li><p>修改redis端口：redis默认端口6379，默认绑定127.0.0.1，编辑<code>/etc/redis.conf</code>(查看自己redis配置文件位置），修改端口后重启服务。</p>
<h2 id="七、做好服务器运维"><a href="#七、做好服务器运维" class="headerlink" title="七、做好服务器运维"></a>七、做好服务器运维</h2></li>
<li><p>检查服务器运行的服务和开启的端口</p>
<figure class="highlight sh" data-lang="sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">netstat -npl</span><br><span class="line">systemctl list-unit-files --<span class="built_in">type</span>=service | grep enabled</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>其他待整理。</p>
</li>
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