v1.18: Add limit to looping in banking-stage (backport of #35342)

[mergify]

This is an automatic backport of pull request #35342 done by Mergify.
Cherry-pick of 990ca1d has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/v1.18/pr-35342
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/v1.18'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit 990ca1d0b8.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   core/src/banking_stage/consumer.rs
	modified:   program-runtime/src/loaded_programs.rs

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
	both modified:   runtime/src/bank.rs
	deleted by us:   svm/src/transaction_processor.rs

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

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[mergify]

Cherry-pick of 990ca1d has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/v1.18/pr-35342
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/v1.18'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit 990ca1d0b8.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   core/src/banking_stage/consumer.rs
	modified:   program-runtime/src/loaded_programs.rs

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
	both modified:   runtime/src/bank.rs
	deleted by us:   svm/src/transaction_processor.rs

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

[pgarg66]

The conflicats had to be manually resolved due to code refactoring on master.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 37.50000% with 10 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.6%. Comparing base (e302417) to head (5ba1292).
Report is 2 commits behind head on v1.18.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff            @@
##            v1.18   #35364     +/-   ##
=========================================
- Coverage    81.6%    81.6%   -0.1%     
=========================================
  Files         827      827             
  Lines      224160   224194     +34     
=========================================
- Hits       183006   182986     -20     
- Misses      41154    41208     +54