Push EnTT across boundaries

Push EnTT across boundaries

Table of Contents

• Working across boundaries
  • The EnTT way
  • Meta context
  • Memory management

Working across boundaries

EnTT has historically had a limit when used across boundaries on Windows in general and on GNU/Linux when default visibility was set to hidden. The limitation was mainly due to a custom utility used to assign unique, sequential identifiers with different types.
Fortunately, nowadays using EnTT across boundaries is easier. However, use in standalone applications is favored and user intervention is otherwise required.

The EnTT way

Many classes in EnTT make extensive use of type erasure for their purposes. This isn't a problem in itself (in fact, it's the basis of an API so convenient to use). However, a way is needed to recognize the objects whose type has been erased on the other side of a boundary.
The type_hash class template is how identifiers are generated and thus made available to the rest of the library. The type_index class template makes all types indexable instead, so as to speed up the lookup.

In general, these classes don't arouse much interest. The only exceptions are:

• When a conflict between identifiers occurs (definitely uncommon though) or when the default solution proposed by EnTT isn't suitable for the user's purposes.
  The section dedicated to type_info contains all the details to get around the problem in a concise and elegant way. Please refer to the specific documentation.

• When working with linked libraries that also export all required symbols.
  Compile definitions ENTT_API_EXPORT and ENTT_API_IMPORT should be passed respectively where there is a need to import or export the symbols defined by EnTT, so as to make everything work nicely across boundaries.

• When working with plugins or shared libraries that don't export any symbol. In this case, type_index confuses the other classes by giving potentially wrong information to them.
  To avoid problems, it's required to provide a custom generator. Briefly, it's necessary to specialize the type_index class and make it point to a context that is also shared between the main application and the dynamically loaded libraries or plugins.
  This will make the type system shared and available to the whole application, not just to a particular tool such as the registry or the dispatcher. It means that a call to type_index::id() will return the same identifier for the same type from both sides of a boundary and can be used reliably for any purpose.

For anyone who needs more details, the test suite contains multiple examples covering the most common cases (see the lib directory for all details).
It goes without saying that it's impossible to cover all the possible cases. However, what is offered should hopefully serve as a basis for all of them.

Meta context

The runtime reflection system deserves a special mention when it comes to using it across boundaries.
Since it's linked already to a static context to which the visible components are attached and different contexts don't relate to each other, they must be shared to allow the use of meta types across boundaries.

Sharing a context is trivial though. First of all, the local one must be acquired in the main space:

entt::meta_ctx ctx{};

Then, it must passed to the receiving space that will set it as its global context, thus releasing the local one that remains available but is no longer referred to by the runtime reflection system:

entt::meta_ctx::bind(ctx);

From now on, both spaces will refer to the same context and on it will be attached the new visible meta types, no matter where they are created.
A context can also be reset and then associated again locally as:

entt::meta_ctx::bind{entt::meta_ctx{});

This is allowed because local and global contexts are separated. Therefore, it's always possible to make the local context the current one again.

Before to release a context, all locally registered types should be reset to avoid dangling references. Otherwise, if a type is accessed from another space by name, there could be an attempt to address its parts that are no longer available.

Memory Management

There is another subtle problem due to memory management that can lead to headaches.
It can occur where there are pools of objects (such as components or events) dynamically created on demand. This is usually not a problem when working with linked libraries that rely on the same dynamic runtime. However, it can occur in the case of plugins or statically linked runtimes.

As an example, imagine creating an instance of registry in the main executable and sharing it with a plugin. If the latter starts working with a component that is unknown to the former, a dedicated pool is created within the registry on first use.
As one can guess, this pool is instantiated on a different side of the boundary from the registry. Therefore, the instance is now managing memory from different spaces and this can quickly lead to crashes if not properly addressed.

To overcome the risk, it's recommended to use well-defined interfaces that make fundamental types pass through the boundaries, isolating the instances of the EnTT classes from time to time and as appropriate.
Refer to the test suite for some examples, read the documentation available online about this type of issues or consult someone who has already had such experiences to avoid problems.