diff --git a/Backend/Models/MergeWordSet.cs b/Backend/Models/MergeWordSet.cs
index f88dcfb594..48a962278c 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/MergeWordSet.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/MergeWordSet.cs
@@ -27,23 +27,18 @@ public MergeWordSet()
             Id = "";
             ProjectId = "";
             UserId = "";
-            WordIds = new List<string>();
+            WordIds = new();
         }
 
         public MergeWordSet Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new MergeWordSet
+            return new()
             {
                 Id = Id,
                 ProjectId = ProjectId,
                 UserId = UserId,
-                WordIds = new List<string>()
+                WordIds = WordIds.Select(id => id).ToList()
             };
-            foreach (var id in WordIds)
-            {
-                clone.WordIds.Add(id);
-            }
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public bool ContentEquals(MergeWordSet other)
diff --git a/Backend/Models/MergeWords.cs b/Backend/Models/MergeWords.cs
index 2490938770..a3cd3e4a67 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/MergeWords.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/MergeWords.cs
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ public class MergeWords
 
         public MergeWords()
         {
-            Parent = new Word();
-            Children = new List<MergeSourceWord>();
+            Parent = new();
+            Children = new();
             DeleteOnly = false;
         }
     }
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ public class MergeUndoIds
 
         public MergeUndoIds()
         {
-            ParentIds = new List<string>();
-            ChildIds = new List<string>();
+            ParentIds = new();
+            ChildIds = new();
         }
 
         public MergeUndoIds(List<string> parentIds, List<string> childIds)
@@ -71,23 +71,11 @@ public MergeUndoIds(List<string> parentIds, List<string> childIds)
 
         public MergeUndoIds Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new MergeUndoIds
+            return new()
             {
-                ParentIds = new List<string>(),
-                ChildIds = new List<string>()
+                ParentIds = ParentIds.Select(id => id).ToList(),
+                ChildIds = ChildIds.Select(id => id).ToList()
             };
-
-            foreach (var id in ParentIds)
-            {
-                clone.ParentIds.Add(id);
-            }
-
-            foreach (var id in ChildIds)
-            {
-                clone.ChildIds.Add(id);
-            }
-
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public bool ContentEquals(MergeUndoIds other)
diff --git a/Backend/Models/Project.cs b/Backend/Models/Project.cs
index ccfe2c4463..3725c8b390 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/Project.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/Project.cs
@@ -92,22 +92,22 @@ public Project()
             DefinitionsEnabled = false;
             GrammaticalInfoEnabled = false;
             AutocompleteSetting = AutocompleteSetting.On;
-            SemDomWritingSystem = new WritingSystem();
-            VernacularWritingSystem = new WritingSystem();
-            AnalysisWritingSystems = new List<WritingSystem>();
-            SemanticDomains = new List<SemanticDomain>();
-            ValidCharacters = new List<string>();
-            RejectedCharacters = new List<string>();
-            CustomFields = new List<CustomField>();
-            WordFields = new List<string>();
-            PartsOfSpeech = new List<string>();
-            InviteTokens = new List<EmailInvite>();
-            WorkshopSchedule = new List<DateTime>();
+            SemDomWritingSystem = new();
+            VernacularWritingSystem = new();
+            AnalysisWritingSystems = new();
+            SemanticDomains = new();
+            ValidCharacters = new();
+            RejectedCharacters = new();
+            CustomFields = new();
+            WordFields = new();
+            PartsOfSpeech = new();
+            InviteTokens = new();
+            WorkshopSchedule = new();
         }
 
         public Project Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new Project
+            return new()
             {
                 Id = Id,
                 Name = Name,
@@ -118,55 +118,16 @@ public Project Clone()
                 AutocompleteSetting = AutocompleteSetting,
                 SemDomWritingSystem = SemDomWritingSystem.Clone(),
                 VernacularWritingSystem = VernacularWritingSystem.Clone(),
-                AnalysisWritingSystems = new List<WritingSystem>(),
-                SemanticDomains = new List<SemanticDomain>(),
-                ValidCharacters = new List<string>(),
-                RejectedCharacters = new List<string>(),
-                CustomFields = new List<CustomField>(),
-                WordFields = new List<string>(),
-                PartsOfSpeech = new List<string>(),
-                InviteTokens = new List<EmailInvite>(),
-                WorkshopSchedule = new List<DateTime>(),
+                AnalysisWritingSystems = AnalysisWritingSystems.Select(ws => ws.Clone()).ToList(),
+                SemanticDomains = SemanticDomains.Select(sd => sd.Clone()).ToList(),
+                ValidCharacters = ValidCharacters.Select(vc => vc).ToList(),
+                RejectedCharacters = RejectedCharacters.Select(rc => rc).ToList(),
+                CustomFields = CustomFields.Select(cf => cf.Clone()).ToList(),
+                WordFields = WordFields.Select(wf => wf).ToList(),
+                PartsOfSpeech = PartsOfSpeech.Select(ps => ps).ToList(),
+                InviteTokens = InviteTokens.Select(it => it.Clone()).ToList(),
+                WorkshopSchedule = WorkshopSchedule.Select(dt => dt).ToList(),
             };
-
-            foreach (var aw in AnalysisWritingSystems)
-            {
-                clone.AnalysisWritingSystems.Add(aw.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var sd in SemanticDomains)
-            {
-                clone.SemanticDomains.Add(sd.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var cs in ValidCharacters)
-            {
-                clone.ValidCharacters.Add(cs);
-            }
-            foreach (var cs in RejectedCharacters)
-            {
-                clone.RejectedCharacters.Add(cs);
-            }
-            foreach (var cf in CustomFields)
-            {
-                clone.CustomFields.Add(cf.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var wf in WordFields)
-            {
-                clone.WordFields.Add(wf);
-            }
-            foreach (var pos in PartsOfSpeech)
-            {
-                clone.PartsOfSpeech.Add(pos);
-            }
-            foreach (var it in InviteTokens)
-            {
-                clone.InviteTokens.Add(it.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var dt in WorkshopSchedule)
-            {
-                clone.WorkshopSchedule.Add(dt);
-            }
-
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public bool ContentEquals(Project other)
@@ -362,8 +323,8 @@ public class UserCreatedProject
 
         public UserCreatedProject()
         {
-            Project = new Project();
-            User = new User();
+            Project = new();
+            User = new();
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/Backend/Models/SemanticDomain.cs b/Backend/Models/SemanticDomain.cs
index fc076dae2f..f359a995f7 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/SemanticDomain.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/SemanticDomain.cs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public SemanticDomainFull()
             Name = "";
             Id = "";
             Description = "";
-            Questions = new List<string>();
+            Questions = new();
             Lang = "";
         }
 
@@ -102,13 +102,7 @@ public SemanticDomainFull()
         {
             var clone = (SemanticDomainFull)base.Clone();
             clone.Description = Description;
-            clone.Questions = new List<string>();
-
-            foreach (var question in Questions)
-            {
-                clone.Questions.Add(question);
-            }
-
+            clone.Questions = Questions.Select(q => q).ToList();
             return clone;
         }
 
@@ -173,7 +167,7 @@ public SemanticDomainTreeNode(SemanticDomain sd)
             Lang = sd.Lang;
             Name = sd.Name;
             Id = sd.Id;
-            Children = new List<SemanticDomain>();
+            Children = new();
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/Backend/Models/Sense.cs b/Backend/Models/Sense.cs
index 9f18baad47..4f9e09991d 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/Sense.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/Sense.cs
@@ -49,44 +49,25 @@ public Sense()
             // By default generate a new, unique Guid for each new Sense.
             Guid = Guid.NewGuid();
             Accessibility = Status.Active;
-            GrammaticalInfo = new GrammaticalInfo();
-            Definitions = new List<Definition>();
-            Glosses = new List<Gloss>();
-            ProtectReasons = new List<ProtectReason>();
-            SemanticDomains = new List<SemanticDomain>();
+            GrammaticalInfo = new();
+            Definitions = new();
+            Glosses = new();
+            ProtectReasons = new();
+            SemanticDomains = new();
         }
 
         public Sense Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new Sense
+            return new()
             {
                 Guid = Guid,
                 Accessibility = Accessibility,
                 GrammaticalInfo = GrammaticalInfo.Clone(),
-                Definitions = new List<Definition>(),
-                Glosses = new List<Gloss>(),
-                ProtectReasons = new List<ProtectReason>(),
-                SemanticDomains = new List<SemanticDomain>(),
+                Definitions = Definitions.Select(d => d.Clone()).ToList(),
+                Glosses = Glosses.Select(g => g.Clone()).ToList(),
+                ProtectReasons = ProtectReasons.Select(pr => pr.Clone()).ToList(),
+                SemanticDomains = SemanticDomains.Select(sd => sd.Clone()).ToList(),
             };
-
-            foreach (var definition in Definitions)
-            {
-                clone.Definitions.Add(definition.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var gloss in Glosses)
-            {
-                clone.Glosses.Add(gloss.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var reason in ProtectReasons)
-            {
-                clone.ProtectReasons.Add(reason.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var sd in SemanticDomains)
-            {
-                clone.SemanticDomains.Add(sd.Clone());
-            }
-
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public override bool Equals(object? obj)
diff --git a/Backend/Models/Statistics.cs b/Backend/Models/Statistics.cs
index ef1d153090..65dc326b1a 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/Statistics.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/Statistics.cs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public SemanticDomainUserCount()
         {
             Id = "";
             Username = "";
-            DomainSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            DomainSet = new();
             DomainCount = 0;
             WordCount = 0;
         }
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ public class ChartRootData
 
         public ChartRootData()
         {
-            Dates = new List<string>();
-            Datasets = new List<Dataset>();
+            Dates = new();
+            Datasets = new();
         }
     }
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public class Dataset
         public Dataset(string userName, int data)
         {
             UserName = userName;
-            Data = new List<int>() { data };
+            Data = new() { data };
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/Backend/Models/User.cs b/Backend/Models/User.cs
index 26ec30be15..85bbdd6de7 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/User.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/User.cs
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ public User()
             UILang = "";
             Token = "";
             IsAdmin = false;
-            WorkedProjects = new Dictionary<string, string>();
-            ProjectRoles = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            WorkedProjects = new();
+            ProjectRoles = new();
         }
 
         public User Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new User
+            return new()
             {
                 Id = Id,
                 Avatar = Avatar,
@@ -117,21 +117,9 @@ public User Clone()
                 UILang = UILang,
                 Token = Token,
                 IsAdmin = IsAdmin,
-                WorkedProjects = new Dictionary<string, string>(),
-                ProjectRoles = new Dictionary<string, string>()
+                WorkedProjects = WorkedProjects.ToDictionary(kv => kv.Key, kv => kv.Value),
+                ProjectRoles = ProjectRoles.ToDictionary(kv => kv.Key, kv => kv.Value),
             };
-
-            foreach (var projId in WorkedProjects.Keys)
-            {
-                clone.WorkedProjects.Add(projId, WorkedProjects[projId]);
-            }
-
-            foreach (var projId in ProjectRoles.Keys)
-            {
-                clone.ProjectRoles.Add(projId, ProjectRoles[projId]);
-            }
-
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public bool ContentEquals(User other)
diff --git a/Backend/Models/UserEdit.cs b/Backend/Models/UserEdit.cs
index 7d683e740e..3f1c51263f 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/UserEdit.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/UserEdit.cs
@@ -27,24 +27,17 @@ public UserEdit()
         {
             Id = "";
             ProjectId = "";
-            Edits = new List<Edit>();
+            Edits = new();
         }
 
         public UserEdit Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new UserEdit
+            return new()
             {
                 Id = Id,
                 ProjectId = ProjectId,
-                Edits = new List<Edit>()
+                Edits = Edits.Select(e => e.Clone()).ToList()
             };
-
-            foreach (var edit in Edits)
-            {
-                clone.Edits.Add(edit.Clone());
-            }
-
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public bool ContentEquals(UserEdit other)
@@ -133,26 +126,19 @@ public Edit()
         {
             Guid = Guid.NewGuid();
             GoalType = 0;
-            StepData = new List<string>();
+            StepData = new();
             Changes = "{}";
         }
 
         public Edit Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new Edit
+            return new()
             {
                 Guid = Guid,
                 GoalType = GoalType,
-                StepData = new List<string>(),
+                StepData = StepData.Select(sd => sd).ToList(),
                 Changes = Changes
             };
-
-            foreach (var step in StepData)
-            {
-                clone.StepData.Add(step);
-            }
-
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public override bool Equals(object? obj)
diff --git a/Backend/Models/Word.cs b/Backend/Models/Word.cs
index 2a5e03e917..3266fbbc68 100644
--- a/Backend/Models/Word.cs
+++ b/Backend/Models/Word.cs
@@ -94,18 +94,18 @@ public Word()
             OtherField = "";
             ProjectId = "";
             Accessibility = Status.Active;
-            Audio = new List<Pronunciation>();
-            EditedBy = new List<string>();
-            History = new List<string>();
-            ProtectReasons = new List<ProtectReason>();
-            Senses = new List<Sense>();
-            Note = new Note();
-            Flag = new Flag();
+            Audio = new();
+            EditedBy = new();
+            History = new();
+            ProtectReasons = new();
+            Senses = new();
+            Note = new();
+            Flag = new();
         }
 
         public Word Clone()
         {
-            var clone = new Word
+            return new()
             {
                 Id = Id,
                 Guid = Guid,
@@ -116,37 +116,14 @@ public Word Clone()
                 OtherField = OtherField,
                 ProjectId = ProjectId,
                 Accessibility = Accessibility,
-                Audio = new List<Pronunciation>(),
-                EditedBy = new List<string>(),
-                History = new List<string>(),
-                ProtectReasons = new List<ProtectReason>(),
-                Senses = new List<Sense>(),
+                Audio = Audio.Select(p => p.Clone()).ToList(),
+                EditedBy = EditedBy.Select(id => id).ToList(),
+                History = History.Select(id => id).ToList(),
+                ProtectReasons = ProtectReasons.Select(pr => pr.Clone()).ToList(),
+                Senses = Senses.Select(s => s.Clone()).ToList(),
                 Note = Note.Clone(),
                 Flag = Flag.Clone(),
             };
-
-            foreach (var audio in Audio)
-            {
-                clone.Audio.Add(audio.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var id in EditedBy)
-            {
-                clone.EditedBy.Add(id);
-            }
-            foreach (var id in History)
-            {
-                clone.History.Add(id);
-            }
-            foreach (var reason in ProtectReasons)
-            {
-                clone.ProtectReasons.Add(reason.Clone());
-            }
-            foreach (var sense in Senses)
-            {
-                clone.Senses.Add(sense.Clone());
-            }
-
-            return clone;
         }
 
         public bool ContentEquals(Word other)
diff --git a/src/components/GoalTimeline/tests/GoalRedux.test.tsx b/src/components/GoalTimeline/tests/GoalRedux.test.tsx
index 906e4b1438..0a62d9bde8 100644
--- a/src/components/GoalTimeline/tests/GoalRedux.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/GoalTimeline/tests/GoalRedux.test.tsx
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import { GoalStatus, GoalType } from "types/goals";
 import { Path } from "types/path";
 import { newUser } from "types/user";
 import * as goalUtilities from "utilities/goalUtilities";
-import { renderWithProviders } from "utilities/testUtilities";
+import { renderWithProviders } from "utilities/testingLibraryUtilities";
 
 jest.mock("backend", () => ({
   addGoalToUserEdit: (...args: any[]) => mockAddGoalToUserEdit(...args),
diff --git a/src/components/ProjectScreen/tests/ChooseProject.test.tsx b/src/components/ProjectScreen/tests/ChooseProject.test.tsx
index c65824877a..1c9a838d7f 100644
--- a/src/components/ProjectScreen/tests/ChooseProject.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/ProjectScreen/tests/ChooseProject.test.tsx
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ import renderer from "react-test-renderer";
 
 import "tests/reactI18nextMock";
 
-import { Project } from "api/models";
+import { type Project } from "api/models";
 import ChooseProject from "components/ProjectScreen/ChooseProject";
 import { newProject } from "types/project";
+import { testInstanceHasText } from "utilities/testRendererUtilities";
 import { randomIntString } from "utilities/utilities";
 
 jest.mock("backend", () => ({
@@ -27,13 +28,6 @@ const mockProj = (name: string): Project => ({
 
 let testRenderer: renderer.ReactTestRenderer;
 
-const hasText = (item: renderer.ReactTestInstance, text: string): boolean => {
-  const found = item.findAll(
-    (node) => node.children.length === 1 && node.children[0] === text
-  );
-  return found.length !== 0;
-};
-
 it("renders with projects in alphabetical order", async () => {
   const unordered = ["In the middle", "should be last", "alphabetically first"];
   mockGetProjects.mockResolvedValue(unordered.map((name) => mockProj(name)));
@@ -42,10 +36,10 @@ it("renders with projects in alphabetical order", async () => {
   });
   const items = testRenderer.root.findAllByType(ListItemButton);
   expect(items).toHaveLength(unordered.length);
-  expect(hasText(items[0], unordered[0])).toBeFalsy;
-  expect(hasText(items[1], unordered[1])).toBeFalsy;
-  expect(hasText(items[2], unordered[2])).toBeFalsy;
-  expect(hasText(items[0], unordered[2])).toBeTruthy;
-  expect(hasText(items[1], unordered[0])).toBeTruthy;
-  expect(hasText(items[2], unordered[1])).toBeTruthy;
+  expect(testInstanceHasText(items[0], unordered[0])).toBeFalsy();
+  expect(testInstanceHasText(items[1], unordered[1])).toBeFalsy();
+  expect(testInstanceHasText(items[2], unordered[2])).toBeFalsy();
+  expect(testInstanceHasText(items[0], unordered[2])).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(testInstanceHasText(items[1], unordered[0])).toBeTruthy();
+  expect(testInstanceHasText(items[2], unordered[1])).toBeTruthy();
 });
diff --git a/src/goals/CharacterInventory/CharInv/CharacterDetail/tests/index.test.tsx b/src/goals/CharacterInventory/CharInv/CharacterDetail/tests/index.test.tsx
index 0404a736a4..2ca7dc4820 100644
--- a/src/goals/CharacterInventory/CharInv/CharacterDetail/tests/index.test.tsx
+++ b/src/goals/CharacterInventory/CharInv/CharacterDetail/tests/index.test.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 import { Provider } from "react-redux";
-import {
-  ReactTestInstance,
-  ReactTestRenderer,
-  act,
-  create,
-} from "react-test-renderer";
+import { type ReactTestRenderer, act, create } from "react-test-renderer";
 import configureMockStore from "redux-mock-store";
 
 import "tests/reactI18nextMock";
@@ -17,7 +12,8 @@ import {
 } from "goals/CharacterInventory/CharInv/CharacterDetail/FindAndReplace";
 import CharacterReplaceDialog from "goals/CharacterInventory/CharInv/CharacterDetail/FindAndReplace/CharacterReplaceDialog";
 import { defaultState } from "goals/CharacterInventory/Redux/CharacterInventoryReduxTypes";
-import { StoreState } from "types";
+import { type StoreState } from "types";
+import { testInstanceHasText } from "utilities/testRendererUtilities";
 
 // Dialog uses portals, which are not supported in react-test-renderer.
 jest.mock("@mui/material", () => {
@@ -66,13 +62,6 @@ async function renderCharacterDetail(): Promise<void> {
   });
 }
 
-const hasText = (item: ReactTestInstance, text: string): boolean => {
-  const found = item.findAll(
-    (node) => node.children.length === 1 && node.children[0] === text
-  );
-  return found.length !== 0;
-};
-
 beforeEach(async () => {
   jest.resetAllMocks();
   await renderCharacterDetail();
@@ -80,7 +69,7 @@ beforeEach(async () => {
 
 describe("CharacterDetail", () => {
   it("renders with example word", () => {
-    expect(hasText(charMaster.root, mockPrefix)).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(testInstanceHasText(charMaster.root, mockPrefix)).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   describe("FindAndReplace", () => {
diff --git a/src/utilities/testRendererUtilities.tsx b/src/utilities/testRendererUtilities.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7bdf639ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utilities/testRendererUtilities.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { type ReactTestInstance } from "react-test-renderer";
+
+/** Checks if any node in the given `react-test-renderer` instance has the given text. */
+export function testInstanceHasText(
+  instance: ReactTestInstance,
+  text: string
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    instance.findAll(
+      (node) => node.children.length === 1 && node.children[0] === text
+    ).length > 0
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/utilities/testUtilities.tsx b/src/utilities/testingLibraryUtilities.tsx
similarity index 77%
rename from src/utilities/testUtilities.tsx
rename to src/utilities/testingLibraryUtilities.tsx
index 0f7020dcec..3eb1d7f7aa 100644
--- a/src/utilities/testUtilities.tsx
+++ b/src/utilities/testingLibraryUtilities.tsx
@@ -7,18 +7,16 @@ import { PersistGate } from "redux-persist/integration/react";
 import { defaultState } from "components/App/DefaultState";
 import { type AppStore, type RootState, persistor, setupStore } from "store";
 
-// These test utilities are leveraged from the Redux documentation for Writing Tests:
-// https://redux.js.org/usage/writing-tests
-// Specifically, see the section on "Integration Testing Connected Components
-// and Redux Logic"
-
-// This type interface extends the default options for render from RTL, as well
-// as allows the user to specify other things such as initialState, store.
+/** This extends the default options for `render` from `@testing-library/react`,
+ * allowing the user to specify other things such as `initialState`, `store`. */
 interface ExtendedRenderOptions extends Omit<RenderOptions, "queries"> {
   preloadedState?: PreloadedState<RootState>;
   store?: AppStore;
 }
 
+/** This test utility is leveraged from the Redux documentation for Writing Tests:
+ * https://redux.js.org/usage/writing-tests. Specifically, see the section on
+ * "Integration Testing Connected Components and Redux Logic" */
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type
 export function renderWithProviders(
   ui: ReactElement,