diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/bundle/bundle.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/bundle/bundle.rs
index 4dd0ee71250..662a8d581ce 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/bundle/bundle.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/bundle/bundle.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{borrow::Cow, hash::BuildHasherDefault};
 use super::asset::Asset;
 use crate::bundler::{
   chunk::{
-    chunk::{Chunk, CrossChunkImportItem},
+    chunk::{Chunk, ChunkSymbolExporter, CrossChunkImportItem},
     ChunkId, ChunksVec,
   },
   chunk_graph::ChunkGraph,
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ impl<'a> Bundle<'a> {
     });
   }
 
+  // TODO(hyf0): refactor this function
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
   fn compute_cross_chunk_links(&mut self, chunk_graph: &mut ChunkGraph) {
     // Determine which symbols belong to which chunk
     let mut chunk_meta_imports_vec =
@@ -111,16 +113,36 @@ impl<'a> Bundle<'a> {
       let chunk_meta_imports = &chunk_meta_imports_vec[chunk_id];
       for import_ref in chunk_meta_imports.iter().copied() {
         let import_symbol = self.graph.symbols.get(import_ref);
-        let importee_chunk_id = import_symbol.chunk_id.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-          panic!("symbol {import_ref:?} {import_symbol:?} is not assigned to any chunk")
-        });
-        if chunk_id != importee_chunk_id {
+        // Find out the import_ref whether comes from the chunk or external module.
+
+        if let Some(importee_chunk_id) = import_symbol.chunk_id {
+          if chunk_id != importee_chunk_id {
+            chunk
+              .imports_from_other_chunks
+              .entry(ChunkSymbolExporter::Chunk(importee_chunk_id))
+              .or_default()
+              .push(CrossChunkImportItem {
+                import_ref,
+                export_alias: None,
+                export_alias_is_star: false,
+              });
+            chunk_meta_exports_vec[importee_chunk_id].insert(import_ref);
+          }
+        } else {
+          // The symbol is from an external module.
+          let canonical_ref = self.graph.symbols.canonical_ref_for(import_ref);
+          let symbol = self.graph.symbols.get(canonical_ref);
+          // The module must be an external module.
+          let importee = self.graph.modules[canonical_ref.owner].expect_external();
           chunk
             .imports_from_other_chunks
-            .entry(importee_chunk_id)
+            .entry(ChunkSymbolExporter::ExternalModule(importee.id))
             .or_default()
-            .push(CrossChunkImportItem { import_ref, export_alias: None });
-          chunk_meta_exports_vec[importee_chunk_id].insert(import_ref);
+            .push(CrossChunkImportItem {
+              import_ref,
+              export_alias: symbol.exported_as.clone(),
+              export_alias_is_star: symbol.exported_as_star,
+            });
         }
       }
 
@@ -150,9 +172,9 @@ impl<'a> Bundle<'a> {
       }
     }
     for chunk_id in chunk_graph.chunks.indices() {
-      for (importee_chunk_id, import_items) in
-        &chunk_graph.chunks[chunk_id].imports_from_other_chunks
+      for (symbol_exporter, import_items) in &chunk_graph.chunks[chunk_id].imports_from_other_chunks
       {
+        let ChunkSymbolExporter::Chunk(importee_chunk_id) = symbol_exporter else { return };
         for item in import_items {
           if let Some(alias) =
             chunk_graph.chunks[*importee_chunk_id].exports_to_other_chunks.get(&item.import_ref)
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/chunk.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/chunk.rs
index c5e8959cece..0a878330f9a 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/chunk.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/chunk.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,16 @@ use crate::{
 
 use super::ChunkId;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ChunkSymbolExporter {
+  Chunk(ChunkId),
+  ExternalModule(ModuleId),
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CrossChunkImportItem {
   pub export_alias: Option<Atom>,
+  pub export_alias_is_star: bool,
   pub import_ref: SymbolRef,
 }
 
@@ -32,7 +39,7 @@ pub struct Chunk {
   pub file_name: Option<String>,
   pub canonical_names: FxHashMap<SymbolRef, Atom>,
   pub bits: BitSet,
-  pub imports_from_other_chunks: FxHashMap<ChunkId, Vec<CrossChunkImportItem>>,
+  pub imports_from_other_chunks: FxHashMap<ChunkSymbolExporter, Vec<CrossChunkImportItem>>,
   // meaningless if the chunk is an entrypoint
   pub exports_to_other_chunks: FxHashMap<SymbolRef, Atom>,
 }
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/render_chunk_imports.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/render_chunk_imports.rs
index 25f52443d43..50f6dde3861 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/render_chunk_imports.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/chunk/render_chunk_imports.rs
@@ -11,30 +11,59 @@ impl Chunk {
     chunk_graph: &ChunkGraph,
   ) -> MagicString<'static> {
     let mut s = MagicString::new("");
-    self.imports_from_other_chunks.iter().for_each(|(chunk_id, items)| {
-      let chunk = &chunk_graph.chunks[*chunk_id];
-      let mut import_items = items
-        .iter()
-        .map(|item| {
-          let imported = chunk
-            .canonical_names
-            .get(&graph.symbols.par_canonical_ref_for(item.import_ref))
-            .cloned()
-            .unwrap();
-          let alias = item.export_alias.as_ref().unwrap();
-          if imported == alias {
-            format!("{imported}")
-          } else {
-            format!("{imported} as {alias}")
-          }
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-      import_items.sort();
-      s.append(format!(
-        "import {{ {} }} from \"./{}\";\n",
-        import_items.join(", "),
-        chunk.file_name.as_ref().unwrap()
-      ));
+    self.imports_from_other_chunks.iter().for_each(|(exporter_id, items)| match exporter_id {
+      super::chunk::ChunkSymbolExporter::Chunk(exporter_id) => {
+        let importee_chunk = &chunk_graph.chunks[*exporter_id];
+        let mut import_items = items
+          .iter()
+          .map(|item| {
+            let imported = importee_chunk
+              .canonical_names
+              .get(&graph.symbols.par_canonical_ref_for(item.import_ref))
+              .cloned()
+              .unwrap();
+            let alias = item.export_alias.as_ref().unwrap();
+            if imported == alias {
+              format!("{imported}")
+            } else {
+              format!("{imported} as {alias}")
+            }
+          })
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        import_items.sort();
+        s.append(format!(
+          "import {{ {} }} from \"./{}\";\n",
+          import_items.join(", "),
+          importee_chunk.file_name.as_ref().unwrap()
+        ));
+      }
+      super::chunk::ChunkSymbolExporter::ExternalModule(exporter_id) => {
+        let module = graph.modules[*exporter_id].expect_external();
+        let mut import_items = items
+          .iter()
+          .filter_map(|item| {
+            let alias = graph.symbols.get_original_name(item.import_ref);
+            if item.export_alias_is_star {
+              s.append(format!("import * as {alias} from \"{}\";\n", module.resource_id.as_ref()));
+              return None;
+            }
+            let imported = item.export_alias.as_ref().unwrap();
+            Some(if imported == alias {
+              format!("{imported}")
+            } else {
+              format!("{imported} as {alias}")
+            })
+          })
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        import_items.sort();
+        if !import_items.is_empty() {
+          s.append(format!(
+            "import {{ {} }} from \"{}\";\n",
+            import_items.join(", "),
+            module.resource_id.as_ref()
+          ));
+        }
+      }
     });
     s
   }
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/linker.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/linker.rs
index 4981ed0b364..c6bc735e125 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/linker.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/linker.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,6 @@ impl<'graph> Linker<'graph> {
 
     self.mark_module_wrapped(&mut symbols, &mut linking_infos);
 
-    // Mark namespace symbol for namespace referenced
     // Create symbols for external module
     self.mark_extra_symbols(&mut symbols, &mut linking_infos);
 
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/symbols.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/symbols.rs
index 1faed0393ac..da9b86d58f9 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/symbols.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/graph/symbols.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ pub struct Symbol {
   pub link: Option<SymbolRef>,
   /// The chunk that this symbol is defined in.
   pub chunk_id: Option<ChunkId>,
+  // FIXME: should not place those fields here
+  // Only for external modules
+  pub exported_as: Option<Atom>,
+  pub exported_as_star: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -68,7 +72,14 @@ impl Symbols {
         table
           .names
           .into_iter()
-          .map(|name| Symbol { name, link: None, chunk_id: None, namespace_alias: None })
+          .map(|name| Symbol {
+            name,
+            link: None,
+            chunk_id: None,
+            namespace_alias: None,
+            exported_as: None,
+            exported_as_star: false,
+          })
           .collect()
       })
       .collect();
@@ -77,8 +88,14 @@ impl Symbols {
   }
 
   pub fn create_symbol(&mut self, owner: ModuleId, name: Atom) -> SymbolRef {
-    let symbol_id =
-      self.inner[owner].push(Symbol { name, link: None, chunk_id: None, namespace_alias: None });
+    let symbol_id = self.inner[owner].push(Symbol {
+      name,
+      link: None,
+      chunk_id: None,
+      namespace_alias: None,
+      exported_as: None,
+      exported_as_star: false,
+    });
     SymbolRef { owner, symbol: symbol_id }
   }
 
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/external_module.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/external_module.rs
index 4a6bd0e91a6..cf67fbb7056 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/external_module.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/external_module.rs
@@ -11,34 +11,53 @@ pub struct ExternalModule {
   pub exec_order: u32,
   pub resource_id: ResourceId,
   pub import_records: IndexVec<ImportRecordId, ImportRecord>,
-  pub symbols_imported_by_others: FxHashMap<Atom, SymbolRef>,
-  pub namespace_name: Atom,
+  pub exported_name_to_binding_ref: FxHashMap<Atom, SymbolRef>,
+  // FIXME: make this non-optional
+  pub namespace_ref: Option<SymbolRef>,
 }
 
 impl ExternalModule {
   pub fn new(id: ModuleId, resource_id: ResourceId) -> Self {
-    let namespace_name = format!("{}_ns", resource_id.generate_unique_name()).into();
     Self {
       id,
       exec_order: u32::MAX,
       resource_id,
       import_records: IndexVec::default(),
-      symbols_imported_by_others: FxHashMap::default(),
-      namespace_name,
+      exported_name_to_binding_ref: FxHashMap::default(),
+      namespace_ref: None,
     }
   }
 
   #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
   pub fn add_export_symbol(&mut self, symbols: &mut Symbols, exported: Atom, is_star: bool) {
-    let symbol = if is_star { &self.namespace_name } else { &exported };
-    self
-      .symbols_imported_by_others
-      .entry(symbol.clone())
-      .or_insert_with(|| symbols.create_symbol(self.id, symbol.clone()));
+    // Don't worry about the user happen to use the same name as the name we generated for `default export` or `namespace export`.
+    // Since they have different `SymbolId`, so in de-conflict phase, they will be renamed to different names.
+    let symbol_ref = if is_star && self.namespace_ref.is_none() {
+      self.namespace_ref = Some(symbols.create_symbol(
+        self.id,
+        Atom::from(format!("{}_ns", self.resource_id.generate_unique_name())),
+      ));
+      self.namespace_ref.unwrap()
+    } else {
+      *self.exported_name_to_binding_ref.entry(exported.clone()).or_insert_with_key(|exported| {
+        let declared_name = if exported.as_ref() == "default" {
+          Atom::from(format!("{}_default", self.resource_id.generate_unique_name()))
+        } else {
+          exported.clone()
+        };
+        symbols.create_symbol(self.id, declared_name)
+      })
+    };
+    let symbol = symbols.get_mut(symbol_ref);
+    symbol.exported_as = Some(exported);
+    symbol.exported_as_star = is_star;
   }
 
   pub fn resolve_export(&self, exported: &Atom, is_star: bool) -> SymbolRef {
-    let symbol = if is_star { &self.namespace_name } else { exported };
-    *self.symbols_imported_by_others.get(symbol).expect("should have export symbol")
+    if is_star {
+      self.namespace_ref.expect("should have namespace ref")
+    } else {
+      *self.exported_name_to_binding_ref.get(exported).expect("should have export symbol")
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/mod.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/mod.rs
index 2855ed83852..e81bd27e4de 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module/mod.rs
@@ -56,6 +56,13 @@ impl Module {
     }
   }
 
+  pub fn expect_external(&self) -> &ExternalModule {
+    match self {
+      Self::Normal(_) => unreachable!(),
+      Self::External(m) => m,
+    }
+  }
+
   pub fn import_records(&self) -> &IndexVec<ImportRecordId, ImportRecord> {
     match self {
       Self::Normal(m) => &m.import_records,
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module_loader/module_loader.rs b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module_loader/module_loader.rs
index 3a45e597aa0..86b8477c0fa 100644
--- a/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module_loader/module_loader.rs
+++ b/crates/rolldown/src/bundler/module_loader/module_loader.rs
@@ -166,13 +166,12 @@ impl<'a> ModuleLoader<'a> {
       std::collections::hash_map::Entry::Occupied(visited) => *visited.get(),
       std::collections::hash_map::Entry::Vacant(not_visited) => {
         let id = intermediate_modules.push(None);
+        not_visited.insert(id);
         if info.is_external {
           let ext =
             ExternalModule::new(id, ResourceId::new(info.path.clone(), &self.input_options.cwd));
           intermediate_modules[id] = Some(Module::External(ext));
         } else {
-          not_visited.insert(id);
-
           self.remaining += 1;
 
           let module_path = ResourceId::new(info.path.clone(), &self.input_options.cwd);
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/artifacts.snap b/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/artifacts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..55331986199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/artifacts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+source: crates/rolldown/tests/common/case.rs
+expression: content
+input_file: crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external
+---
+# Assets
+
+## main.mjs
+
+```js
+import * as node_assert_ns from "node:assert";
+import { default as node_assert_default, equal } from "node:assert";
+
+// main.js
+
+
+
+node_assert_default.equal(1, 1)
+node_assert_ns.equal(1, 1)
+equal(1, 1)
+```
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/main.js b/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f064495f787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert'
+import { equal } from 'node:assert'
+import * as assert_star from 'node:assert'
+assert.equal(1, 1)
+assert_star.equal(1, 1)
+equal(1, 1)
diff --git a/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/test.config.json b/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/test.config.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9e26dfeeb6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/rolldown/tests/fixtures/external/implicit_import_external/test.config.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{}
\ No newline at end of file