toplev.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2012-2020, Intel Corporation
# Author: Andi Kleen
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
# version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
# more details.
#
# Measure a workload using the topdown performance model:
# estimate on which part of the CPU pipeline it bottlenecks.
#
# Must find ocperf in python module path.
# Handles a variety of perf and kernel versions, but older ones have various
# limitations.

# Environment variables for overrides (see also tl_cpu/ocperf):
# TOPOLOGY=file     Read sysfs topology from file. Also --force-topology
# PERF=exe          Force perf binary to run
# FORCE_NMI_WATCHDOG=1  Force NMI watchdog mode
# KERNEL_VERSION=...    Force kernel version (e.g. 5.0)
# FORCEMETRICS=1    Force fixed metrics and slots
# TLSEED=n          Set seed for --subset sample: sampling
# DURATION_TIME=0   Force not using duration_time
# NUM_RUNNERS=n     Use n runners to fake hybrid

from __future__ import print_function, division
import sys
import os
import re
import textwrap
import platform
import pty
import subprocess
import argparse
import time
import types
import csv
import bisect
import random
import io
import glob
from copy import copy
from fnmatch import fnmatch
from collections import defaultdict, Counter, OrderedDict
from itertools import compress, groupby, chain
from listutils import cat_unique, dedup, filternot, not_list, append_dict, zip_longest, flatten, findprefix, dummy_dict
from objutils import has, safe_ref, map_fields

from tl_stat import ComputeStat, ValStat, combine_valstat
import tl_cpu
import tl_output
import ocperf
import event_download
from tl_uval import UVal
from tl_io import flex_open_r, flex_open_w, popentext

known_cpus = (
    ("snb", (42, )),
    ("jkt", (45, )),
    ("ivb", (58, )),
    ("ivt", (62, )),
    ("hsw", (60, 70, 69 )),
    ("hsx", (63, )),
    ("slm", (55, 77, 76, )),
    ("bdw", (61, 71, )),
    ("bdx", (79, 86, )),
    ("simple", ()),
    ("skl", (94, 78, 142, 158, 165, 166, )),
    ("knl", (87, )),
    ("skx", ((85, 4,), )),
    ("clx", ((85, 5,), (85, 6,), (85, 7,), (85, 8,), (85, 9,), (85, 10,), )),
    ("icl", (126, 125, 157,
             167, )), # RKL as ICL for now
    ("tgl", (140, 141, )),
    ("icx", (106, 108, )),
)

eventlist_alias = {
    140: "GenuineIntel-6-7E", # use ICL list for TGL for now
    141: "GenuineIntel-6-7E", # use ICL list for TGL for now
    167: "GenuineIntel-6-7E", # use ICL list for RKL for now
}

tsx_cpus = ("hsw", "hsx", "bdw", "skl", "skx", "clx", "icl", "tgl", "icx")

hybrid_cpus = ("adl", )

non_json_events = set(("dummy", "duration_time"))

# handle kernels that don't support all events
unsup_pebs = (
    ("BR_MISP_RETIRED.ALL_BRANCHES:pp", (("hsw",), (3, 18), None)),
    ("MEM_LOAD_UOPS_L3_HIT_RETIRED.XSNP_HITM:pp", (("hsw",), (3, 18), None)),
    ("MEM_LOAD_UOPS_RETIRED.L3_MISS:pp", (("hsw",), (3, 18), None)),
)

ivb_ht_39 = (("ivb", "ivt"), (4, 1), (3, 9))
# uncomment if you removed commit 741a698f420c3 from kernel
#ivb_ht_39 = ((), None, None)

# both kernel bugs and first time a core was supported
# disable events if the kernel does not support them properly
# this does not handle backports (override with --force-events)
unsup_events = (
    # commit 36bbb2f2988a29
    ("OFFCORE_RESPONSE.DEMAND_RFO.L3_HIT.HITM_OTHER_CORE", (("hsw", "hsx"), (3, 18), None)),
    # commit 741a698f420c3 broke it, commit e979121b1b and later fixed it
    ("MEM_LOAD_UOPS_L*_HIT_RETIRED.*", ivb_ht_39),
    ("MEM_LOAD_UOPS_RETIRED.*", ivb_ht_39),
    ("MEM_LOAD_UOPS_L*_MISS_RETIRED.*", ivb_ht_39),
    ("MEM_UOPS_RETIRED.*", ivb_ht_39),
    # commit 5e176213a6b2bc
    # the event works, but it cannot put into the same group as
    # any other CYCLE_ACTIVITY.* event. For now black list, but
    # could also special case this in the group scheduler.
    ("CYCLE_ACTIVITY.STALLS_TOTAL", (("bdw", (4, 4), None))),
    # commit 91f1b70582c62576
    ("CYCLE_ACTIVITY.*", (("bdw"), (4, 1), None)),
    ("L1D_PEND_MISS.PENDING", (("bdw"), (4, 1), None)),
    # commit 6113af14c8
    ("CYCLE_ACTIVITY:CYCLES_LDM_PENDING", (("ivb", "ivt"), (3, 12), None)),
    # commit f8378f52596477
    ("CYCLE_ACTIVITY.*", (("snb", "jkt"), (3, 9), None)),
    # commit 0499bd867bd17c (ULT) or commit 3a632cb229bfb18 (other)
    # technically most haswells are 3.10, but ULT is 3.11
    ("L1D_PEND_MISS.PENDING", (("hsw",), (3, 11), None)),
    ("L1D_PEND_MISS.PENDING", (("hsx"), (3, 10), None)),
    # commit c420f19b9cdc
    ("CYCLE_ACTIVITY.*_L1D_PENDING", (("hsw", "hsx"), (4, 1), None)),
    ("CYCLE_ACTIVITY.CYCLES_NO_EXECUTE", (("hsw", "hsx"), (4, 1), None)),
    # commit 3a632cb229b
    ("CYCLE_ACTIVITY.*", (("hsw", "hsx"), (3, 11), None)))

FIXED_BASE = 50
METRICS_BASE = 100
SPECIAL_END = 130

limited_counters_base = {
    "instructions": FIXED_BASE + 0,
    "cycles": FIXED_BASE + 1,
    "ref-cycles": FIXED_BASE + 2,
    "slots": FIXED_BASE + 3,
    "cpu_core/slots/": FIXED_BASE + 3,
    "topdown.slots": FIXED_BASE + 3,
    "topdown-fe-bound": METRICS_BASE + 0,
    "cpu_core/topdown-fe-bound/": METRICS_BASE + 0,
    "topdown-be-bound": METRICS_BASE + 1,
    "cpu_core/topdown-be-bound/": METRICS_BASE + 1,
    "topdown-bad-spec": METRICS_BASE + 2,
    "cpu_core/topdown-bad-spec/": METRICS_BASE + 2,
    "topdown-retiring": METRICS_BASE + 3,
    "cpu_core/topdown-retiring/": METRICS_BASE + 3,
    "cpu/cycles-ct/": 2,
    "cpu_core/cycles-ct/": 2,
}

event_nocheck = False

class EventContext(object):
    """Event related context for a given target CPU."""
    def __init__(self, pmu):
        self.constraint_fixes = dict()
        self.errata_whitelist = []
        self.outgroup_events = set(["dummy", "duration_time", "msr/tsc/"])
        self.sched_ignore_events = set([])
        self.require_pebs_events = set([])
        self.core_domains = set(["Slots", "CoreClocks", "CoreMetric"])
        self.limited_counters = dict(limited_counters_base)
        self.limited_set = set(self.limited_counters.keys())
        self.fixed_events = set([x for x in self.limited_counters
                                 if FIXED_BASE <= self.limited_counters[x] <= SPECIAL_END])
        self.errata_events = dict()
        self.errata_warn_events = dict()
        self.limit4_events = set()
        self.notfound_cache = dict()
        self.rmap_cache = dict()
        self.slots_available = False
        self.emap = None
        if pmu is None or pmu not in cpu.counters:
            pmu = "cpu"
        self.standard_counters = cpu.standard_counters[pmu]
        self.counters = cpu.counters[pmu]
        self.limit4_counters = cpu.limit4_counters[pmu]

ectx = None

smt_mode = False

test_mode = os.getenv("TL_TESTER")

def warn(msg):
    print("warning: " + msg, file=sys.stderr)
    if test_mode:
        assert 0

warned = set()

def warn_once(msg):
    if msg not in warned:
        warn(msg)
        warned.add(msg)
    if test_mode:
        assert 0

def warn_once_no_assert(msg):
    if msg not in warned:
        print("warning: " + msg, file=sys.stderr)
        warned.add(msg)
    if test_mode:
        assert 0

def print_once(msg):
    if msg not in warned:
        print(msg)
        warned.add(msg)

def debug_print(x):
    if args.debug:
        print(x, file=sys.stderr)

def obj_debug_print(obj, x):
    if args.debug or (args.dfilter and obj.name in args.dfilter):
        print(x, file=sys.stderr)

def test_debug_print(x):
    if args.debug or test_mode:
        print(x, file=sys.stderr)

def works(x):
    return os.system(x + " >/dev/null 2>/dev/null") == 0

exists_cache = dict()

def cached_exists(fn):
    if fn in exists_cache:
        return exists_cache[fn]
    found = os.path.exists(fn)
    exists_cache[fn] = found
    return found

class PerfFeatures(object):
    """Adapt to the quirks of various perf versions."""
    def __init__(self, args):
        pmu = "cpu"
        if os.path.exists("/sys/devices/cpu_core"):
            pmu = "cpu_core"
        self.perf = os.getenv("PERF")
        if not self.perf:
            self.perf = "perf"
        ret = os.system(self.perf + " stat --log-fd 3 3>/dev/null true")
        if ret:
            # work around the insane perf setup on Debian derivates
            # it fails if the perf isn't the same as the kernel
            # look for the underlying perf installs, if any
            # perf is compatible, so just pick the newest
            if ret == 512:
                l = sorted(glob.glob("/usr/lib/linux-tools*/perf"),
                          key=lambda x: [int(t) if t.isdigit() else t for t in re.split(r'(\d+)', x)])
                if len(l) > 0:
                    self.perf = l[0]
                    ret = os.system(self.perf + " stat --log-fd 3 3>/dev/null true")
                if ret:
                    sys.exit("perf binary is too old/not installed or perf is disabled in /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid")
        self.logfd_supported = ret == 0
        self.supports_power = (
                not args.no_uncore
                and not args.force_hypervisor
                and works(self.perf + " stat -e power/energy-cores/ -a true"))
        self.supports_percore = works(self.perf + " stat --percore-show-thread true")
        dt = os.getenv("DURATION_TIME")
        if dt:
            self.supports_duration_time = int(dt)
        else:
            self.supports_duration_time = works(self.perf + " list duration_time | grep duration_time")
        # guests don't support offcore response
        if event_nocheck:
            self.has_max_precise = True
            self.max_precise = 3
        else:
            self.has_max_precise = os.path.exists("/sys/devices/%s/caps/max_precise" % pmu)
            if self.has_max_precise:
                self.max_precise = int(open("/sys/devices/%s/caps/max_precise" % pmu).read())
        if args.exclusive and not args.print and not works(self.perf + " stat -e '{branches,branches,branches,branches}:e' true"):
            sys.exit("perf binary does not support :e exclusive modifier")

def kv_to_key(v):
    return v[0] * 100 + v[1]

def unsup_event(e, table, min_kernel=None):
    if ":" in e:
        e = e[:e.find(":")]
    for j in table:
        if fnmatch(e, j[0]) and cpu.realcpu in j[1][0]:
            break
    else:
        return False
    v = j[1]
    if v[1] and kernel_version < kv_to_key(v[1]):
        if min_kernel:
            min_kernel.append(v[1])
        return True
    if v[2] and kernel_version >= kv_to_key(v[2]):
        return False
    return False

def remove_qual(ev):
    return re.sub(r':[ku]+', '', re.sub(r'/[ku]+', '/', ev))

def limited_overflow(evlist):
    assigned = Counter([ectx.limited_counters[x] for x in evlist if x in ectx.limited_counters]).values()
    return any([x > 1 for x in assigned])

# limited to first four counters on ICL+
def limit4_overflow(evlist):
    return sum([x in ectx.limit4_events for x in evlist]) > 4

def ismetric(x):
    return x.startswith("topdown-") or x.startswith("cpu_core/topdown-")

resources = ("frontend=", "offcore_rsp=", "ldlat=", "in_tx_cp=", "cycles-ct")

def event_to_resource(ev):
    for j in resources:
        if j in ev:
            return j
    return ""

def resource_split(evlist):
    r = Counter(map(event_to_resource, evlist))
    for j in sorted(r.keys()):
        if j == "":
            continue
        if j == "offcore_rsp=":
            if r[j] > 2:
                return True
        elif r[j] > 1:
            return True
    return False

def num_generic_counters(evset):
    # XXX does not handle formulas having different u/k qualifiers, but we would need to fix the
    # callers to be consistent to handle that
    return len(evset - set(add_filter(ectx.fixed_events)) - ectx.fixed_events - ectx.outgroup_events - ectx.sched_ignore_events)

FORCE_SPLIT = 100

# Force metrics into own group
metrics_own_group = True

def is_slots(x):
    return x in ("slots", "cpu_core/slots/")

def needed_counters(evlist):
    evset = set(evlist)
    num = num_generic_counters(evset)

    evlist = list(map(remove_qual, evlist))

    metrics = [ismetric(x) for x in evlist]

    if any(metrics):
        # slots must be first if metrics are present
        if not is_slots(evlist[0]) and any(map(is_slots, evlist)):
            debug_print("split for slots %s" % evlist)
            return FORCE_SPLIT
        # force split if there are other events.
        if metrics_own_group and len(evlist) > sum(metrics) + 1:
            debug_print("split for other events in topdown %s" % evlist)
            return FORCE_SPLIT

    # split if any resource is oversubscribed
    if resource_split(evlist):
        debug_print("resource split %s" % evlist)
        return FORCE_SPLIT

    evlist = list(compress(evlist, not_list(metrics)))

    # force split if we overflow fixed or limited
    # some fixed could be promoted to generic, but that doesn't work
    # with ref-cycles.
    if limited_overflow(evlist):
        debug_print("split for limited overflow %s " % evlist)
        return FORCE_SPLIT

    if limit4_overflow(evlist):
        debug_print("split for limit4 overflow %s" % evlist)
        return FORCE_SPLIT

    return num

def event_group(evlist):
    evlist = add_filter(evlist)
    l = []
    for is_og, g in groupby(evlist, lambda x: x in ectx.outgroup_events):
        if is_og or args.no_group:
            l += g
        else:
            g = list(g)
            e = ",".join(g)
            n = needed_counters(g)
            if n <= ectx.counters:
                e = "{%s}" % e
                if args.exclusive:
                    e += ":e"
                elif args.pinned and all([ismetric(x) or is_slots(x) for x in g]):
                    e += ":D"
            else:
                # the scheduler should have avoided that
                warn("group %s with %d does not fit in pmu" % (e, n))
            l.append(e)
    return ",".join(l)

def exe_dir():
    d = os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0])
    d = os.path.dirname(d)
    if d:
        return d
    return "."

def add_args(rest, *args):
    a = [x for x in args if x not in rest]
    return a + rest

def update_arg(arg, flag, sep, newval):
    i = findprefix(arg, flag, "--")
    if i >= 0:
        if arg[i] == flag:
            arg[i+1] = newval
        else:
            arg[i] = flag + sep + newval
        return True
    return False

def del_arg_val(arg, flag):
    i = findprefix(arg, flag, "--")
    del arg[i:i+2 if arg[i] == flag else i+1]

p = argparse.ArgumentParser(usage='toplev [options] perf-arguments',
description='''
Estimate on which part of the CPU pipeline a workload bottlenecks using the TopDown model.
The bottlenecks are expressed as a tree with different levels.
Requires a modern Intel CPU.

Examples:
toplev.py -l2 program
measure whole system in level 2 while program is running

toplev.py -l1 --single-thread program
measure single threaded program. system must be idle.

toplev.py -l3 --no-desc -I 100 -x, sleep X
measure whole system for X seconds every 100ms, outputting in CSV format.

toplev.py --all --core C0 taskset -c 0,1 program
Measure program running on core 0 with all nodes and metrics enables
''', epilog='''
Other perf arguments allowed (see the perf documentation)
After -- perf arguments conflicting with toplev can be used.

Some caveats:

toplev defaults to measuring the full system and show data
for all CPUs. Use taskset to limit the workload to known CPUs if needed.
In some cases (idle system, single threaded workload) --single-thread
can also be used to get less output.

The lower levels of the measurement tree are less reliable
than the higher levels.  They also rely on counter multi-plexing,
and can not run each equation in a single group, which can cause larger
measurement errors with non steady state workloads

(If you don't understand this terminology; it means measurements
in higher levels are less accurate and it works best with programs that primarily
do the same thing over and over)

If the program is very reproducible -- such as a simple kernel --
it is also possible to use --no-multiplex. In this case the
workload is rerun multiple times until all data is collected.

Only use with sleep if the workload is running in a steady state.

With the --drilldown option toplev can automatically remeasure the workload
with only the nodes needed to measure the particular bottlenecks
This also requires a reproducible or steady-state workload.

toplev needs a new enough perf tool and has specific requirements on
the kernel. See http://github.com/andikleen/pmu-tools/wiki/toplev-kernel-support.''',
formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
g = p.add_argument_group('General operation')
g.add_argument('--interval', '-I', help='Measure every ms instead of only once',
               type=int)
g.add_argument('--no-multiplex',
               help='Do not multiplex, but run the workload multiple times as needed. '
               'Requires reproducible workloads.',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--single-thread', '-S', help='Measure workload as single thread. Workload must run single threaded. '
               'In SMT mode other thread must be idle.', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--fast', '-F', help='Skip sanity checks to optimize CPU consumption', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--import', help='Import specified perf stat output file instead of running perf. '
               'Must be for same cpu, same arguments, same /proc/cpuinfo, same topology, unless overriden',
                dest='import_')
g.add_argument('--subset', help="Process only a subset of the input file with --import. "
        "Valid syntax: a-b. Process from seek offset a to b. b is optional. "
        "x/n%% process x'th n percent slice. Starts counting at 0. Add - to process to end of input. "
        "sample:n%% Sample each time stamp in input with n%% (0-100%%) probability. "
        "toplev will automatically round to the next time stamp boundary.")
g.add_argument('--parallel',
        help="Run toplev --import in parallel in N processes, or the system's number of CPUs if 0 is specified",
        action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--pjobs', type=int, default=0,
        help='Number of threads to run with parallel. Default is number of CPUs.')
g.add_argument('--gen-script', help='Generate script to collect perfmon information for --import later',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--script-record', help='Use perf stat record in script for faster recording or '
               'import generated perf.data (requires new perf)', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--drilldown', help='Automatically rerun to get more details on bottleneck', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--show-cpu', help='Print current CPU type and exit',
            action='store_true')

g = p.add_argument_group('Measurement filtering')
g.add_argument('--kernel', help='Only measure kernel code', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--user', help='Only measure user code', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--cpu', '-C', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
g.add_argument('--pid', '-p', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
g.add_argument('--core', help='Limit output to cores. Comma list of Sx-Cx-Tx. All parts optional.')
g.add_argument('--no-aggr', '-A', help='Measure every CPU', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--cputype', help='Limit to hybrid cpu type (atom or core)', choices=['atom', 'core'])

g = p.add_argument_group('Select events')
g.add_argument('--level', '-l', help='Measure upto level N (max 6)',
               type=int, default=-1)
g.add_argument('--metrics', '-m', help="Print extra metrics", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--sw', help="Measure perf Linux metrics", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--no-util', help="Do not measure CPU utilization", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--tsx', help="Measure TSX metrics", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--all', help="Measure everything available", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--frequency', help="Measure frequency", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--power', help='Display power metrics', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--nodes', help='Include or exclude nodes (with + to add, -|^ to remove, '
               'comma separated list, wildcards allowed, add * to include all children/siblings, '
               'add /level to specify highest level node to match, '
               'add ^ to match related siblings and metrics, '
               'start with ! to only include specified nodes)')
g.add_argument('--reduced', help='Use reduced server subset of nodes/metrics', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--metric-group', help='Add (+) or remove (-|^) metric groups of metrics, '
               'comma separated list from --list-metric-groups.', default=None)
g.add_argument('--pinned', help='Run topdown metrics (on ICL+) pinned', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--exclusive', help='Use exclusive groups. Requires new kernel and new perf', action='store_true')

g = p.add_argument_group('Query nodes')
g.add_argument('--list-metrics', help='List all metrics. Can be followed by prefixes to limit, ^ for full match',
            action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--list-nodes', help='List all nodes. Can be followed by prefixes to limit, ^ for full match',
            action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--list-metric-groups', help='List metric groups.', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--list-all', help='List every supported node/metric/metricgroup. Can be followed by prefixes to limit, ^ for full match.',
            action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--describe', help='Print full descriptions for listed node prefixes. Add ^ to require full match.', action='store_true')

g = p.add_argument_group('Workarounds')
g.add_argument('--no-group', help='Dont use groups', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--force-events', help='Assume kernel supports all events. May give wrong results.',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--ignore-errata', help='Do not disable events with errata', action='store_true', default=True)
g.add_argument('--handle-errata', help='Disable events with errata', action='store_true')

g = p.add_argument_group('Output')
g.add_argument('--per-core', help='Aggregate output per core', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--per-socket', help='Aggregate output per socket', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--per-thread', help='Aggregate output per CPU thread', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--global', help='Aggregate output for all CPUs', action='store_true', dest='global_')
g.add_argument('--no-desc', help='Do not print event descriptions', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--desc', help='Force event descriptions', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', help='Print all results even when below threshold or exceeding boundaries. '
               'Note this can result in bogus values, as the TopDown methodology relies on thresholds '
               'to correctly characterize workloads. Values not crossing threshold are marked with <.',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--csv', '-x', help='Enable CSV mode with specified delimeter')
g.add_argument('--output', '-o', help='Set output file')
g.add_argument('--split-output', help='Generate multiple output files, one for each specified '
               'aggregation option (with -o)',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--graph', help='Automatically graph interval output with tl-barplot.py',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument("--graph-cpu", help="CPU to graph using --graph")
g.add_argument('--title', help='Set title of graph')
g.add_argument('--quiet', help='Avoid unnecessary status output', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--long-desc', help='Print long descriptions instead of abbreviated ones.',
                action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--columns', help='Print CPU output in multiple columns for each node', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--json', help='Print output in JSON format for Chrome about://tracing', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--summary', help='Print summary at the end. Only useful with -I', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--no-area', help='Hide area column', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--perf-output', help='Save perf stat output in specified file')
g.add_argument('--perf-summary', help='Save summarized perf stat output in specified file')
g.add_argument('--no-perf', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='store_true') # noop, for compatibility
g.add_argument('--perf', help='Print perf command line', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--print', help="Only print perf command line. Don't run", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--idle-threshold', help="Hide idle CPUs (default <5%% of busiest if not CSV, specify percent)",
               default=None, type=float)
g.add_argument('--no-output', help="Don't print computed output. Does not affect --summary.", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--no-mux', help="Don't print mux statistics", action="store_true")

g = p.add_argument_group('Environment')
g.add_argument('--force-cpu', help='Force CPU type', choices=[x[0] for x in known_cpus])
g.add_argument('--force-topology', metavar='findsysoutput', help='Use specified topology file (find /sys/devices)')
g.add_argument('--force-cpuinfo', metavar='cpuinfo', help='Use specified cpuinfo file (/proc/cpuinfo)')
g.add_argument('--force-hypervisor', help='Assume running under hypervisor (no uncore, no offcore, no PEBS)',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--no-uncore', help='Disable uncore events', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--no-check', help='Do not check that PMU units exist', action='store_true')

g = p.add_argument_group('Additional information')
g.add_argument('--print-group', '-g', help='Print event group assignments',
               action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--raw', help="Print raw values", action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--valcsv', '-V', help='Write raw counter values into CSV file')
g.add_argument('--stats', help='Show statistics on what events counted', action='store_true')

g = p.add_argument_group('xlsx output')
g.add_argument('--xlsx', help='Generate xlsx spreadsheet output with data for '
               'socket/global/thread/core/summary/raw views with 1s interval. '
               'Add --single-thread to only get program output.')
g.add_argument('--set-xlsx', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='store_true') # set arguments for xlsx only
g.add_argument('--xnormalize', help='Add extra sheets with normalized data in xlsx files', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--xchart', help='Chart data in xlsx files', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--keep', help='Keep temporary files', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--xkeep', dest='keep', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

g = p.add_argument_group('Sampling')
g.add_argument('--show-sample', help='Show command line to rerun workload with sampling', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--run-sample', help='Automatically rerun workload with sampling', action='store_true')
g.add_argument('--sample-args', help='Extra arguments to pass to perf record for sampling. Use + to specify -',
               default='-g')
g.add_argument('--sample-repeat',
               help='Repeat measurement and sampling N times. This interleaves counting and sampling. '
               'Useful for background collection with -a sleep X.', type=int)
g.add_argument('--sample-basename', help='Base name of sample perf.data files', default="perf.data")

g.add_argument('-d', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='help') # prevent passing this to perf

p.add_argument('--version', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='store_true')
p.add_argument('--debug', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='store_true') # enable scheduler debugging
p.add_argument('--dfilter', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='append')
p.add_argument('--repl', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # start python repl after initialization
p.add_argument('--filterquals', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='store_true') # remove events not supported by perf
p.add_argument('--setvar', help=argparse.SUPPRESS, action='append') # set env variable (for test suite iterating options)
p.add_argument('--tune', nargs='+', help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # override global variables with python expression
p.add_argument('--force-bn', action='append', help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # force bottleneck for testing
p.add_argument('--no-json-header', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # no [ for json
p.add_argument('--no-json-footer', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # no ] for json
p.add_argument('--no-csv-header', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # no header/version for CSV
p.add_argument('--no-csv-footer', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # no version for CSV
args, rest = p.parse_known_args()

if args.setvar:
    for j in args.setvar:
        l = j.split("=")
        os.environ[l[0]] = l[1]

def output_count():
    return args.per_core + args.global_ + args.per_thread + args.per_socket

def multi_output():
    return output_count() > 1

def open_output_files():
    if args.valcsv:
        try:
            args.valcsv = flex_open_w(args.valcsv)
        except IOError as e:
            sys.exit("Cannot open valcsv file %s: %s" % (args.valcsv, e))

    if args.perf_output:
        try:
            args.perf_output = flex_open_w(args.perf_output)
        except IOError as e:
            sys.exit("Cannot open perf output file %s: %s" % (args.perf_output, e))

def init_xlsx(args):
    args.set_xlsx = True
    if args.output:
        sys.exit("-o / --output not allowed with --xlsx")
    if args.valcsv:
        sys.exit("--valcsv not allowed with --xlsx")
    if args.perf_output:
        sys.exit("--perf-output not allowed with --xlsx")
    if args.csv:
        sys.exit("-c / --csv not allowed with --xlsx")
    if not args.xlsx.endswith(".xlsx"):
        sys.exit("--xlsx must end in .xlsx")
    xlsx_base = re.sub(r'\.xlsx$', '.csv', args.xlsx)
    args.valcsv = re.sub(r'\.csv$', '-valcsv.csv', xlsx_base)
    args.perf_output = re.sub(r'\.csv$', '-perf.csv', xlsx_base)
    args.output = xlsx_base
    if args.xchart:
        args.xnormalize = True
        args.verbose = True

forced_per_socket = False
forced_per_core = False

def set_xlsx(args):
    if not args.interval:
        args.interval = 1000
    args.csv = ','
    if args.xlsx:
        args.summary = True
    if not args.single_thread:
        args.per_thread = True
        args.split_output = True
        global forced_per_socket
        if args.per_socket:
            forced_per_socket = True
        global forced_per_core
        if args.per_core:
            forced_per_core = True
        args.per_socket = True
        args.per_core = True
        args.no_aggr = True
        args.global_ = True

def do_xlsx(env):
    cmd = "%s %s/tl-xlsx.py --valcsv '%s' --perf '%s' --cpuinfo '%s' " % (
        sys.executable,
        exe_dir(),
        args.valcsv.name,
        args.perf_output.name,
        env.cpuinfo if env.cpuinfo else "/proc/cpuinfo")
    if args.single_thread:
        names = ["program"]
        files = [out.logf.name]
    else:
        names = ((["socket"] if args.per_socket else []) +
                 (["core"] if args.per_core else []) +
                 ["global", "thread"])
        files = [tl_output.output_name(args.output, p) for p in names]

    extrafiles = []
    extranames = []
    charts = []
    if args.xnormalize:
        for j, n in zip(files, names):
            nname = j.replace(".csv", "-norm.csv")
            ncmd = "%s %s/interval-normalize.py --normalize-cpu --error-exit < '%s' > '%s'" % (
                    sys.executable,
                    exe_dir(),
                    j,
                    nname)
            if not args.quiet:
                print(ncmd)
            ret = os.system(ncmd)
            if ret:
                warn("interval-normalize failed: %d" % ret)
                return ret
            extrafiles.append(nname)
            extranames.append("n" + n)
            if args.xchart:
                charts.append("n" + n)

    cmd += " ".join(["--%s '%s'" % (n, f) for n, f in zip(names, files)])
    cmd += " " + " ".join(["--add '%s' '%s'" % (f, n) for n, f in zip(extranames, extrafiles)])
    cmd += " " + " ".join(["--chart '%s'" % f for f in charts])
    cmd += " '%s'" % args.xlsx
    if not args.quiet:
        print(cmd)
    ret = os.system(cmd)
    if not args.keep:
        for fn in files + extrafiles:
            os.remove(fn)
    return ret

def gentmp(o, cpu):
    o = re.sub(r'\.(xz|gz)', '', o)
    if o.endswith(".csv"):
        return o.replace(".csv", "-cpu%d.csv" % cpu)
    return o + "-cpu%d" % cpu

def output_to_tmp(arg, outfn):
    if not args.output or args.xlsx:
        arg.insert(1, "-o" + outfn)
    elif update_arg(arg, "--output", "=", outfn):
        pass
    elif update_arg(arg, "-o", "", outfn):
        pass
    else:
        # does not handle -o combined with other one letter options
        sys.exit("Use plain -o / --output argument with --parallel")

def merge_files(files, outf, args):
    for j in files:
        tl_output.catrmfile(j, outf, args.keep)

# run multiple subset toplevs in parallel and merge the results
def run_parallel(args, env):
    procs = []
    pofns = []
    valfns = []
    sums = []
    targ = copy(sys.argv)
    del targ[targ.index("--parallel")]
    ichunk = os.path.getsize(args.import_) / args.pjobs
    fileoff = 0
    for cpu in range(args.pjobs):
        arg = copy(targ)
        if args.xlsx:
            del_arg_val(arg, "--xlsx")
            arg = [arg[0], "--set-xlsx", "--perf-output=X", "--valcsv=X"] + arg[1:]
        outfn = gentmp(args.output if args.output else "toplevo%d" % os.getpid(), cpu)
        output_to_tmp(arg, outfn)
        if args.perf_output or args.xlsx:
            pofn = gentmp(args.perf_output if args.perf_output else "toplevp", cpu)
            update_arg(arg, "--perf-output", "=", pofn)
            pofns.append(pofn)
        if args.valcsv or args.xlsx:
            valfn = gentmp(args.valcsv if args.valcsv else "toplevv", cpu)
            update_arg(arg, "--valcsv", "=", valfn)
            valfns.append(valfn)
        end = ""
        if cpu < args.pjobs-1:
            end = "%d" % (fileoff + ichunk)
        arg.insert(1, ("--subset=%d-" % fileoff) + end)
        fileoff += ichunk
        if args.json and args.pjobs > 1:
            if cpu > 0:
                arg.insert(1, "--no-json-header")
            if cpu < args.pjobs - 1 or args.summary:
                arg.insert(1, "--no-json-footer")
        sumfn = None
        if args.summary:
            del arg[arg.index("--summary")]
            sumfn = gentmp("toplevs%d" % os.getpid(), cpu)
            arg.insert(1, "--perf-summary=" + sumfn)
            sums.append(sumfn)
        if args.pjobs > 1:
            if cpu > 0:
                arg.insert(1, "--no-csv-header")
            if cpu < args.pjobs - 1 or args.summary:
                arg.insert(1, "--no-csv-footer")
        if not args.quiet:
            print(" ".join(arg))
        p = subprocess.Popen(arg, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, **popentext)
        procs.append((p, outfn))
    if args.xlsx:
        init_xlsx(args)
        set_xlsx(args)
    logfiles, logf = tl_output.open_all_logfiles(args, args.output)
    for p in procs:
        ret = p[0].wait()
        if ret:
            sys.exit("Subprocess toplev failed %d" % ret)
        tl_output.catrmoutput(p[1], logf, logfiles, args.keep)
    ret = 0
    if sums:
        cmd = [sys.executable, exe_dir() + "/interval-merge.py"] + sums
        if not args.quiet:
            print(" ".join(cmd))
        inp = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
        outfn = "toplevm%d" % os.getpid()
        output_to_tmp(targ, outfn)
        if args.xlsx:
            del_arg_val(targ, "--xlsx")
            targ.insert(1, "--set-xlsx")
        if args.perf_output:
            del_arg_val(targ, "--perf-output")
        if args.valcsv:
            del_arg_val(targ, "--valcsv")
        update_arg(targ, "--import", "=", "/dev/stdin")
        targ.insert(1, "--no-output")
        if args.json:
            targ.insert(1, "--no-json-header")
        else:
            targ.insert(1, "--no-csv-header")
        if not args.quiet:
            print(" ".join(targ))
        outp = subprocess.Popen(targ, stdin=inp.stdout)
        ret = inp.wait()
        if ret:
            sys.exit("interval-merge failed")
        ret = outp.wait()
        if ret:
            sys.exit("summary toplev failed")
        tl_output.catrmoutput(outfn, logf, logfiles, args.keep)
        if not args.keep:
            for j in sums:
                os.remove(j)
    open_output_files()
    merge_files(valfns, args.valcsv, args)
    merge_files(pofns, args.perf_output, args)
    if args.xlsx:
        ret = do_xlsx(env)
    # XXX graph
    return ret

if args.idle_threshold:
    idle_threshold = args.idle_threshold / 100.
elif args.csv or args.xlsx or args.set_xlsx: # not for args.graph
    idle_threshold = 0  # avoid breaking programs that rely on the CSV output
else:
    idle_threshold = 0.05

if args.exclusive and args.pinned:
    sys.exit("--exclusive and --pinned cannot be combined")

event_nocheck = args.import_ or args.no_check

feat = PerfFeatures(args)
pversion = ocperf.PerfVersion()

def gen_cpu_name(cpu):
    if cpu == "simple":
        return event_download.get_cpustr()
    for j in known_cpus:
        if cpu == j[0]:
            if isinstance(j[1][0], tuple):
                return "GenuineIntel-6-%02X-%d" % j[1][0]
            else:
                if j[1][0] in eventlist_alias:
                    return eventlist_alias[j[1][0]]
                return "GenuineIntel-6-%02X" % j[1][0]
    sys.exit("Unknown cpu %s" % cpu)
    return None

if args.tune:
    for t in args.tune:
        exec(t)

env = tl_cpu.Env()

if args.force_cpu:
    env.forcecpu = args.force_cpu
    cpuname = gen_cpu_name(args.force_cpu)
    if args.force_cpu != "simple":
        if not os.getenv("EVENTMAP"):
            os.environ["EVENTMAP"] = cpuname
        if not os.getenv("UNCORE"):
            os.environ["UNCORE"] = cpuname
if args.force_topology:
    if not os.getenv("TOPOLOGY"):
        os.environ["TOPOLOGY"] = args.force_topology
        ocperf.topology = None # force reread
if args.force_cpuinfo:
    env.cpuinfo = args.force_cpuinfo
if args.force_hypervisor:
    env.hypervisor = True

if args.parallel:
    if not args.import_:
        sys.exit("--parallel requires --import")
    if args.import_.endswith(".xz") or args.import_.endswith(".gz"):
        sys.exit("Uncompress input file first") # XXX
    if args.perf_summary:
        sys.exit("--parallel does not support --perf-summary") # XXX
    if args.subset:
        # XXX support sample
        sys.exit("--parallel does not support --subset")
    if args.json and multi_output() and not args.split_output:
        sys.exit("--parallel does not support multi-output --json without --split-output")
    if args.graph:
        sys.exit("--parallel does not support --graph") # XXX
    if args.pjobs == 0:
        import multiprocessing
        args.pjobs = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
    sys.exit(run_parallel(args, env))

rest = [x for x in rest if x != "--"]

if args.version:
    print("toplev")
    sys.exit(0)

if args.cpu:
    rest = ["--cpu", args.cpu] + rest
if args.pid:
    rest = ["--pid", args.pid] + rest
if args.csv and len(args.csv) != 1:
    sys.exit("--csv/-x argument can be only a single character")

if args.xlsx:
    init_xlsx(args)
if args.set_xlsx:
    set_xlsx(args)

open_output_files()

if args.perf_summary:
    try:
        args.perf_summary = flex_open_w(args.perf_summary)
    except IOError as e:
        sys.exit("Cannot open perf summary file %s: %s" % (args.perf_summary, e))
    # XXX force no_uncore because the resulting file cannot be imported otherwise?

if args.all:
    args.tsx = True
    args.power = True
    args.sw = True
    args.metrics = True
    args.frequency = True
    args.level = 6

if args.graph:
    if not args.interval:
        args.interval = 100
    extra = ""
    if args.title:
        title = args.title
    else:
        title = "cpu %s" % (args.graph_cpu if args.graph_cpu else 0)
    extra += '--title "' + title + '" '
    if args.split_output:
        sys.exit("--split-output not allowed with --graph")
    if args.output:
        extra += '--output "' + args.output + '" '
    if args.graph_cpu:
        extra += "--cpu " + args.graph_cpu + " "
    args.csv = ','
    cmd = "%s %s/tl-barplot.py %s /dev/stdin" % (sys.executable, exe_dir(), extra)
    if not args.quiet:
        print(cmd)
    graphp = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, **popentext)
    args.output = graphp.stdin

if args.sample_repeat:
    args.run_sample = True

if args.handle_errata:
    args.ignore_errata = False

ring_filter = ""
if args.kernel:
    ring_filter = 'k'
if args.user:
    ring_filter = 'u'
if args.user and args.kernel:
    ring_filter = None

MAX_ERROR = 0.05

def check_ratio(l):
    if args.verbose:
        return True
    return 0 - MAX_ERROR < l < 1 + MAX_ERROR

# XXX move into ectx
cpu = tl_cpu.CPU(known_cpus, nocheck=event_nocheck, env=env)

if args.level < 0:
    args.level = 2 if any([x >= 8 for x in cpu.counters.values()]) else 1

if args.show_cpu:
    print("%s %s %s" % (cpu.true_name, cpu.pmu_name, cpu.name))
    sys.exit(0)

desired_cpu = args.force_cpu if args.force_cpu else cpu.model
if desired_cpu in eventlist_alias:
    r = eventlist_alias[desired_cpu]
    if not os.getenv("EVENTMAP"):
        os.environ["EVENTMAP"] = r
    if not os.getenv("UNCORE"):
        os.environ["UNCORE"] = r

if cpu.pmu_name and cpu.pmu_name.startswith("generic") and not args.quiet:
    print("warning: kernel is in architectural mode and might mismeasure events", file=sys.stderr)
    print("Consider a kernel update. See https://github.com/andikleen/pmu-tools/wiki/toplev-kernel-support", file=sys.stderr)
    if cpu.cpu in hybrid_cpus:
        sys.exit("Hybrid %s not supported in architectural mode" % cpu.cpu)

if args.xlsx and not forced_per_socket and cpu.sockets == 1:
    args.per_socket = False
if args.xlsx and not forced_per_core and cpu.threads == 1:
    args.per_core = False

if cpu.hypervisor:
    feat.max_precise = 0
    feat.has_max_precise = True

if not pversion.has_uncore_expansion:
    # XXX reenable power
    args.no_uncore = True

if cpu.hypervisor or args.no_uncore:
    feat.supports_power = False

def print_perf(r):
    if not (args.perf or args.print):
        return
    l = ["'" + x + "'" if x.find("{") >= 0 else x for x in r]
    l = [x.replace(";", "\\;") for x in l]
    i = l.index('--log-fd')
    del l[i:i+2]
    print(" ".join(l))
    sys.stdout.flush()

def gen_script(r):
    print("#!/bin/sh")
    print("# Generated from 'toplev " + " ".join(sys.argv) + " for CPU " + cpu.cpu)
    print("# Show output with toplev.py " +
          " ".join([x for x in sys.argv if x != "--gen-script"]) +
          " --import toplev_perf%s --force-cpuinfo toplev_cpuinfo --force-topology toplev_topology --force-cpu " % (
                ".data" if args.script_record else ".csv") + cpu.cpu)
    print("# print until Ctrl-C or run with command on command line (e.g. -a -I 1000 sleep 10)")
    print("# override output file names with OUT=... script (default toplev_...)")
    if not args.script_record:
        print("# enable compression with POSTFIX=.xz script")
    print("OUT=${OUT:-toplev}")
    print("PERF=${PERF:-perf}")
    print("find /sys/devices > ${OUT}_topology")
    print("cat /proc/cpuinfo > ${OUT}_cpuinfo")
    r[0] = "$PERF"
    i = r.index('--log-fd')
    r[i] = "-o"
    if args.script_record:
        r[i + 1] = "${OUT}_perf.data"
        i = r.index("stat")
        r[i] = "stat record --quiet"
    else:
        r[i + 1] = "${OUT}_perf.csv${POSTFIX}"
    i = r.index('-x;')
    if args.script_record:
        del r[i]
    else:
        r[i] = '-x\\;'
    i = r.index('-e')
    r[i+1] = "'" + r[i+1] + "'"
    print(" ".join(r + ['"$@"']))

class PerfRun(object):
    """Control a perf subprocess."""
    def __init__(self):
        self.skip_to_next_ts = False
        self.end_seek_offset = None
        self.sample_prob = None
        self.skip_line = False
        self.perf = None
        self.offset = None

    def handle_inputsubset(self, f, iss):
        m = re.match(r'(\d+)-?(\d+)?$', iss)
        if m:
            off = int(m.group(1))
            f.seek(off)
            if m.group(2):
                self.end_seek_offset = int(m.group(2))
            if off:
                self.skip_to_next_ts = True
                self.skip_line = True
            return
        m = re.match(r'(\d+)/([0-9.]+)%(-)?$', iss)
        if m:
            f.seek(0, 2)
            size = f.tell()
            chunk = int(size * (float(m.group(2)) / 100.))
            nth = int(m.group(1))
            if (nth+1)*chunk > size:
                sys.exit("--subset %s out of range" % iss)
            f.seek(chunk * nth)
            if m.group(3) is None:
                self.end_seek_offset = chunk * (1+nth)
            if chunk * nth != 0:
                self.skip_to_next_ts = True
                self.skip_line = True
            return
        m = re.match('sample:([0-9.]+)%?$', iss)
        if m:
            self.sample_prob = float(m.group(1)) / 100.
            self.random = random.Random()
            s = os.getenv("TLSEED")
            if s:
                self.random.seed(int(s))
            self.sampling = False
            return
        sys.exit("Unparseable --subset %s" % iss)

    def skip_input(self):
        if self.skip_to_next_ts:
            return True
        if self.sample_prob:
            return not self.sampling
        return False

    # must be stored before reading the line
    def store_offset(self):
        if self.end_seek_offset:
            self.offset = self.inputf.tell()

    def skip_first_line(self):
        if self.skip_line:
            self.skip_line = False
            return True
        return False

    def next_timestamp(self):
        if self.end_seek_offset:
            if self.end_seek_offset <= self.offset:
                return True
        self.skip_to_next_ts = False
        if self.sample_prob:
            r = self.random.random()
            self.sampling = r < self.sample_prob
        return False

    def execute(self, r):
        if args.import_:
            print_perf(r)
            if args.script_record:
                self.perf = subprocess.Popen([feat.perf, "stat", "report", "-x;", "-i", args.import_],
                                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, **popentext)
                return self.perf.stderr
            self.perf = None
            try:
                f = flex_open_r(args.import_)
            except IOError as e:
                sys.exit("Cannot open file %s: %s" % (args.import_, e))
            if args.subset:
                try:
                    self.handle_inputsubset(f, args.subset)
                except OSError:
                    sys.exit("--subset not supported on compressed or unseekable files.")
                except io.UnsupportedOperation:
                    sys.exit("--subset not supported on compressed or unseekable files.")
            self.inputf = f
            return f

        if args.gen_script:
            gen_script(r)
            sys.exit(0)

        outp, inp = pty.openpty()
        if 'set_inheritable' in os.__dict__:
            os.set_inheritable(inp, 1)
        n = r.index("--log-fd")
        r[n + 1] = "%d" % (inp)
        print_perf(r)
        if args.print:
            sys.exit(0)
        self.perf = subprocess.Popen(r, close_fds=False)
        os.close(inp)
        return os.fdopen(outp, 'r')

    def wait(self):
        ret = 0
        if self.perf:
            ret = self.perf.wait()
            self.perf = None
        return ret

    def __del__(self):
        if self.perf:
            self.perf.kill()

def separator(x):
    if x.startswith("cpu"):
        return ""
    return ":"

def add_filter_event(e):
    if "/" in e and not e.startswith("cpu"):
        return e
    if e == "dummy" or e == "emulation-faults" or e == "duration_time":
        return e
    if ":" in e:
        s = ""
    else:
        s = separator(e)
    if not e.endswith(s + ring_filter):
        return e + s + ring_filter
    return e

def add_filter(s):
    if ring_filter:
        s = list(map(add_filter_event, s))
    return s

def is_cpu_event(s):
    return re.match(r'cpu(_atom|_core)?/', s) is not None

def initialize_event(name, i, e):
    if "." in name or "_" in name and name not in non_json_events:
        eo = e.output(noname=True, noexplode=True)
        ectx.emap.update_event(eo, e)
        ectx.emap.update_event(remove_qual(eo), e) # XXX
        if (e.counter not in ectx.standard_counters and not name.startswith("UNC_")):
            if e.counter.startswith("Fixed"):
                ectx.limited_counters[i] = int(e.counter.split()[2]) + FIXED_BASE
                ectx.fixed_events.add(i)
            elif is_number(e.counter) and int(e.counter) >= 32:
                ectx.limited_counters[i] = int(e.counter) - 32 + FIXED_BASE
                ectx.fixed_events.add(i)
            else:
                # for now use the first counter only to simplify
                # the assignment. This is sufficient for current
                # CPUs
                ectx.limited_counters[i] = int(e.counter.split(",")[0])
            ectx.limited_set.add(i)
        if e.name.upper() in ectx.constraint_fixes:
            e.counter = ectx.constraint_fixes[e.name.upper()]
        if e.counter == ectx.limit4_counters:
            ectx.limit4_events.add(i)
        if e.errata:
            if e.errata not in ectx.errata_whitelist:
                ectx.errata_events[name] = e.errata
            else:
                ectx.errata_warn_events[name] = e.errata
        if ('pebs' in e.__dict__ and e.pebs == 2) or name.startswith("FRONTEND_"):
            ectx.require_pebs_events.add(name)
    else:
        non_json_events.add(i)
    if not is_cpu_event(i) and i not in ectx.fixed_events:
        if not i.startswith("uncore"):
            valid_events.add_event(i)
        if i.startswith("msr/"):
            ectx.sched_ignore_events.add(i)
        else:
            ectx.outgroup_events.add(add_filter_event(i))

def raw_event(i, name="", period=False, nopebs=True, initialize=False):
    e = None
    orig_i = i
    if i == "cycles" and cpu.cpu in hybrid_cpus:
        i = "cpu_clk_unhalted.thread"
    if "." in i or "_" in i and i not in non_json_events:
        if not cpu.ht:
            i = i.replace(":percore", "")
        extramsg = []
        e = ectx.emap.getevent(i, nocheck=event_nocheck, extramsg=extramsg)
        if e is None:
            if i not in ectx.notfound_cache:
                ectx.notfound_cache[i] = extramsg[0]
                print("%s %s" % (i, extramsg[0]), file=sys.stderr)
            return "dummy"
        if has(e, 'perfqual') and not cached_exists("/sys/devices/%s/format/%s"  % (ectx.emap.pmu, e.perfqual)):
            print("%s event not supported in hypervisor or architectural mode" % i, file=sys.stderr)
            return "dummy"

        if re.match("^[0-9]", name):
            name = "T" + name
        if args.filterquals:
            e.filter_qual()
        if nopebs and 'extra' in e.__dict__:
            e.extra = e.extra.replace("p", "")
        i = e.output(noname=True, name=name, period=period, noexplode=True)
    if initialize:
        initialize_event(orig_i, i, e)
    return i

# generate list of converted raw events from events string
def raw_events(evlist, initialize=False):
    return [raw_event(x, initialize=initialize) for x in evlist]

def mark_fixed(s):
    r = raw_event(s)
    if r in ectx.fixed_events:
        return "%s[F]" % s
    return s

def pwrap(s, linelen=70, indent=""):
    print(indent +
          ("\n" + indent).join(
              textwrap.wrap(s, linelen, break_long_words=False)),
          file=sys.stderr)

def pwrap_not_quiet(s, linelen=70, indent=""):
    if not args.quiet:
        pwrap(s, linelen, indent)

def perf_args(evstr, rest):
    add = []
    if args.interval:
        add += ['-I', str(args.interval)]
    return [feat.perf, "stat", "-x;", "--log-fd", "X"] + add + ["-e", evstr] + rest

def setup_perf(evstr, rest):
    prun = PerfRun()
    inf = prun.execute(perf_args(evstr, rest))
    return inf, prun

class Stat(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.total = 0
        self.errors = Counter()

def print_not(a, count, msg, j):
    print(("%s %s %s %.2f%% in %d measurements"
                % (j, j, msg, # XXX rmap again with ectx
                    100.0 * (float(count) / float(a.total)),
                    a.total)),
                file=sys.stderr)

# XXX need to get real ratios from perf
def print_account(ad):
    total = Counter()
    for j in ad:
        a = ad[j]
        for e in a.errors:
            if args.stats:
                print_not(a, a.errors[e], e, j)
            total[e] += 1
    if sum(total.values()) > 0 and not args.quiet:
        print(", ".join(["%d events %s" % (num, e) for e, num in total.items()]),
                file=sys.stderr)

class ValidEvents(object):
    def update(self):
        self.string = "|".join(self.valid_events)

    def __init__(self):
        self.valid_events = [r"cpu(_core|_atom)?/.*?/", "uncore.*?/.*?/", "ref-cycles", "power.*",
                             r"msr.*", "emulation-faults",
                             r"r[0-9a-fA-F]+", "cycles", "instructions", "dummy",
                             "slots", r"topdown-(fe-bound|be-bound|retiring|bad-spec)"]
        self.update()

    def add_event(self, ev):
        if re.match(self.string, ev):
            return
        # add first to overwrite more generic regexprs list r...
        self.valid_events.insert(0, ev)
        self.update()

valid_events = ValidEvents()

def is_event(l, n):
    if len(l) <= n:
        return False
    # use static string to make regexpr caching work
    return re.match(valid_events.string, l[n])

def is_number(n):
    return re.match(r'\d+$', n) is not None

def set_interval(env, d, interval):
    env['interval-ns'] = d * 1e9
    env['interval-ms'] = d * 1e3
    env['interval-s'] = d
    env['interval'] = interval

def key_to_coreid(k):
    x = cpu.cputocore[int(k)]
    return x[0] * 1000 + x[1]

def key_to_socketid(k):
    return cpu.cputocore[int(k)][0]

def core_fmt(core):
    if cpu.sockets > 1:
        return "S%d-C%d" % (core / 1000, core % 1000,)
    return "C%d" % (core % 1000,)

def socket_fmt(j):
    return "S%d" % cpu.cputocore[j][0]

def thread_fmt(j):
    return core_fmt(key_to_coreid(j)) + ("-T%d" % cpu.cputothread[int(j)])

def display_core(cpunum, ignore_thread=False):
    for match in args.core.split(","):
        m = re.match(r'(?P<socket>S\d+)?-?(?P<core>C\d+)?-?(?P<thread>T\d+)?', match, re.I)
        if not m or not any((m.group('core'), m.group('socket'),)):
            sys.exit("Bad core match %s" % match)

        def matching(name, mapping):
            return mapping[cpunum] == int(m.group(name)[1:])
        if m.group('socket') and not matching('socket', cpu.cputosocket):
            continue
        if m.group('core') and cpu.cputocore[cpunum][1] != int(m.group('core')[1:]):
            continue
        if not ignore_thread and m.group('thread') and not matching('thread', cpu.cputothread):
            continue
        return True
    return False

OUTPUT_CORE_THREAD = 0
OUTPUT_CORE = 1
OUTPUT_THREAD = 2
OUTPUT_SOCKET = 3
OUTPUT_GLOBAL = 4

def display_keys(runner, keys, mode, post=""):
    allowed_threads = runner.cpu_list
    if mode == OUTPUT_GLOBAL:
        return ("",)
    if len(keys) > 1 and smt_mode:
        if mode == OUTPUT_SOCKET:
            all_cpus = dedup(map(socket_fmt, allowed_threads))
        else:
            cores = [key_to_coreid(x) for x in keys if int(x) in allowed_threads]
            if mode != OUTPUT_CORE:
                threads = [thread_fmt(x) + post for x in allowed_threads]
            else:
                threads = []
            all_cpus = [core_fmt(x)+post for x in cores] + threads
    else:
        all_cpus = [x + post for x in keys]
    if any(map(package_node, runner.olist)):
        all_cpus += ["S%d" % x for x in range(cpu.sockets)]
    return all_cpus

def verify_rev(rev, cpus):
    for k in cpus:
        for ind, o in enumerate(rev[k]):
            assert o == rev[cpus[0]][ind]
        assert len(rev[k]) == len(rev[cpus[0]])

IDLE_MARKER_THRESHOLD = 0.05

def find_idle_keys(res, rev, idle_thresh):
    cycles = { k: max([0] + [val for val, ev in zip(res[k], rev[k])
                    if ev in ("cycles", "cpu/event=0x3c,umask=0x0,any=1/")])
               for k in res.keys() }
    if not cycles:
        return set()
    max_cycles = max(cycles.values())
    return {k for k in cycles.keys() if cycles[k] < max_cycles * idle_thresh}

def is_idle(cpus, idle_keys):
    return all([("%d" % c) in idle_keys for c in cpus])

def idle_core(core, idle_keys):
    return is_idle(cpu.coreids[core], idle_keys)

def idle_socket(socket, idle_keys):
    return is_idle(cpu.sockettocpus[socket], idle_keys)

# from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4836710/does-python-have-a-built-in-function-for-string-natural-sort
def num_key(s):
    return [int(t) if t.isdigit() else t for t in re.split(r'(\d+)', s)]

def invalid_res(res, key, nothing):
    if len(res) == 0:
        if isinstance(key, list):
            for j in key:
                nothing.add(j)
        else:
            nothing.add(key)
        return True
    return False

def runner_name(r):
    if r.pmu is None:
        return "%d" % (runner_list.index(r))
    return r.pmu.replace("cpu_", "")

default_compute_iter = 3
# override how often to recompute to converge all the thresholds
COMPUTE_ITER = None

def print_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env, mode):
    nothing = set()
    allowed_threads = runner.cpu_list
    def filtered(j):
        return j != "" and is_number(j) and int(j) not in allowed_threads
    core_node = lambda obj: safe_ref(obj, 'domain') in runner.ectx.core_domains
    thread_node = lambda obj: not (core_node(obj) or package_node(obj))

    idle_keys = find_idle_keys(res, rev, runner.idle_threshold)
    idle_mark_keys = find_idle_keys(res, rev, IDLE_MARKER_THRESHOLD)
    printer = runner.printer
    hidden_keys = set()
    stat = runner.stat
    keys = sorted(res.keys(), key=num_key)
    post = ""
    if len(res.keys()) > 1 and len(runner_list) > 1:
        post = "-" + runner_name(runner)
    out.set_cpus(display_keys(runner, keys, mode, post))
    runner.printer.numprint = 0
    if smt_mode:
        printed_cores = set()
        printed_sockets = set()
        for j in list(keys):
            if j != "" and int(j) not in cpu.cputocore:
                warn_once("Warning: input cpu %s not in cpuinfo." % j)
                del res[j]
        keys = sorted(res.keys(), key=num_key)
        for j in keys:
            if filtered(j):
                continue
            sid = key_to_socketid(j)
            core = key_to_coreid(j)
            if mode == OUTPUT_CORE and core in printed_cores:
                continue
            if mode == OUTPUT_SOCKET and sid in printed_sockets:
                continue
            if j in idle_keys:
                hidden_keys.add(j)
                continue

            runner.reset_thresh()

            if mode == OUTPUT_GLOBAL:
                cpus = keys
            elif mode == OUTPUT_SOCKET:
                cpus = [x for x in keys if key_to_socketid(x) == sid and not filtered(x)]
            else:
                cpus = [x for x in keys if key_to_coreid(x) == core and not filtered(x)]
            combined_res = list(zip(*[res[x] for x in cpus]))
            combined_st = [combine_valstat(z)
                  for z in zip(*[valstats[x] for x in cpus])]
            env['num_merged'] = len(cpus)

            if mode in (OUTPUT_CORE,OUTPUT_SOCKET,OUTPUT_GLOBAL):
                merged_res = combined_res
                merged_st = combined_st
            else:
                merged_res = res[j]
                merged_st = valstats[j]

            if invalid_res(merged_res, cpus, nothing):
                continue

            # may need to repeat to get stable threshold values
            # in case of mutual dependencies between SMT and non SMT
            # but don't loop forever (?)
            used_stat = stat
            onemore = False
            iterations = COMPUTE_ITER if COMPUTE_ITER else default_compute_iter
            for _ in range(iterations):
                changed = runner.compute(merged_res, rev[j], merged_st, env, thread_node, used_stat)
                verify_rev(rev, cpus)
                changed += runner.compute(combined_res, rev[cpus[0]], combined_st, env, core_node, used_stat)
                if changed == 0 and COMPUTE_ITER is None:
                    # do always one more so that any thresholds depending on a later node are caught
                    if not onemore:
                        onemore = True
                        continue
                    break
                used_stat = None

            # find bottleneck
            bn = find_bn(runner.olist, not_package_node)

            if mode == OUTPUT_GLOBAL:
                printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, "", not_package_node, bn)
                break
            if mode == OUTPUT_SOCKET:
                printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, socket_fmt(int(j)),
                                  not_package_node, bn, idle_socket(sid, idle_mark_keys))
                printed_sockets.add(sid)
                continue
            if mode == OUTPUT_THREAD:
                runner.compute(res[j], rev[j], valstats[j], env, package_node, stat)
                printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, thread_fmt(int(j))+post, any_node,
                                  bn, j in idle_mark_keys)
                continue

            # per core or mixed core/thread mode

            # print the SMT aware nodes
            if core not in printed_cores:
                printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, core_fmt(core)+post, core_node, bn,
                        idle_core(core, idle_mark_keys))
                printed_cores.add(core)

            # print the non SMT nodes
            if mode == OUTPUT_CORE:
                fmt = core_fmt(core)
                idle = idle_core(core, idle_mark_keys)
            else:
                fmt = thread_fmt(int(j))
                idle = j in idle_mark_keys
            printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, fmt+post, thread_node, bn, idle)
    elif mode != OUTPUT_GLOBAL:
        env['num_merged'] = 1
        for j in keys:
            if filtered(j):
                continue
            if j in idle_keys:
                hidden_keys.add(j)
                continue
            if invalid_res(res[j], j, nothing):
                continue
            runner.reset_thresh()
            runner.compute(res[j], rev[j], valstats[j], env, not_package_node, stat)
            bn = find_bn(runner.olist, not_package_node)
            printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, j+post, not_package_node, bn, j in idle_mark_keys)
    if mode == OUTPUT_GLOBAL:
        env['num_merged'] = 1
        cpus = [x for x in keys if not filtered(x)]
        if cpus:
            combined_res = [sum([res[j][i] for j in cpus])
                            for i in range(len(res[cpus[0]]))]
            combined_st = [combine_valstat([valstats[j][i] for j in cpus])
                           for i in range(len(valstats[cpus[0]]))]
            if smt_mode:
                nodeselect = package_node
            else:
                nodeselect = any_node
            if not invalid_res(combined_res, cpus, nothing):
                runner.reset_thresh()
                runner.compute(combined_res, rev[cpus[0]] if len(cpus) > 0 else [],
                               combined_st, env, nodeselect, stat)
                printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, "all", nodeselect, None, False)
    elif mode != OUTPUT_THREAD:
        packages = set()
        for j in keys:
            if j == "":
                continue
            if is_number(j):
                if filtered(j):
                    continue
                p_id = cpu.cputosocket[int(j)]
                if p_id in packages:
                    continue
                packages.add(p_id)
                jname = "S%d" % p_id
            else:
                jname = j
            if j in idle_keys:
                hidden_keys.add(j)
                continue
            runner.reset_thresh()
            if invalid_res(res[j], j, nothing):
                continue
            runner.compute(res[j], rev[j], valstats[j], env, package_node, stat)
            printer.print_res(runner.olist, out, interval, jname, package_node, None, j in idle_mark_keys)
    # no bottlenecks from package nodes for now
    out.flush()
    stat.referenced_check(res, runner.sched.evnum)
    stat.compute_errors()
    runner.idle_keys |= hidden_keys
    if nothing:
        print("Nothing measured for", " ".join(sorted(nothing)), file=sys.stderr)
    if runner.printer.numprint == 0 and not args.quiet and runner.olist:
        print("No node %scrossed threshold" % (
                "for %s " % runner_name(runner) if len(runner_list) > 1 else ""),file=sys.stderr)

def print_and_split_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env):
    if multi_output():
        if args.per_thread:
            out.remark("Per thread")
            out.reset("thread")
            print_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env, OUTPUT_THREAD)
        if args.per_core:
            out.remark("Per core")
            out.reset("core")
            print_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env, OUTPUT_CORE)
        if args.per_socket:
            out.remark("Per socket")
            out.reset("socket")
            print_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env, OUTPUT_SOCKET)
        if args.global_:
            out.remark("Global")
            out.reset("global")
            print_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env, OUTPUT_GLOBAL)
    else:
        if args.split_output:
            sys.exit("--split-output needs --per-thread / --global / --per-socket / --per-core")
        mode = OUTPUT_CORE_THREAD
        if args.per_thread:
            mode = OUTPUT_THREAD
        elif args.per_core:
            mode = OUTPUT_CORE
        elif args.per_socket:
            mode = OUTPUT_SOCKET
        elif args.global_:
            mode = OUTPUT_GLOBAL
        print_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env, mode)

def print_check_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env):
    if res and all([sum(res[k]) == 0.0 and len(res[k]) > 0 for k in res.keys()]) and cpu.cpu == cpu.realcpu:
        if args.subset:
            return
        if len(runner_list) == 1:
            sys.exit("All measured values 0. perf broken?")
        else:
            print("Measured values for %s all 0" % runner_name(runner), file=sys.stderr)
            return
    if args.interval and interval is None:
        interval = float('nan')
    if not args.no_output:
        print_and_split_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env)

def print_summary(summary, out):
    if args.perf_summary:
        p = summary.summary_perf
        for sv in zip_longest(*p.values()):
            for ind, title in enumerate(p.keys()):
                r = sv[ind]
                l = []
                if args.interval:
                    l.append("\tSUMMARY")
                if full_system:
                    l.append(("CPU" + title) if re.match(r'\d+$', title) else title)
                if output_numcpus:
                    l.append("0") # XXX
                if r is None:
                    continue
                if is_number(title):
                    cpunum = int(title)
                    if (r[2].startswith("uncore") or r[2].startswith("power")) and (
                            cpunum != cpu.sockettocpus[cpu.cputosocket[cpunum]][0]):
                        continue
                    if r[2].startswith("duration_time") and cpunum != 0 and not args.cpu and not args.core:
                        continue
                args.perf_summary.write(";".join(l + ["%f" % r[0], r[1],
                                                      r[2], "%f" % r[3],
                                                      "%.2f" % r[4], "", ""]) + "\n")

    if not args.summary:
        return
    for runner, res, rev in runner_split(runner_list, summary.res, summary.rev):
        print_and_split_keys(runner, res, rev,
                         summary.valstats, out,
                         float('nan'), summary.env)

def is_outgroup(x):
    return set(x) - ectx.outgroup_events == set()

class SaveContext(object):
    """Save (some) environment context, in this case stdin seek offset to make < file work
       when we reexecute the workload multiple times."""
    def __init__(self):
        try:
            self.startoffset = sys.stdin.tell()
        except OSError:
            self.startoffset = None
        except IOError:
            self.startoffset = None

    def restore(self):
        if self.startoffset is not None:
            sys.stdin.seek(self.startoffset)

def execute_no_multiplex(runner_list, out, rest, summary):
    results = []
    groups = []
    num_outg = 0
    for runner in runner_list:
        groups += [g.evnum for g in runner.sched.evgroups]
        num_outg += sum([g.outgroup for g in runner.sched.evgroups])
    num_runs = len(groups) - num_outg
    outg = []
    n = 0
    ctx = SaveContext()
    resoff = Counter()
    RES, REV, INTERVAL, VALSTATS, ENV = range(5)
    ret = 0
    # runs could be further reduced by tweaking
    # the scheduler to avoid any duplicated events
    for runner in runner_list:
        groups = [g.evnum for g in runner.sched.evgroups]
        for g, gg in zip(groups, runner.sched.evgroups):
            if gg.outgroup:
                outg.append(g)
                continue
            print("RUN #%d of %d%s: %s" % (n + 1, num_runs,
                " for %s" % runner_name(runner) if len(runner_list) > 1 else "",
                " ".join([quote(o.name) for o in gg.objl])))
            lresults = results if n == 0 else []
            res = None
            events = outg + [g]
            runner.set_ectx()
            evstr = group_join(events)
            flat_events = flatten(events)
            flat_rmap = [event_rmap(e) for e in flat_events]
            runner.clear_ectx()
            for ret, res, rev, interval, valstats, env in do_execute(
                    [runner],
                    summary, runner.cpu_list, evstr, flat_rmap,
                    out, rest, resoff, flat_events):
                ret = max(ret, ret)
                lresults.append([res, rev, interval, valstats, env])
            if res:
                for t in res.keys():
                    resoff[t] += len(res[t])
            if n > 0:
                if len(lresults) != len(results):
                    print("Original run had %d intervals, this run has %d. "
                          "Workload run time not stable?" %
                          (len(lresults), len(results)), file=sys.stderr)
                    if len(lresults) > len(results):
                        # throw away excessive intervals
                        lresults = lresults[:len(results)]
                    else:
                        # fill the missing intervals with dummy data
                        v = lresults[0]
                        for ind, _ in enumerate(results):
                            if ind >= len(lresults):
                                lresults.append([dummy_dict(v[RES]),
                                                 v[REV],
                                                 v[INTERVAL],
                                                 dummy_dict(v[RES], ValStat(0,0)),
                                                 v[ENV]])
                    assert len(lresults) == len(results)
                i = 0
                for r, lr in zip(results, lresults):
                    for j in (RES, REV, VALSTATS):
                        append_dict(r[j], lr[j])
                    i += 1
            ctx.restore()
            outg = []
            n += 1
    assert num_runs == n
    for res, rev, interval, valstats, env in results:
        if summary:
            summary.add(res, rev, valstats, env)
        for runner, res, rev in runner_split(runner_list, res, rev):
            print_check_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env)
    return ret

def runner_split(runner_list, res, rev):
    for r in runner_list:
        if len(res.keys()) == 1 and "" in res:
            off = r.sched.offset
            end = off + len(r.sched.evnum)
            yield r, { "": res[""][off:end]}, { "": rev[""][off:end] }
        elif r.cpu_list:
            d = defaultdict(list)
            d.update({ "%d" % k: res["%d" % k] for k in r.cpu_list })
            yield r, d, rev
        else:
            yield r, res, rev

def execute(runner_list, out, rest, summary):
    evstr, flat_events, flat_rmap = "", [], []
    allowed_threads = []
    seen_cpus = set()
    for runner in runner_list:
        new_events = [x.evnum for x in runner.sched.evgroups if len(x.evnum) > 0]
        if len(new_events) == 0:
            continue
        runner.set_ectx()
        if evstr:
            evstr += ","
        evstr += group_join(new_events)
        new_flat_events = flatten(new_events)
        flat_events += new_flat_events
        flat_rmap += [event_rmap(e) for e in new_flat_events]
        runner.clear_ectx()
        for cpu in runner.cpu_list:
            if cpu not in seen_cpus:
                allowed_threads.append(cpu)
                seen_cpus.add(cpu)
    ctx = SaveContext()
    for ret, res, rev, interval, valstats, env in do_execute(
            runner_list, summary,
            allowed_threads, evstr, flat_rmap, out, rest, Counter(), None):
        if summary:
            summary.add(res, rev, valstats, env)
        for runner, res, rev in runner_split(runner_list, res, rev):
            print_check_keys(runner, res, rev, valstats, out, interval, env)
    ctx.restore()
    return ret

def find_group(num):
    offset = 0
    for runner in runner_list:
        if num - offset < len(runner.sched.evnum):
            break
        offset += len(runner.sched.evnum)
    num -= offset
    groups = runner.sched.evgroups
    g = groups[bisect.bisect_right(groups, GroupCmp(num)) - 1]
    if g.base <= num < g.base + len(g.evnum):
        return g
    warn("group for event %d not found" % num)
    return None

def dump_raw(valcsv, interval, title, event, ename, val, index, stddev, multiplex):
    if index < 0:
        return
    g = find_group(index)
    if g is None:
        return
    nodes = " ".join(sorted([o.name.replace(" ", "_") for o in g.objl if event in o.evnum]))
    if args.raw:
        print("raw", title, "event", event, "val", val, "ename", ename, "index",
                index, "group", g.num, "nodes", nodes)
    if args.valcsv:
        valcsv.writerow((interval, title, g.num, ename, val, event, index,
                                stddev, multiplex, nodes))
def group_join(events):
    e = ""
    last = None
    sep = ""
    for j in events:
        e += sep
        # add dummy event to separate identical events to avoid merging
        # in perf stat
        if last == j[0] and sep:
            e += "emulation-faults,"
        e += event_group(j)
        sep = ","
        last = j[-1]
    return e

def update_perf_summary(summary, off, title, val, event, unit, multiplex):
    if title not in summary.summary_perf:
        summary.summary_perf[title] = []
    if len(summary.summary_perf[title]) <= off:
        summary.summary_perf[title].append([val, unit, event, 0, multiplex])
    else:
        r = summary.summary_perf[title][off]
        r[0] += val
        assert r[1] == unit
        assert r[2] == event or event == "dummy"
        r[3] = min(r[3], multiplex)

def find_runner(rlist, off, title, event):
    if len(rlist) == 1:
        return rlist[0], off
    for r in rlist:
        if title == "":
            if r.sched.offset <= off < r.sched.offset+len(r.sched.evnum):
                return r, off - r.sched.offset
        elif r.cpu_list:
            for k in r.cpu_list:
                if title == "%d" % k:
                    # For hybrid, non cpu events like msr/tsc/ get expanded over all CPUs.
                    # and leak into the other runner who doesn't know anything about them.
                    if (not event.startswith("cpu") and
                            (off >= len(r.sched.evnum) or
                             event != r.sched.evnum[off])):
                        return None, 0
                    return r, off
        else:
            return r, off
    assert 0

def check_event(rlist, event, off, title, prev_interval, l, revnum, linenum):
    r, off = find_runner(rlist, off, title, event)
    if r is None:
        return r
    if revnum is None:
        revnum = r.sched.evnum
    if event.startswith("uncore"):
        event = re.sub(r'_[0-9]+', '', event)
    expected_ev = remove_qual(revnum[off])
    if event != expected_ev:
        # work around perf bug that incorrectly expands uncore events in some versions
        if off > 0 and event == remove_qual(revnum[off - 1]):
            return None
        print("Event in input does not match schedule (%s vs expected %s [pmu:%s/ind:%d/tit:%s/int:%f+%d])." % (
                event, expected_ev, r.pmu, off, title, prev_interval, linenum),
                file=sys.stderr)
        sys.stdout.write(l)
        if args.import_:
            sys.exit("Different arguments than original toplev?")
        sys.exit("Input corruption")
    return r

def do_execute(rlist, summary, allowed_threads, evstr, flat_rmap, out, rest, resoff, revnum):
    res = defaultdict(list)
    rev = defaultdict(list)
    skipped = Counter()
    valstats = defaultdict(list)
    env = dict()
    account = defaultdict(Stat)
    inf, prun = setup_perf(evstr, rest)
    prev_interval = 0.0
    interval = None
    interval_dur = 0.0
    linenum = 1
    if not args.import_ and not args.interval:
        start = time.time()
    while True:
        try:
            prun.store_offset()
            l = inf.readline()
            origl = l
            if not l:
                break

            # some perf versions break CSV output lines incorrectly for power events
            if l.endswith("Joules"):
                l2 = inf.readline()
                l = l + l2.strip()
            if l.startswith("#") or l.strip() == "":
                linenum += 1
                continue
        except OSError:
            # handle pty EIO
            break
        except IOError:
            break
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            continue
        if re.match(r'^(Timestamp|Value|Location)', l):
            # header generated by toplev in import mode. ignore.
            linenum += 1
            continue
        if prun.skip_first_line():
            continue
        if args.interval:
            m = re.match(r"\s+([0-9.]{9,}|SUMMARY);(.*)", l)
            if m:
                interval = float(m.group(1)) if m.group(1) != "SUMMARY" else 0.0
                l = m.group(2)
                if interval != prev_interval:
                    linenum = 1
                    # skip the first because we can't tell when it started
                    if prev_interval != 0.0 and prun.next_timestamp():
                        interval_dur = interval - prev_interval
                        interval = prev_interval
                        break
                    if res:
                        interval_dur = interval - prev_interval
                        set_interval(env, interval_dur, prev_interval)
                        yield 0, res, rev, prev_interval, valstats, env
                        res = defaultdict(list)
                        rev = defaultdict(list)
                        valstats = defaultdict(list)
                    prev_interval = interval
                    start = interval
            elif not l[:1].isspace():
                # these are likely bogus summary lines printed by v5.8 perf stat
                # just ignore
                continue

        if prun.skip_input():
            continue
        if args.perf_output:
            args.perf_output.write(origl.rstrip() + "\n")

        n = l.split(";")

        # filter out the empty unit field added by 3.14
        n = [x for x in n if x not in ('', 'Joules', 'ns')]

        # timestamp is already removed
        # -a --per-socket socket,numcpus,count,event,...
        # -a --per-core core,numcpus,count,event,...
        # -a -A cpu,count,event,...
        # count,event,...
        if is_event(n, 1):
            title, count, event, off = "", n[0], n[1], 2
        elif is_event(n, 3):
            title, count, event, off = n[0], n[2], n[3], 4
        elif is_event(n, 2):
            title, count, event, off = n[0], n[1], n[2], 3
        else:
            warn("unparseable perf output\n%s" % origl.rstrip())
            linenum += 1
            continue

        # dummy event used as separator to avoid merging problems
        if event.startswith("emulation-faults"):
            linenum += 1
            continue

        title = title.replace("CPU", "")

        # code later relies on stripping ku flags
        event = remove_qual(event)

        runner = check_event(rlist, event, len(res[title]) + skipped[title],
                title, prev_interval, origl, revnum, linenum)
        if runner is None:
            skipped[title] += 1
            linenum += 1
            continue

        multiplex = float('nan')
        event = event.rstrip()
        if re.match(r"\s*[0-9.]+", count):
            val = float(count)
        elif re.match(r"\s*<", count):
            account[event].errors[count.replace("<","").replace(">","")] += 1
            multiplex = 0.
            val = 0
        else:
            warn("unparseable perf count\n%s" % l.rstrip())
            linenum += 1
            continue

        # post fixes:
        # ,xxx%    -> -rXXX stddev
        stddev = 0.
        if len(n) > off and n[off].endswith("%"):
            stddev = (float(n[off].replace("%", "").replace(",", ".")) / 100.) * val
            off += 1

        # ,xxx,yyy -> multiplexing in newer perf
        if len(n) > off + 1:
            multiplex = float(n[off + 1].replace(",", "."))
            off += 2

        st = ValStat(stddev=stddev, multiplex=multiplex)

        account[event].total += 1

        def ignored_cpu(num):
            return num not in runner.cpu_list and (num not in cpu.cputocore or not any(
                    [k in runner.cpu_list for k in cpu.coreids[cpu.cputocore[num]]]))

        def add(t):
            if runner.cpu_list and is_number(title) and ignored_cpu(int(title)):
                return

            res[t].append(val)
            rev[t].append(event)
            valstats[t].append(st)
            if args.perf_summary:
                # XXX add unit, enabled, num-cpus
                assert len(res[t]) == len(rev[t])
                update_perf_summary(summary, resoff[t] + len(res[t]) - 1, t, val, event, "", multiplex)

        def dup_val(l):
            for j in l:
                if j in allowed_threads:
                    add("%d" % j)

        # power/uncore events are only output once for every socket
        if (re.match(r'power|uncore', event) and
                is_number(title) and
                (not ((args.core or args.cpu) and not args.single_thread))):
            cpunum = int(title)
            socket = cpu.cputosocket[cpunum]
            dup_val(cpu.sockettocpus[socket])
        # per core events are only output once per core
        elif re.match(r'(S\d+-)?(D\d+-)?C\d+', title) and (smt_mode or args.no_aggr):
            m = re.match(r'(?:S(\d+)-)?(?:D(\d+)-)?C(\d+)', title)
            if m.group(2): # XXX
                warn_once("die topology not supported currently")
            socket, core = int(m.group(1)), int(m.group(3))
            dup_val(cpu.coreids[(socket, core)])
        # duration time is only output once, except with --cpu/-C (???)
        elif event.startswith("duration_time") and is_number(title) and not args.cpu and not args.core:
            dup_val(runner.cpu_list if runner.cpu_list else allowed_threads)
        else:
            add(title)

        linenum += 1

        if args.raw or args.valcsv:
            dump_raw(out.valcsv,
                     interval if args.interval else "",
                     title,
                     event,
                     flat_rmap[len(res[title])-1] if len(runner_list) == 1 else event_rmap(event), # XXX
                     val,
                     len(res[title]) - 1,
                     stddev, multiplex)

    inf.close()
    if not args.import_ and not args.interval:
        set_interval(env, time.time() - start, start)
    elif args.interval:
        set_interval(env, interval_dur if interval_dur else args.interval/1000.,
                     interval if interval else float('NaN'))
    else:
        print("warning: cannot determine time duration. Per second metrics may be wrong. Use -Ixxx.",
                file=sys.stderr)
        set_interval(env, 0, 0)
    ret = prun.wait()
    print_account(account)
    yield ret, res, rev, interval, valstats, env

# dummy arithmetic type without any errors, for collecting
# the events from the model. Otherwise divisions by zero cause
# early exits
class DummyArith(object):
    def __sub__(self, o):
        return self
    def __add__(self, o):
        return self
    def __mul__(self, o):
        return self
    def __div__(self, o):
        return self
    def __truediv__(self, o):
        return self
    def __rsub__(self, o):
        return self
    def __radd__(self, o):
        return self
    def __rmul__(self, o):
        return self
    def __rdiv__(self, o):
        return self
    def __rtruediv__(self, o):
        return self
    def __lt__(self, o):
        return True
    def __eq__(self, o):
        return True
    def __ne__(self, o):
        return True
    def __ge__(self, o):
        return True
    def __gt__(self, o):
        return True
    def __or__(self, o):
        return self
    def __and__(self, o):
        return self
    def __min__(self, o):
        return self
    def __max__(self, o):
        return self

run_l1_parallel = False # disabled for now until we can fix the perf scheduler

def adjust_ev(ev, level):
    # use the programmable slots for non L1 so that level 1
    # can (mostly) run in parallel with other groups.
    # this also helps for old or non ICL kernels
    if ev == "TOPDOWN.SLOTS" and ((run_l1_parallel and level != 1) or not ectx.slots_available):
        ev = "TOPDOWN.SLOTS_P"
    return ev

def ev_collect(ev, level, obj):
    if isinstance(ev, types.LambdaType):
        return ev(lambda ev, level: ev_collect(ev, level, obj), level)
    if ev == "mux":
        return DummyArith()
    if ev.startswith("interval-"):
        if not feat.supports_duration_time:
            return DummyArith()
        ev = "duration_time"

    ev = adjust_ev(ev, level)

    key = (ev, level, obj.name)
    if key not in obj.evlevels:
        if ev == "TOPDOWN.SLOTS" or ev.startswith("PERF_METRICS."):
            ind = [x[1] == level for x in obj.evlevels]
            ins = ind.index(True) if any(ind) else 0
            obj.evlevels.insert(ins + (0 if ev == "TOPDOWN.SLOTS" else 1), key)
        else:
            obj.evlevels.append(key)
        if safe_ref(obj, 'nogroup') or ev == "duration_time":
            ectx.outgroup_events.add(ev.lower())
    return DummyArith()

def canon_event(e):
    m = re.match(r"(.*?):(.*)", e)
    if m:
        e = m.group(1)
    return e.lower()

def find_runner_by_pmu(pmu):
    for r in runner_list:
        if r.pmu == pmu:
            return r
    return None

def event_pmu(ev):
    m = re.match(r'(.*?)/', ev)
    if m:
        return m.group(1)
    return None

def event_ectx(ev):
    pmu = event_pmu(ev)
    if pmu:
        r = find_runner_by_pmu(pmu)
        if r:
            return r.ectx
    return ectx if ectx else runner_list[0].ectx

def do_event_rmap(e, ectx_):
    n = canon_event(ectx_.emap.getperf(e))
    if ectx_.emap.getevent(n, nocheck=event_nocheck):
        return n
    if e in non_json_events:
        return e
    print("rmap: cannot find %s, using dummy" % e, file=sys.stderr)
    return "dummy"

def event_rmap(e):
    ectx_ = event_ectx(e)
    if e in ectx_.rmap_cache:
        return ectx_.rmap_cache[e]
    n = do_event_rmap(e, ectx_)
    ectx_.rmap_cache[e] = n
    return n

def iscycles(ev):
    return ev == "cycles" or ev == "cpu_clk_unhalted.thread"

# compare events to handle name aliases
def compare_event(aname, bname):
    # XXX this should be handled in ocperf
    if iscycles(aname) and iscycles(bname):
        return True
    a = ectx.emap.getevent(aname, nocheck=event_nocheck)
    if a is None:
        return False
    b = ectx.emap.getevent(bname, nocheck=event_nocheck)
    if b is None:
        return False
    fields = ('val','event','cmask','edge','inv')
    return map_fields(a, fields) == map_fields(b, fields)

def lookup_res(res, rev, ev, obj, env, level, referenced, cpuoff, st):
    """get measurement result, possibly wrapping in UVal"""

    ev = adjust_ev(ev, level)

    if isinstance(ev, str) and ev.startswith("interval") and feat.supports_duration_time:
        scale = { "interval-s":  1e9,
                  "interval-ns": 1,
                  "interval-ms": 1e6 }[ev]
        return lookup_res(res, rev, "duration_time", obj, env, level, referenced, cpuoff, st)/scale

    if ev in env:
        return env[ev]
    if ev == "mux":
        return min([s.multiplex for s in st])
    #
    # when the model passed in a lambda run the function for each logical cpu
    # (by resolving its EVs to only that CPU)
    # and then sum up. This is needed for the workarounds to make various
    # per thread counters at least as big as unhalted cycles.
    #
    # otherwise we always sum up.
    #
    if isinstance(ev, types.LambdaType):
        return sum([ev(lambda ev, level:
                  lookup_res(res, rev, ev, obj, env, level, referenced, off, st), level)
                  for off in range(env['num_merged'])])

    index = obj.res_map[(ev, level, obj.name)]
    referenced.add(index)
    #print((ev, level, obj.name), "->", index)
    if not args.fast:
        try:
            r = rev[index]
        except IndexError:
            warn_once("Not enough lines in perf output for rev (%d vs %d for %s) at %s" %
                    (index, len(rev), obj.name, env['interval']))
            return 0
        rmap_ev = event_rmap(r).lower()
        ev = ev.lower()
        assert (rmap_ev == canon_event(ev).replace("/k", "/") or
                compare_event(rmap_ev, ev) or
                rmap_ev == "dummy")

    try:
        vv = res[index]
    except IndexError:
        warn_once("Not enough lines in perf output for res (%d vs %d for %s) at %s" %
                (index, len(res), obj.name, env['interval']))
        return 0.0
    if isinstance(vv, tuple):
        if cpuoff == -1:
            vv = sum(vv)
        else:
            try:
                vv = vv[cpuoff]
            except IndexError:
                warn_once("warning: Partial CPU thread data from perf for %s" %
                        obj.name)
                return 0.0
    if st[index].stddev or st[index].multiplex != 100.0:
        return UVal(name=ev, value=vv, stddev=st[index].stddev, mux=st[index].multiplex)
    return vv

class BadEvent(Exception):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super(Exception, self).__init__()
        self.event = name

# XXX check for errata
def sample_event(e, emap):
    ev = emap.getevent(e, nocheck=event_nocheck)
    if not ev:
        raise BadEvent(e)
    postfix = ring_filter
    if ev.pebs and int(ev.pebs):
        postfix = "pp"
    if postfix:
        postfix = ":" + postfix
    return ev.name + postfix

def sample_desc(s, emap):
    try:
        return " ".join([sample_event(x, emap) for x in s])
    except BadEvent as e:
        warn_once_no_assert("Unknown sample event %s" % (e.event))
        return ""

def get_level(x):
    return x[1]

def get_levels(evlev):
    return [x[1] for x in evlev]

def get_names(evlev):
    return [x[0] for x in evlev]

def full_name(obj):
    name = obj.name
    while 'parent' in obj.__dict__ and obj.parent:
        obj = obj.parent
        name = obj.name + "." + name
    return name

def package_node(obj):
    return safe_ref(obj, 'domain') in ("Package", "SystemMetric")

def not_package_node(obj):
    return not package_node(obj)

def core_node(obj):
    return safe_ref(obj, 'domain') in ectx.core_domains

def thread_node(obj):
    if package_node(obj):
        return False
    if core_node(obj):
        return False
    return True

def any_node(obj):
    return True

def obj_domain(obj):
    return obj.domain.replace("Estimated", "est").replace("Calculated", "calc")

def metric_unit(obj):
    if has(obj, 'unit'):
        return obj.unit
    if has(obj, 'domain'):
        return obj_domain(obj).replace("SystemMetric", "SysMetric")
    return "Metric"

def obj_desc(obj, sep="\n\t"):
    desc = obj.desc[1:].replace("\n", sep)

    # by default limit to first sentence
    if not args.long_desc and "." in desc:
        desc = desc[:desc.find(".") + 1] + ".."

    return desc

# only check direct children, the rest are handled recursively
def children_over(l, obj):
    n = [o.thresh for o in l if 'parent' in o.__dict__ and o.parent == obj]
    return any(n)

def obj_desc_runtime(obj, rest, sep="\n\t"):
    # hide description if children are also printed
    if children_over(rest, obj):
        desc = ""
    else:
        desc = obj_desc(obj)
    if 'htoff' in obj.__dict__ and obj.htoff and obj.thresh and cpu.ht and not args.single_thread:
        desc += """
Warning: Hyper Threading may lead to incorrect measurements for this node.
Suggest to re-measure with HT off (run cputop.py "thread == 1" offline | sh)."""
    return desc

def node_filter(obj, default, sibmatch):
    if args.nodes:
        fname = full_name(obj)
        name = obj.name

        def _match(m):
            return (fnmatch(name, m) or
                    fnmatch(fname, m) or
                    fnmatch(fname, "*." + m))

        def match(m, checklevel=True):
            if m.endswith("^"):
                m = m[:-1]
            r = re.match("(.*)/([0-9]+)", m)
            if r:
                level = int(r.group(2))
                if checklevel and obj.level > level:
                    return False
                m = r.group(1)
            return _match(m)

        def has_siblings(j, obj):
            return j.endswith("^") and 'sibling' in obj.__dict__ and obj.sibling

        nodes = args.nodes
        if nodes[0] == '!':
            default = False
            nodes = nodes[1:]

        for j in nodes.split(","):
            i = 0
            if j[0] == '^' or j[0] == '-':
                if match(j[1:]):
                    return False
                continue
            elif j[0] == '+':
                i += 1

            if match(j[i:], True):
                if has_siblings(j, obj):
                    sibmatch |= set(obj.sibling)
                return True
            if has_siblings(j, obj):
                for sib in obj.sibling:
                    fname = full_name(sib)
                    name = sib.name
                    if match(j[i:], False):
                        sibmatch.add(obj)
                        return True
    return default

SIB_THRESH = 0.05

def _find_bn(bn, level):
    siblings = sorted([x for x in bn if x.level - 1 == level], key=lambda x: x.val, reverse=True)
    if len(siblings) == 0:
        return None
    # ambigious
    if level > 0 and len(siblings) > 1 and siblings[0].val - siblings[1].val <= SIB_THRESH:
        return None
    n = _find_bn([x for x in bn if full_name(x).startswith(full_name(siblings[0]))], level + 1)
    if n is None:
        return siblings[0]
    return n

def find_bn(olist, match):
    bn = [o for o in olist if match(o) and not o.metric]
    if args.force_bn:
        bn = sorted([o for o in olist if o.name in args.force_bn], key=lambda x: x.level, reverse=True)
        if bn:
            return bn[0]
    bn = [o for o in olist if o.thresh]
    if not bn:
        return None
    return _find_bn(bn, 0)

pmu_does_not_exist = set()

# XXX check if PMU can be accessed from current user
def missing_pmu(e):
    if event_nocheck:
        return False
    m = re.match(r"([a-z0-9_]+)/", e)
    if m:
        pmu = m.group(1)
        if pmu in pmu_does_not_exist:
            return True
        if not os.path.isdir("/sys/devices/%s" % pmu):
            pmu_does_not_exist.add(pmu)
            return True
    return False

def query_errata(obj, errata_events, errata_nodes, errata_names):
    errata = [errata_events[x] for x in obj.evlist if x in errata_events]
    if any(errata):
        errata_nodes.add(obj)
        errata_names |= set(errata)

def olist_by_metricgroup(l, mg):
    valid = set(l)
    visited = set()
    ml = []
    for obj in l:
        if obj in visited:
            continue

        def add(obj):
            if obj not in visited:
                ml.append(obj)
                visited.add(obj)

        if has(obj, 'metricgroup'):
            for g in obj.metricgroup:
                for j in mg[g]:
                    if j in valid:
                        add(j)
        add(obj)
    return ml

def node_unit(obj):
    return (" " + obj_domain(obj)) if has(obj, 'domain') else ""

def node_below(obj):
    return not obj.thresh

class Summary(object):
    """Accumulate counts for summary."""
    def __init__(self):
        self.res = defaultdict(list)
        self.rev = defaultdict(list)
        self.env = Counter()
        self.valstats = defaultdict(list)
        self.summary_perf = OrderedDict()

    def add(self, res, rev, valstats, env):
        for j in sorted(res.keys()):
            for ind, val in enumerate(res[j]):
                if ind < len(self.res[j]):
                    self.res[j][ind] += val
                    self.valstats[j][ind] = combine_valstat([self.valstats[j][ind], valstats[j][ind]])
                else:
                    self.res[j].append(val)
                    self.valstats[j].append(valstats[j][ind])
        if len(rev.keys()) == 1:
            append_dict(self.rev, rev)
        else:
            self.rev.update(rev)
        for j in env.keys():
            self.env[j] += env[j]

def parse_metric_group(l, mg):
    if l is None:
        return [], []

    add, rem = [], []
    for n in l.split(","):
        if n[0:1] == '-' or n[0:1] == '^':
            if n[1:] not in mg:
                print("metric group", n[1:], "not found", file=sys.stderr)
                continue
            rem += [x.name for x in mg[n[1:]]]
            continue
        if n[0:1] == '+':
            n = n[1:]
        if n not in mg:
            print("metric group", n, "not found", file=sys.stderr)
            continue
        add += [x.name for x in mg[n]]
    return add, rem

def obj_area(obj):
    return obj.area if has(obj, 'area') and not args.no_area else None

def get_parents(obj):
    def get_par(obj):
        return obj.parent if 'parent' in obj.__dict__ else None
    p = get_par(obj)
    l = []
    while p:
        l.append(p)
        p = get_par(p)
    return l

def quote(s):
    if " " in s:
        return '"' + s + '"'
    return s

class Group(object):
    def __init__(self, evnum, objl, num, outgroup=False):
        self.evnum = evnum
        self.base = -1
        self.objl = set(objl)
        self.outgroup = outgroup
        self.num = num

class GroupCmp(object):
    def __init__(self, v):
        self.v = v
    def __lt__(self, g):
        return self.v < g.base

# Control whether even unrelated groups can be merged
any_merge = True

# Interleave uncore events between CPU groups
distribute_uncore = False

def grab_group(l):
    if needed_counters(l) <= ectx.counters:
        return len(l)
    n = 1
    while needed_counters(l[:n]) < ectx.counters and n < len(l):
        n += 1
    if needed_counters(l[:n]) > ectx.counters and n > 0:
        n -= 1
        assert needed_counters(l[:n]) <= ectx.counters
    return n

def update_group_map(evnum, obj, group):
    for lev in obj.evlevels:
        r = raw_event(lev[0])
        # can happen during splitting
        # the update of the other level will fix it
        if r in evnum and lev not in obj.group_map:
            obj.group_map[lev] = (group, evnum.index(r))

def do_distribute_uncore(evgroups):
    cg = [g for g in evgroups if not g.outgroup]
    og = [g for g in evgroups if g.outgroup]
    return [x for x in chain(*zip_longest(cg, og)) if x is not None]

def gen_res_map(solist):
    for obj in solist:
        for k in obj.group_map.keys():
            gr = obj.group_map[k]
            obj.res_map[k] = gr[0].base + gr[1]

def print_group(g):
    evkeys = [k for o in g.objl for k in o.group_map.keys() if o.group_map[k][0] == g]
    objnames = {("%s" % quote(x[2])) + ("[%d]" % x[1] if x[1] else "") for x in evkeys}
    if len(objnames) == 0:
        return
    evnames = {mark_fixed(x[0]) for x in evkeys}
    pwrap(" ".join(objnames) + ":", 78)
    pwrap(" ".join(evnames).lower() +
          (" [%d counters]" % needed_counters(g.evnum)) +
          (" [%d]" % g.base if args.debug else ""), 75, "  ")

class Scheduler(object):
    """Schedule events into groups."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.evnum = [] # flat global list
        self.evgroups = [] # of Group
        self.og_groups = dict()
        # list of groups that still have generic counters, for faster
        # duplicate checks
        self.evgroups_nf = []
        self.nextgnum = 0

    # should avoid adding those in the first place instead
    def dummy_unreferenced(self, olist):
        refs = defaultdict(set)
        for o in olist:
            for g, ind in o.group_map.values():
                refs[g].add(ind)
        for g in self.evgroups:
            ref = refs[g]
            if len(ref) < len(g.evnum):
                for i in range(len(g.evnum)):
                    if i not in ref:
                        test_debug_print("unreferenced %s %s [%d] %s" % (g.evnum[i],
                                         event_rmap(g.evnum[i]), i,
                                         " ".join([o.name for o in g.objl])))
                        g.evnum[i] = "dummy"

    def split_groups(self, obj, evlev):
        for lev, evl in groupby(sorted(evlev, key=get_level), get_level):
            evlev = list(evl)
            evnum = [raw_event(x[0]) for x in evlev]
            while evlev:
                n = grab_group(evnum)
                self.add(obj, evnum[:n], None)
                evlev = evlev[n:]
                evnum = evnum[n:]

    def add_duplicate(self, evnum, obj):
        evset = set(evnum)
        num_gen = num_generic_counters(evset)
        full = set()

        for g in reversed(self.evgroups_nf if num_gen else self.evgroups):
            if g.outgroup:
                continue

            #
            # In principle we should only merge if there is any overlap,
            # otherwise completely unrelated nodes get merged. But the perf
            # scheduler isn't very good at handling smaller groups, and
            # with eventual exclusive use we would like as big groups as
            # possible. Still keep it as a --tune option to play around.
            if ((any_merge or not evset.isdisjoint(g.evnum)) and
                  needed_counters(cat_unique(g.evnum, evnum)) <= ectx.counters):
                obj_debug_print(obj, "add_duplicate %s %s in %s obj %s to group %d" % (
                    " ".join(evnum),
                    " ".join(list(map(event_rmap, evnum))),
                    " ".join(g.evnum),
                    obj.name,
                    g.num))
                for k in evnum:
                    if k not in g.evnum:
                        g.evnum.append(k)
                g.objl.add(obj)
                update_group_map(g.evnum, obj, g)
                return True

            # memorize already full groups
            elif num_generic_counters(set(g.evnum)) >= ectx.counters:
                full.add(g)
        if full:
            self.evgroups_nf = [g for g in self.evgroups_nf if g not in full]

        return False

    def add(self, obj, evnum, evlev):
        # does not fit into a group.
        if needed_counters(evnum) > ectx.counters:
            self.split_groups(obj, evlev)
            return
        evnum = dedup(evnum)
        if not self.add_duplicate(evnum, obj):
            g = Group(evnum, [obj], self.nextgnum)
            obj_debug_print(obj, "add %s %s to group %d" % (evnum, list(map(event_rmap, evnum)), g.num))
            self.nextgnum += 1
            self.evgroups.append(g)
            self.evgroups_nf.append(g)
            update_group_map(evnum, obj, g)

    def add_outgroup(self, obj, evnum):
        obj_debug_print(obj, "add_outgroup %s" % evnum)
        for ev in evnum:
            if ev in self.og_groups:
                g = self.og_groups[ev]
                g.objl.add(obj)
            else:
                g = Group([ev], [obj], self.nextgnum, True)
                self.nextgnum += 1
                self.og_groups[ev] = g
                self.evgroups.append(g)
                self.evgroups_nf.append(g)
            update_group_map([ev], obj, g)

    def allocate_bases(self):
        base = 0
        for g in self.evgroups:
            g.base = base
            self.evnum += g.evnum
            base += len(g.evnum)

    def print_group_summary(self, olist):
        num_groups = len([g for g in self.evgroups if not g.outgroup])
        print("%d cpu groups, %d outgroups with %d events total (%d unique) for %d objects, %d dummies" % (
            num_groups,
            len(self.evgroups) - num_groups,
            len(self.evnum),
            len(set(self.evnum)),
            len(olist),
            self.evnum.count("dummy")),
              file=sys.stderr)

    # fit events into available counters
    def schedule(self, olist):
        # sort objects by level and inside each level by num-counters
        solist = sorted(olist, key=lambda x: (x.level, x.nc))
        # try to fit each objects events into groups
        # that fit into the available CPU counters
        for obj in solist:
            obj_debug_print(obj, "schedule %s " % obj.name)
            evnum = obj.evnum
            evlevels = obj.evlevels
            oe = [e in ectx.outgroup_events for e in obj.evnum]
            if any(oe):
                # add events outside group separately
                og_evnum = list(compress(obj.evnum, oe))
                self.add_outgroup(obj, og_evnum)
                if all(oe):
                    continue

                # keep other events
                ie = not_list(oe)
                evlevels = list(compress(obj.evlevels, ie))
                evnum = list(compress(obj.evnum, ie))

            self.add(obj, evnum, evlevels)

        if args.no_multiplex or distribute_uncore:
            self.evgroups = do_distribute_uncore(self.evgroups)

        self.dummy_unreferenced(olist)
        self.allocate_bases()

        if args.print_group:
            for g in self.evgroups:
                print_group(g)

        gen_res_map(olist)
        if args.print_group:
            self.print_group_summary(olist)

def should_print_obj(obj, match):
    assert not isinstance(obj.val, DummyArith)
    if obj.val is None:
        return False
    if obj.thresh or args.verbose:
        if not match(obj):
            pass
        elif obj.metric:
            if args.verbose or obj.val != 0:
                return True
        elif check_ratio(obj.val):
            return True
    return False

def get_uval(ob):
    u = ob.val if isinstance(ob.val, UVal) else UVal(ob.name, ob.val)
    u.name = ob.name
    return u

# pre compute column lengths
def compute_column_lengths(olist, out):
    for obj in olist:
        out.set_hdr(full_name(obj), obj_area(obj))
        if obj.metric:
            out.set_unit(metric_unit(obj))
        else:
            out.set_unit(node_unit(obj))
        out.set_below(node_below(obj))

class Printer(object):
    """Print measurements while accumulating some metadata."""
    def __init__(self, metricgroups):
        self.sample_obj = set()
        self.bottlenecks = set()
        self.numprint = 0
        self.metricgroups = metricgroups
        self.emap = None

    def print_res(self, olist, out, timestamp, title, match, bn, idlemark=False):
        if bn:
            self.bottlenecks.add(bn)

        if safe_ref(out, 'logf') == sys.stderr:
            out.logf.flush()

        # determine all objects to print
        olist = [o for o in olist if should_print_obj(o, match)]

        # sort by metric group
        olist = olist_by_metricgroup(olist, self.metricgroups)

        compute_column_lengths(olist, out)

        # step 3: print
        for i, obj in enumerate(olist):
            val = get_uval(obj)
            desc = obj_desc_runtime(obj, olist[i + 1:])
            if obj.metric:
                out.metric(obj_area(obj), obj.name, val, timestamp,
                        desc,
                        title,
                        metric_unit(obj),
                        idlemark)
            else:
                out.ratio(obj_area(obj),
                        full_name(obj), val, timestamp,
                        "%" + node_unit(obj),
                        desc,
                        title,
                        sample_desc(obj.sample, self.emap) if has(obj, 'sample') else None,
                        "<==" if obj == bn else "",
                        node_below(obj),
                        idlemark)
                if obj.thresh or args.verbose:
                    self.sample_obj.add(obj)
            self.numprint += 1

# check nodes argument for typos
def check_nodes(runner_list, nodesarg):
    def opt_obj_name(s):
        if s[:1] in ('+', '^', '-'):
            s = s[1:]
        if "/" in s:
            s = s[:s.index("/")]
        if s.endswith("^"):
            s = s[:-1]
        return s

    if nodesarg[:1] == "!":
        nodesarg = nodesarg[1:]
    options = [opt_obj_name(s) for s in nodesarg.split(",")]
    def valid_node(s):
        for r in runner_list:
            if s in r.odict:
                return True
            for k in r.olist:
                if fnmatch(k.name, s) or fnmatch(full_name(k), s):
                    return True
        return False
    valid = map(valid_node, options)
    if not all(valid):
        sys.exit("Unknown node(s) in --nodes: " +
                 " ".join([o for o, v in zip(options, valid) if not v]))

class Runner(object):
    """Handle measurements of event groups. Map events to groups."""

    def reset(self):
        self.stat = ComputeStat(args.quiet)
        self.olist = []
        self.idle_keys = set()
        self.sched = Scheduler()
        self.printer = Printer(self.metricgroups)

    def __init__(self, max_level, idle_threshold, pmu=None):
        # always needs to be filtered by olist:
        self.metricgroups = defaultdict(list)
        self.reset()
        self.odict = dict()
        self.max_level = max_level
        self.max_node_level = 0
        self.idle_threshold = idle_threshold
        self.ectx = EventContext(pmu)
        self.pmu = pmu

    def set_ectx(self):
        #print("set_ectx", sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name, file=sys.stderr)
        global ectx
        assert ectx is None
        ectx = self.ectx

    def clear_ectx(self):
        #print("clear_ectx", sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name, file=sys.stderr)
        global ectx
        assert ectx is not None
        ectx = None

    def do_run(self, obj):
        obj.res = None
        obj.res_map = dict()
        obj.group_map = dict()
        self.olist.append(obj)
        self.odict[obj.name] = obj
        if has(obj, 'metricgroup'):
            for j in obj.metricgroup:
                self.metricgroups[j].append(obj)
        self.max_node_level = max(self.max_node_level, obj.level)

    # remove unwanted nodes after their parent relationship has been set up
    def filter_nodes(self):
        self.full_olist = list(self.olist)

        add_met, remove_met = parse_metric_group(args.metric_group, self.metricgroups)

        add_obj = {self.odict[x] for x in add_met}
        parents = [get_parents(x) for x in add_obj]
        if add_obj:
            for o in self.olist:
                if safe_ref(o, 'sibling') is None:
                    continue
                m = set(o.sibling) & add_obj
                for s in m:
                    parents.append(s)
                    parents += get_parents(s)

        self.sibmatch = set()

        def want_node(obj):
            if args.reduced and has(obj, 'server') and not obj.server:
                return False
            if args.no_uncore and safe_ref(obj, 'area') == "Info.System":
                return False
            want = ((obj.metric and args.metrics) or
                    (('force_metric' in obj.__dict__) and obj.force_metric) or
                    obj.name in add_met or
                    obj in parents) and obj.name not in remove_met
            if not obj.metric and obj.level <= self.max_level:
                want = True
            return node_filter(obj, want, self.sibmatch)

        # this updates sibmatch
        fmatch = list(map(want_node, self.olist))
        # now keep what is both in fmatch and sibmatch
        self.olist = [obj for obj, fil in zip(self.olist, fmatch) if fil or obj in self.sibmatch]
        if len(self.olist) == 0:
            sys.exit("All nodes disabled")

    def setup_children(self):
        for obj in self.olist:
            if not obj.metric and 'parent' in obj.__dict__ and obj.parent:
                obj.parent.children.append(obj)

    def reset_thresh(self):
        for obj in self.olist:
            if not obj.metric:
                obj.thresh = False

    def run(self, obj):
        obj.thresh = False
        obj.metric = False
        obj.children = []
        self.do_run(obj)

    def metric(self, obj):
        obj.thresh = True
        obj.metric = True
        obj.level = 0
        obj.sibling = None
        self.do_run(obj)

    def force_metric(self, obj):
        obj.force_metric = True
        self.metric(obj)

    # collect the events by pre-computing the equation
    def collect(self):
        self.set_ectx()
        bad_nodes = set()
        bad_events = set()
        unsup_nodes = set()
        errata_nodes = set()
        errata_warn_nodes = set()
        errata_names = set()
        errata_warn_names = set()
        min_kernel = []
        for obj in self.olist:
            obj.evlevels = []
            obj.compute(lambda ev, level: ev_collect(ev, level, obj))
            obj.val = None
            obj.evlist = [x[0] for x in obj.evlevels]
            obj.evnum = raw_events(obj.evlist, initialize=True)
            obj.nc = needed_counters(dedup(obj.evnum))

            # work arounds for lots of different problems
            unsup = [x for x in obj.evlist if unsup_event(x, unsup_events, min_kernel)]
            if any(unsup):
                bad_nodes.add(obj)
                bad_events |= set(unsup)
            unsup = [x for x in obj.evlist if missing_pmu(x)]
            if any(unsup):
                unsup_nodes.add(obj)
            query_errata(obj, ectx.errata_events, errata_nodes, errata_names)
            query_errata(obj, ectx.errata_warn_events, errata_warn_nodes, errata_warn_names)
        if bad_nodes:
            if args.force_events:
                pwrap_not_quiet("warning: Using --force-events. Nodes: " +
                        " ".join([x.name for x in bad_nodes]) + " may be unreliable")
            else:
                if not args.quiet:
                    pwrap("warning: removing " +
                       " ".join([x.name for x in bad_nodes]) +
                       " due to unsupported events in kernel: " +
                       " ".join(sorted(bad_events)), 80, "")
                    if min_kernel:
                        print("Fixed in kernel %d.%d" % (sorted(min_kernel, key=kv_to_key, reverse=True)[0]),
                                file=sys.stderr)
                    print("Use --force-events to override (may result in wrong measurements)",
                            file=sys.stderr)
                self.olist = [x for x in self.olist if x not in bad_nodes]
        if unsup_nodes:
            pwrap_not_quiet("Nodes " + " ".join(x.name for x in unsup_nodes) + " has unsupported PMUs")
            self.olist = [x for x in self.olist if x not in unsup_nodes]
        if errata_nodes and not args.ignore_errata:
            pwrap_not_quiet("Nodes " + " ".join(x.name for x in errata_nodes) + " have errata " +
                        " ".join(errata_names) + " and were disabled. " +
                        "Override with --ignore-errata")
            self.olist = [x for x in self.olist if x in errata_nodes]
        if errata_warn_nodes and not args.ignore_errata:
            pwrap_not_quiet("Nodes " + " ".join(x.name for x in errata_warn_nodes) + " have errata " +
                        " ".join(errata_warn_names))
        if len(self.olist) == 0:
            sys.exit("No usable events found")
        self.clear_ectx()

    def propagate_siblings(self):
        changed = [0]

        def propagate(k, changed):
            if not k.thresh:
                k.thresh = True
                changed[0] += 1

        for obj in self.olist:
            if obj in self.sibmatch:
                propagate(obj, changed)
            if obj.thresh and obj.sibling:
                if isinstance(obj.sibling, (list, tuple)):
                    for k in obj.sibling:
                        propagate(k, changed)
                else:
                    propagate(obj.sibling, changed)
        return changed[0]

    def compute(self, res, rev, valstats, env, match, stat):
        self.set_ectx()
        changed = 0

        # step 1: compute
        for obj in self.olist:
            obj.errcount = 0

            if not match(obj):
                continue
            ref = set()
            oldthresh = obj.thresh
            if 'parent' in obj.__dict__ and obj.parent and obj.parent not in self.olist:
                obj.parent.thresh = True
            obj.compute(lambda e, level:
                            lookup_res(res, rev, e, obj, env, level, ref, -1, valstats))
            if args.force_bn and obj.name in args.force_bn:
                obj.thresh = True
            if obj.thresh != oldthresh:
                changed += 1
            if stat:
                stat.referenced |= ref
            if not obj.res_map and not all([x in env for x in obj.evnum]):
                print("%s not measured" % (obj.__class__.__name__,), file=sys.stderr)
            if not obj.metric and not check_ratio(obj.val):
                obj.thresh = False
                if stat:
                    stat.mismeasured.add(obj.name)
            if stat and has(obj, 'errcount') and obj.errcount > 0:
                if obj.name not in stat.errors:
                    stat.errcount += obj.errcount
                stat.errors.add(obj.name)
                stat.referenced |= set(obj.res_map.values())

        # step 2: propagate siblings
        changed += self.propagate_siblings()
        self.clear_ectx()
        return changed

    def list_metric_groups(self):
        print("MetricGroups:")
        mg = sorted(self.metricgroups.keys())
        if args.csv:
            print("\n".join(mg))
        else:
            pwrap(" ".join(mg), indent="        ")

    def list_nodes(self, title, filt, rest):
        def match(rest, n, fn):
            return not rest or any([n.startswith(x) or fn.startswith(x) if
                                    not x.endswith("^") else
                                    n == x[:-1] or fn == x[:-1]
                                    for x in rest])

        if title:
            print("%s:" % title)
        for obj in self.olist:
            fn = full_name(obj)
            sep = args.csv if args.csv else "\n\t"
            if filt(obj) and match(rest, obj.name, fn):
                print(fn, end=sep)
                if not args.no_desc:
                    print(obj_desc(obj, sep=sep))

    def filter_per_core(self, single_thread, rest):
        if ("Slots" not in self.ectx.core_domains and
                cpu.ht and
                not single_thread and has_core_node(self)):
            if not feat.supports_percore:
                self.olist = filternot(core_node, self.olist)
        else:
            rest = add_args(rest, "--percore-show-thread")
        return rest

def runner_restart(runner, offset):
    emap = runner.printer.emap
    runner.reset()
    runner.printer.emap = emap
    runner.olist = runner.full_olist
    for o in runner.olist:
        o.group_map = dict()
        o.res_map = dict()
    runner.filter_nodes()
    runner.collect()
    runner.set_ectx()
    runner.sched.schedule(runner.olist)
    runner.clear_ectx()
    runner.sched.offset = offset
    offset += len(runner.sched.evnum)
    return offset

def runner_init(runner):
    runner.setup_children()
    runner.filter_nodes()
    runner.collect()

def supports_pebs():
    if feat.has_max_precise:
        return feat.max_precise > 0
    return not cpu.hypervisor

def remove_pp(s):
    if s.endswith(":pp"):
        return s[:-3]
    return s

def clean_event(e):
    return remove_pp(e).replace(".", "_").replace(":", "_").replace('=','')

def do_sample(sample_obj, rest, count, ret):
    samples = [("cycles:pp", "Precise cycles", )]

    for obj in sample_obj:
        for s in obj.sample:
            samples.append((s, obj.name))

    # first dedup
    samples = dedup(samples)

    # now merge objects with the same sample event into one
    def sample_event(x):
        return x[0]
    samples = sorted(samples, key=sample_event)
    samples = [(k, "_".join([x[1] for x in g])) for k, g in groupby(samples, key=sample_event)]

    # find unsupported events
    nsamp = [x for x in samples if not unsup_event(x[0], unsup_events)]
    nsamp = [(remove_pp(x[0]), x[1])
             if unsup_event(x[0], unsup_pebs) else x
             for x in nsamp]
    if nsamp != samples:
        missing = [x[0] for x in set(samples) - set(nsamp)]
        if not args.quiet:
            print("warning: update kernel to handle sample events:", file=sys.stderr)
            print("\n".join(missing), file=sys.stderr)

    def force_pebs(ev):
        return ev in ectx.require_pebs_events

    no_pebs = not supports_pebs()
    if no_pebs:
        for j in nsamp:
            # initialize ectx.require_pebs_events
            raw_event(j[0], nopebs=False, initialize=True)
        nnopebs = {x[0] for x in nsamp if force_pebs(x[0])}
        if nnopebs and not args.quiet:
            for j in nnopebs:
                print("sample event %s not (currently) supported in virtualization" % j, file=sys.stderr)
        nsamp = [x for x in nsamp if x[0] not in nnopebs]

    sl = [raw_event(s[0], s[1] + "_" + clean_event(s[0]), period=True, nopebs=False) for s in nsamp]
    sl = add_filter(sl)
    sample = ",".join([x for x in sl if x])
    if no_pebs:
        sample = re.sub(r'/p+', '/', sample)
        sample = re.sub(r':p+', '', sample)
    print("Sampling:")
    extra_args = args.sample_args.replace("+", "-").split()
    perf_data = args.sample_basename
    if count is not None:
        perf_data += ".%d" % count
    sperf = ([feat.perf, "record"] +
             extra_args +
             ["-e", sample, "-o", perf_data] +
             [x for x in rest if x not in ("-A", "--percore-show-thread")])
    cmd = " ".join(sperf)
    if not (args.run_sample and args.quiet):
        print(cmd)
    if args.run_sample and ret == 0:
        ret = os.system(cmd)
        if ret:
            print("Sampling failed")
            sys.exit(1)
        if not args.quiet:
            print("Run `" + feat.perf + " report%s%s' to show the sampling results" % (
                (" -i %s" % perf_data) if perf_data != "perf.data" else "",
                " --no-branch-history" if "-b" in extra_args else ""))

BOTTLENECK_LEVEL_INC = 1

def suggest_bottlenecks(runner):
    def gen_bn(o):
        if o.children:
            return "+%s*/%d" % (o.name, o.level + BOTTLENECK_LEVEL_INC)
        if 'sibling' in o.__dict__ and o.sibling:
            return "+%s^" % full_name(o)
        return None
    printer = runner.printer
    children = [gen_bn(o) for o in printer.bottlenecks]
    children = list(filter(None, children))
    parents = []
    for b in printer.bottlenecks:
        parents += ["+" + full_name(o) for o in get_parents(b)]
    if args.nodes:
        children = [x for x in children if x[1:-1] not in args.nodes]
        parents = [x for x in parents if x[1:] not in args.nodes]
    if children:
        mux = ",+MUX" if not (args.metrics or args.all) and (args.nodes is None or "MUX" not in args.nodes) else ""
        if not args.quiet:
            print("Add%s --nodes '!%s%s' for breakdown." % (
                    "ing" if args.drilldown else "",
                    ",".join(children + parents),
                    mux))
        if args.drilldown:
            if args.nodes:
                args.nodes += ","
            else:
                args.nodes = ""
            if args.nodes == "" or args.nodes[0] != '!':
                args.nodes = "!" + args.nodes
            args.nodes += ",".join(children) + mux
            return True
    return False

def suggest_desc(runner):
    def nummatch(n):
        return sum([x.name.startswith(n) for x in runner.olist])
    printer = runner.printer
    print("Run toplev --describe %s to get more information on bottleneck%s%s" % (
        " ".join([full_name(x) + "^" if nummatch(x.name) > 1 else x.name + "^" for x in printer.bottlenecks]),
        "s" if len(printer.bottlenecks) > 1 else "",
        (" for " + runner.pmu.replace("cpu_", "")) if runner.pmu and runner.pmu != "cpu" else ""),
        file=sys.stderr)
    print_once("Add --run-sample to find locations")

def sysctl(name):
    try:
        with open("/proc/sys/" + name.replace(".","/"), "r") as f:
            val = int(f.readline())
    except IOError:
        return 0
    return val

# check nmi watchdog
if sysctl("kernel.nmi_watchdog") != 0 or os.getenv("FORCE_NMI_WATCHDOG"):
    # XXX should probe if nmi watchdog runs on fixed or generic counter
    for j in cpu.counters.keys():
        cpu.counters[j] -= 1 # FIXME
    if not args.quiet:
        print("Consider disabling nmi watchdog to minimize multiplexing", file=sys.stderr)
        print("(echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/nmi_watchdog or\n echo kernel.nmi_watchdog=0 >> /etc/sysctl.conf ; sysctl -p as root)", file=sys.stderr)

if cpu.cpu is None:
    sys.exit("Unsupported CPU model %d" % (cpu.model,))

kv = os.getenv("KERNEL_VERSION")
if not kv:
    kv = platform.release()
kernel_version = kv_to_key(list(map(int, kv.split(".")[:2])))

if args.exclusive:
    if kernel_version < 510:
        sys.exit("--exclusive needs kernel 5.10+")
    metrics_own_group = False
    run_l1_parallel = False

def ht_warning():
    if cpu.ht and not args.quiet:
        print("WARNING: HT enabled", file=sys.stderr)
        print("Measuring multiple processes/threads on the same core may is not reliable.",
                file=sys.stderr)

def setup_metrics(model, pmu):
    force_metrics = os.getenv("FORCEMETRICS") is not None
    model.topdown_use_fixed = (force_metrics or
            os.path.exists("/sys/devices/%s/events/topdown-fe-bound" % pmu))
    ectx.core_domains = set(["CoreClocks", "CoreMetric"])
    ectx.slots_available = (force_metrics or
            os.path.exists("/sys/devices/%s/events/slots" % pmu))

def parse_cpu_list(s):
    l = []
    for j in s.split(","):
        m = re.match(r'(\d+)(-\d+)?', j)
        if m.group(2):
            for k in range(int(m.group(1)), int(m.group(2)[1:])+1):
                l.append(k)
        else:
            l.append(int(m.group(1)))
    return l

def read_cpus(base):
    with open(base + "/cpus") as cpus:
        return parse_cpu_list(cpus.readline())
    return []

def use_cpu(cpu):
    if args.core:
        return display_core(cpu, True)
    if args.cpu:
        return cpu in parse_cpu_list(args.cpu)
    return True

def init_runner_list():
    nr = os.getenv("NUM_RUNNERS")
    runner_list = []
    hybrid_pmus = []
    hybrid_pmus = glob.glob("/sys/devices/cpu_*")
    if args.force_cpu and args.force_cpu not in hybrid_cpus:
        hybrid_pmus = hybrid_pmus[:1]
    if nr and not hybrid_pmus:
        if args.cputype:
            sys.exit("--cputype specified on non hybrid")
        num_runners = int(nr)
        for j in range(num_runners):
            r = Runner(args.level, idle_threshold)
            runner_list.append(r)
            r.cpu_list = None
    else:
        if hybrid_pmus and cpu.cpu in hybrid_cpus:
            for j in hybrid_pmus:
                if args.cputype and os.path.basename(j).replace("cpu_", "") != args.cputype:
                    continue
                cpu_list = [k for k in read_cpus(j) if use_cpu(k)]
                if len(cpu_list) == 0:
                    continue
                r = Runner(args.level, idle_threshold, os.path.basename(j))
                runner_list.append(r)
                r.cpu_list = cpu_list
        else:
            runner_list = [Runner(args.level, idle_threshold,
                pmu="cpu_core" if hybrid_pmus else "cpu")]

    if args.all:
        assert all([ru.max_level <= args.level for ru in runner_list])

    return runner_list

runner_list = init_runner_list()

pe = lambda x: None
if args.debug:
    printed_error = set()
    def print_err(x):
        if x not in printed_error:
            print(x)
            printed_error.add(x)
    pe = lambda e: print_err(e)

if args.single_thread:
    cpu.ht = False

if args.quiet:
    if not args.desc:
        args.no_desc = True
    args.no_util = True

def init_model(model, runner):
    version = model.version
    model.print_error = pe
    model.check_event = lambda ev: ectx.emap.getevent(ev) is not None
    model.Setup(runner)

    if "Errata_Whitelist" in model.__dict__:
        ectx.errata_whitelist += model.Errata_Whitelist.split(";")

    if "base_frequency" in model.__dict__:
        model.base_frequency = cpu.freq * 1000

    if "model" in model.__dict__:
        model.model = cpu.modelid

    return version

def model_setup(runner, cpuname):
    global smt_mode
    if cpuname == "ivb":
        import ivb_client_ratios
        ivb_client_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = ivb_client_ratios
    elif cpuname == "ivt":
        import ivb_server_ratios
        ivb_server_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = ivb_server_ratios
    elif cpuname == "snb":
        import snb_client_ratios
        snb_client_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = snb_client_ratios
    elif cpuname == "jkt":
        import jkt_server_ratios
        jkt_server_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = jkt_server_ratios
    elif cpuname == "hsw":
        import hsw_client_ratios
        hsw_client_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = hsw_client_ratios
    elif cpuname == "hsx":
        import hsx_server_ratios
        hsx_server_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = hsx_server_ratios
    elif cpuname == "bdw":
        import bdw_client_ratios
        bdw_client_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = bdw_client_ratios
    elif cpuname == "bdx":
        import bdx_server_ratios
        bdx_server_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = bdx_server_ratios
    elif cpuname == "skl":
        import skl_client_ratios
        skl_client_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = skl_client_ratios
    elif cpuname == "skx":
        import skx_server_ratios
        skx_server_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = skx_server_ratios
    elif cpuname == "clx":
        import clx_server_ratios
        clx_server_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        smt_mode |= cpu.ht
        model = clx_server_ratios
    elif cpuname == "icx":
        import icx_server_ratios
        icx_server_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        model = icx_server_ratios
        setup_metrics(model, runner.pmu)
        # work around kernel constraint table bug in some kernel versions
        if kernel_version < 510:
            ectx.constraint_fixes["CYCLE_ACTIVITY.STALLS_MEM_ANY"] = "0,1,2,3"
    elif cpuname == "icl":
        import icl_client_ratios
        icl_client_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        model = icl_client_ratios
        setup_metrics(model, runner.pmu)
        # work around kernel constraint table bug in some kernel versions
        if kernel_version < 510:
            ectx.constraint_fixes["CYCLE_ACTIVITY.STALLS_MEM_ANY"] = "0,1,2,3"
    elif cpuname == "tgl":
        import icl_client_ratios
        icl_client_ratios.smt_enabled = cpu.ht
        model = icl_client_ratios
        setup_metrics(model, runner.pmu)
        if kernel_version < 510:
            ectx.constraint_fixes["CYCLE_ACTIVITY.STALLS_MEM_ANY"] = "0,1,2,3"
    elif cpuname == "slm":
        import slm_ratios
        model = slm_ratios
    elif cpuname == "knl":
        import knl_ratios
        knl_ratios.smt_enabled = smt_mode = cpu.ht
        model = knl_ratios
    else:
        ht_warning()
        import simple_ratios
        model = simple_ratios

    return init_model(model, runner)

def runner_emaps():
    version = ""
    for runner in runner_list:
        runner.set_ectx()
        runner.ectx.emap = ocperf.find_emap(pmu=runner.pmu if runner.pmu else "cpu")
        runner.printer.emap = ectx.emap
        if not ectx.emap:
            sys.exit("Unknown CPU or CPU event map not found.")
        if version:
            version += ", "
        version += model_setup(runner, cpu.cpu)
        runner.clear_ectx()
    return version

version = runner_emaps()

if args.gen_script:
    args.quiet = True

if args.subset:
    if not args.import_:
        sys.exit("--subset requires --import mode")
    if args.script_record:
        sys.exit("--subset cannot be used with --script-record. Generate temp file with perf stat report -x\\;")

def handle_cmd():
    if args.describe:
        args.long_desc = True
        if not rest:
            sys.exit("No nodes to describe")
        for r in runner_list:
            r.list_nodes(None, any_node, rest)
    if args.list_metrics or args.list_all:
        for r in runner_list:
            r.list_nodes("Metrics", lambda obj: obj.metric, rest)
    if args.list_nodes or args.list_all:
        for r in runner_list:
            r.list_nodes("Nodes", lambda obj: not obj.metric, rest)
    if args.list_metric_groups or args.list_all:
        for r in runner_list:
            r.list_metric_groups()
    if args.list_metric_groups or args.list_metrics or args.list_nodes or args.list_all or args.describe:
        if any([x.startswith("-") for x in rest]):
            sys.exit("Unknown arguments for --list*/--describe")
        sys.exit(0)

handle_cmd()

def has_core_node(runner):
    res = False
    runner.set_ectx()
    for o in runner.olist:
        if core_node(o):
            res = True
            break
    runner.clear_ectx()
    return res

def any_core_node():
    for r in runner_list:
        if has_core_node(r):
            return True
    return False

def check_root():
    if not (os.geteuid() == 0 or sysctl("kernel.perf_event_paranoid") == -1) and not args.quiet:
        print("Warning: Needs root or echo -1 > /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid",
                file=sys.stderr)

def extra_setup(runner, rest):
    if not args.no_util:
        import perf_metrics
        perf_metrics.Setup(runner)

    if args.power and feat.supports_power:
        import power_metrics
        power_metrics.Setup(runner)

    if args.sw:
        import linux_metrics
        linux_metrics.Setup(runner)

    if args.tsx and cpu.has_tsx and cpu.cpu in tsx_cpus:
        import tsx_metrics
        tsx_metrics.Setup(runner)

    if args.frequency:
        import frequency
        frequency.SetupCPU(runner, cpu)

if args.power and feat.supports_power:
    if not args.quiet and not args.import_ and not args.print:
        print("Running with --power. Will measure complete system.")
    if args.single_thread:
        print("--single-thread conflicts with --power")
    check_root()
    rest = add_args(rest, "-a")

def runner_extra_init():
    for r in runner_list:
        extra_setup(r, rest)

    if args.nodes:
        check_nodes(runner_list, args.nodes)

    for r in runner_list:
        r.setup_children()

runner_extra_init()

if smt_mode and not os.getenv('FORCEHT'):
    # do not need SMT mode if no objects have Core scope
    if not any_core_node():
        smt_mode = False

def runner_filter(rest):
    for r in runner_list:
        rest = r.filter_per_core(args.single_thread, rest)

runner_filter(rest)

if not smt_mode and not args.single_thread and not args.no_aggr:
    hybrid = cpu.cpu in hybrid_cpus
    multi = output_count()
    if multi > 0:
        rest = add_args(rest, "-a")
    if (multi > 1 or args.per_thread) and not hybrid:
        args.no_aggr = True
    if args.per_socket and multi == 1 and not hybrid:
        rest = add_args(rest, "--per-socket")
    if args.per_core and multi == 1 and not hybrid:
        rest = add_args(rest, "--per-core")

full_system = False
if not args.single_thread and smt_mode:
    if not args.quiet and not args.import_:
        print("Will measure complete system.")
    if smt_mode:
        if args.cpu:
            print("Warning: --cpu/-C mode with HyperThread must specify all core thread pairs!",
                  file=sys.stderr)
        if args.pid:
            sys.exit("-p/--pid mode not compatible with SMT. Use sleep in global mode.")
    check_root()
    rest = add_args(rest, "-a")
    args.no_aggr = True
    full_system = True
else:
    full_system = args.no_aggr or "--per-core" in rest or "--per-socket" in rest

if args.no_aggr:
    rest = add_args(rest, "-A")

output_numcpus = False
if (args.perf_output or args.perf_summary) and not args.no_csv_header:
    ph = []
    if args.interval:
        ph.append("Timestamp")
    if full_system:
        ph.append("Location")
        if ("--per-socket" in rest or "--per-core" in rest) and not args.no_aggr:
            ph.append("Num-CPUs")
            output_numcpus = True
    ph += ["Value", "Unit", "Event", "Run-Time", "Enabled", "", ""]
    if args.perf_output:
        args.perf_output.write(";".join(ph) + "\n")
    if args.perf_summary:
        args.perf_summary.write(";".join(ph) + "\n")

def setup_cpus(rest, cpu):
    if args.cpu:
        allcpus = parse_cpu_list(args.cpu)
    else:
        allcpus = cpu.allcpus
    if args.core:
        allowed_threads = [x for x in allcpus if display_core(x, False)]
        allowed_cores = [x for x in allcpus if display_core(x, True)]
        rest = ["-C", ",".join(["%d" % x for x in allowed_cores])] + rest
    else:
        allowed_threads = allcpus

    if len(runner_list) > 1 and args.no_aggr and runner_list[0].cpu_list is None: # XXX
        cores = list(sorted(cpu.coreids.keys()))
        part = len(cores)//len(runner_list)
        start = 0
        for r in runner_list:
            r.cpu_list = sorted(flatten([cpu.coreids[x] for x in cores[start:start+part]]))
            start += part
    else:
        for r in runner_list:
            r.cpu_list = list(allowed_threads)
    return rest

rest = setup_cpus(rest, cpu)

if args.pinned:
    run_l1_parallel = True

if args.repl:
    import code
    code.interact(banner='toplev repl', local=locals())
    sys.exit(0)

if args.json:
    if args.csv:
        sys.exit("Cannot combine --csv with --json")
    if args.columns:
        sys.exit("Cannot combine --columns with --json")
    out = tl_output.OutputJSON(args.output, args.csv, args, version, cpu)
elif args.csv:
    if args.columns:
        out = tl_output.OutputColumnsCSV(args.output, args.csv, args, version, cpu)
    else:
        out = tl_output.OutputCSV(args.output, args.csv, args, version, cpu)
elif args.columns:
    out = tl_output.OutputColumns(args.output, args, version, cpu)
else:
    out = tl_output.OutputHuman(args.output, args, version, cpu)

if args.valcsv:
    out.valcsv = csv.writer(args.valcsv, lineterminator='\n')
    if not args.no_csv_header:
        out.valcsv.writerow(("Timestamp", "CPU", "Group", "Event", "Value",
                             "Perf-event", "Index", "STDDEV", "MULTI", "Nodes"))

# XXX use runner_restart
def runner_first_init():
    offset = 0
    for r in runner_list:
        runner_init(r)

    if args.nodes:
        check_nodes(runner_list, args.nodes)

    for r in runner_list:
        r.set_ectx()
        r.sched.schedule(r.olist)
        r.sched.offset = offset
        offset += len(r.sched.evnum)
        r.clear_ectx()

runner_first_init()

def suggest(runner):
    printer = runner.printer
    if printer.bottlenecks and not args.quiet:
        suggest_desc(runner)
    if args.level < runner.max_node_level and printer.bottlenecks:
        return suggest_bottlenecks(runner)
    return False

def measure_and_sample(runner_list, count):
    while True:
        summary = Summary()
        try:
            if args.no_multiplex and not args.import_:
                ret = execute_no_multiplex(runner_list, out, rest, summary)
            else:
                ret = execute(runner_list, out, rest, summary)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            ret = 1
        print_summary(summary, out)
        repeat = False
        for runner in runner_list:
            runner.stat.compute_errors()
            repeat |= suggest(runner)
        if (args.show_sample or args.run_sample) and ret == 0:
            for runner in runner_list:
                runner.set_ectx()
                do_sample(runner.printer.sample_obj, rest, count, ret)
                runner.clear_ectx()
        if 100 <= ret <= 200 and repeat:
            print("Perf or workload appears to have failed with error %d. Not drilling down" % ret,
                  file=sys.stderr)
            break
        if count is not None:
            count += 1
        if repeat:
            if not args.quiet:
                print("Rerunning workload", file=sys.stderr)
            offset = 0
            for r in runner_list:
                offset = runner_restart(r, offset)
        else:
            break
    return ret, count

def report_idle(runner_list):
    ik = set()
    for r in runner_list:
        ik |= r.idle_keys
    if ik and not args.quiet:
        print("Idle CPUs %s may have been hidden. Override with --idle-threshold 100" %
                idle_range_list(ik), file=sys.stderr)

def report_not_supported(runner_list):
    notfound_caches = dict()
    for r in runner_list:
        notfound_caches.update(r.ectx.notfound_cache)
    if notfound_caches and any(["not supported" not in x for x in notfound_caches.values()]) and not args.quiet:
        print("Some events not found. Consider running event_download to update event lists", file=sys.stderr)

if args.sample_repeat:
    cnt = 1
    for j in range(args.sample_repeat):
        ret, cnt = measure_and_sample(runner_list, cnt)
        if ret:
            break
else:
    ret, count = measure_and_sample(runner_list, 0 if args.drilldown else None)

out.print_footer()
out.flushfiles()

if args.xlsx and ret == 0:
    ret = do_xlsx(env)

def idle_range_list(l):
    if all([x.isdigit() for x in l]):
        # adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2154249/identify-groups-of-continuous-numbers-in-a-list
        def get_range(g):
            group = [x[1] for x in g]
            if len(group) == 1:
                return "%d" % group[0]
            return "%d-%d" % (group[0], group[-1])
        l = [get_range(g) for k, g in groupby(enumerate(sorted([int(x) for x in l])), lambda x: x[0] - x[1])]
    return ",".join(l)

report_idle(runner_list)
report_not_supported(runner_list)

if args.graph:
    args.output.close()
    graphp.wait()
sys.exit(ret)