diff --git a/cpp/bench/common/benchmark.hpp b/cpp/bench/common/benchmark.hpp
index 13ca40a033..85d5381e2c 100644
--- a/cpp/bench/common/benchmark.hpp
+++ b/cpp/bench/common/benchmark.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <raft/core/detail/macros.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/cudart_utils.h>
 #include <raft/interruptible.hpp>
 #include <raft/random/make_blobs.cuh>
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class fixture {
   rmm::device_buffer scratch_buf_;
 
  public:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream;
 
   fixture() : stream{handle.get_stream()}
diff --git a/cpp/bench/distance/kernels.cu b/cpp/bench/distance/kernels.cu
index 5c9c2cc2ed..027f93171e 100644
--- a/cpp/bench/distance/kernels.cu
+++ b/cpp/bench/distance/kernels.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <common/benchmark.hpp>
 #include <memory>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/kernels.cuh>
 #include <raft/random/rng.cuh>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ struct GramMatrix : public fixture {
   }
 
  private:
-  const raft::handle_t handle;
+  const raft::device_resources handle;
   std::unique_ptr<GramMatrixBase<T>> kernel;
   GramTestParams params;
 
diff --git a/cpp/bench/matrix/select_k.cu b/cpp/bench/matrix/select_k.cu
index 3279c011cc..2c8b8bb67b 100644
--- a/cpp/bench/matrix/select_k.cu
+++ b/cpp/bench/matrix/select_k.cu
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <common/benchmark.hpp>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/random/rng.cuh>
 #include <raft/sparse/detail/utils.h>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ struct selection : public fixture {
 
   void run_benchmark(::benchmark::State& state) override  // NOLINT
   {
-    handle_t handle{stream};
+    device_resources handle{stream};
     using_pool_memory_res res;
     try {
       std::ostringstream label_stream;
diff --git a/cpp/bench/neighbors/knn.cuh b/cpp/bench/neighbors/knn.cuh
index d38631b289..60eb8c257d 100644
--- a/cpp/bench/neighbors/knn.cuh
+++ b/cpp/bench/neighbors/knn.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ struct ivf_flat_knn {
   raft::neighbors::ivf_flat::search_params search_params;
   params ps;
 
-  ivf_flat_knn(const raft::handle_t& handle, const params& ps, const ValT* data) : ps(ps)
+  ivf_flat_knn(const raft::device_resources& handle, const params& ps, const ValT* data) : ps(ps)
   {
     index_params.n_lists = 4096;
     index_params.metric  = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded;
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ struct ivf_flat_knn {
       handle, index_params, data, IdxT(ps.n_samples), uint32_t(ps.n_dims)));
   }
 
-  void search(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  void search(const raft::device_resources& handle,
               const ValT* search_items,
               dist_t* out_dists,
               IdxT* out_idxs)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ struct ivf_pq_knn {
   raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::search_params search_params;
   params ps;
 
-  ivf_pq_knn(const raft::handle_t& handle, const params& ps, const ValT* data) : ps(ps)
+  ivf_pq_knn(const raft::device_resources& handle, const params& ps, const ValT* data) : ps(ps)
   {
     index_params.n_lists = 4096;
     index_params.metric  = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded;
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ struct ivf_pq_knn {
       handle, index_params, data, IdxT(ps.n_samples), uint32_t(ps.n_dims)));
   }
 
-  void search(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  void search(const raft::device_resources& handle,
               const ValT* search_items,
               dist_t* out_dists,
               IdxT* out_idxs)
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ struct brute_force_knn {
   ValT* index;
   params ps;
 
-  brute_force_knn(const raft::handle_t& handle, const params& ps, const ValT* data)
+  brute_force_knn(const raft::device_resources& handle, const params& ps, const ValT* data)
     : index(const_cast<ValT*>(data)), ps(ps)
   {
   }
 
-  void search(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  void search(const raft::device_resources& handle,
               const ValT* search_items,
               dist_t* out_dists,
               IdxT* out_idxs)
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ struct knn : public fixture {
       std::ostringstream label_stream;
       label_stream << params_ << "#" << strategy_ << "#" << scope_;
       state.SetLabel(label_stream.str());
-      raft::handle_t handle(stream);
+      raft::device_resources handle(stream);
       std::optional<ImplT> index;
 
       if (scope_ == Scope::SEARCH) {  // also implies TransferStrategy::NO_COPY
diff --git a/cpp/bench/neighbors/refine.cu b/cpp/bench/neighbors/refine.cu
index cfce402968..3349b8b6ae 100644
--- a/cpp/bench/neighbors/refine.cu
+++ b/cpp/bench/neighbors/refine.cu
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <common/benchmark.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/neighbors/detail/refine.cuh>
 #include <raft/neighbors/refine.cuh>
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class RefineAnn : public fixture {
   }
 
  private:
-  raft::handle_t handle_;
+  raft::device_resources handle_;
   RefineHelper<DataT, DistanceT, IdxT> data;
 };
 
diff --git a/cpp/bench/random/permute.cu b/cpp/bench/random/permute.cu
index 5364bb44e3..cb9e21868b 100644
--- a/cpp/bench/random/permute.cu
+++ b/cpp/bench/random/permute.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ struct permute : public fixture {
   }
 
  private:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   permute_inputs params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> out, in;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> perms;
diff --git a/cpp/bench/sparse/convert_csr.cu b/cpp/bench/sparse/convert_csr.cu
index 830fab13cc..c9dcae6985 100644
--- a/cpp/bench/sparse/convert_csr.cu
+++ b/cpp/bench/sparse/convert_csr.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ struct bench_base : public fixture {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   bench_param<index_t> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<bool> adj;
   rmm::device_uvector<index_t> row_ind;
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/agglomerative.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/agglomerative.cuh
index 618f852bba..f4b2ecf051 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/agglomerative.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/agglomerative.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class UnionFind {
  * @param[out] out_size cluster sizes of output
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
-void build_dendrogram_host(const handle_t& handle,
+void build_dendrogram_host(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            const value_idx* rows,
                            const value_idx* cols,
                            const value_t* data,
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ struct init_label_roots {
  * @param n_leaves
  */
 template <typename value_idx, int tpb = 256>
-void extract_flattened_clusters(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void extract_flattened_clusters(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                 value_idx* labels,
                                 const value_idx* children,
                                 size_t n_clusters,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/connectivities.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/connectivities.cuh
index a07045f0d2..163670f29a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/connectivities.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/connectivities.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/cluster/single_linkage_types.hpp>
+#include <raft/distance/distance.cuh>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/convert/csr.cuh>
 #include <raft/sparse/coo.hpp>
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ namespace raft::cluster::detail {
 
 template <raft::cluster::LinkageDistance dist_type, typename value_idx, typename value_t>
 struct distance_graph_impl {
-  void run(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  void run(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            const value_t* X,
            size_t m,
            size_t n,
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ struct distance_graph_impl {
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
 struct distance_graph_impl<raft::cluster::LinkageDistance::KNN_GRAPH, value_idx, value_t> {
-  void run(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  void run(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            const value_t* X,
            size_t m,
            size_t n,
@@ -103,6 +104,98 @@ struct distance_graph_impl<raft::cluster::LinkageDistance::KNN_GRAPH, value_idx,
   }
 };
 
+template <typename value_idx>
+__global__ void fill_indices2(value_idx* indices, size_t m, size_t nnz)
+{
+  value_idx tid = (blockIdx.x * blockDim.x) + threadIdx.x;
+  if (tid >= nnz) return;
+  value_idx v  = tid % m;
+  indices[tid] = v;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute connected CSR of pairwise distances
+ * @tparam value_idx
+ * @tparam value_t
+ * @param handle
+ * @param X
+ * @param m
+ * @param n
+ * @param metric
+ * @param[out] indptr
+ * @param[out] indices
+ * @param[out] data
+ */
+template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
+void pairwise_distances(const raft::device_resources& handle,
+                        const value_t* X,
+                        size_t m,
+                        size_t n,
+                        raft::distance::DistanceType metric,
+                        value_idx* indptr,
+                        value_idx* indices,
+                        value_t* data)
+{
+  auto stream      = handle.get_stream();
+  auto exec_policy = handle.get_thrust_policy();
+
+  value_idx nnz = m * m;
+
+  value_idx blocks = raft::ceildiv(nnz, (value_idx)256);
+  fill_indices2<value_idx><<<blocks, 256, 0, stream>>>(indices, m, nnz);
+
+  thrust::sequence(exec_policy, indptr, indptr + m, 0, (int)m);
+
+  raft::update_device(indptr + m, &nnz, 1, stream);
+
+  // TODO: It would ultimately be nice if the MST could accept
+  // dense inputs directly so we don't need to double the memory
+  // usage to hand it a sparse array here.
+  distance::pairwise_distance<value_t, value_idx>(handle, X, X, data, m, m, n, metric);
+  // self-loops get max distance
+  auto transform_in =
+    thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(thrust::make_counting_iterator(0), data));
+
+  thrust::transform(exec_policy,
+                    transform_in,
+                    transform_in + nnz,
+                    data,
+                    [=] __device__(const thrust::tuple<value_idx, value_t>& tup) {
+                      value_idx idx  = thrust::get<0>(tup);
+                      bool self_loop = idx % m == idx / m;
+                      return (self_loop * std::numeric_limits<value_t>::max()) +
+                             (!self_loop * thrust::get<1>(tup));
+                    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Connectivities specialization for pairwise distances
+ * @tparam value_idx
+ * @tparam value_t
+ */
+template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
+struct distance_graph_impl<raft::cluster::LinkageDistance::PAIRWISE, value_idx, value_t> {
+  void run(const raft::device_resources& handle,
+           const value_t* X,
+           size_t m,
+           size_t n,
+           raft::distance::DistanceType metric,
+           rmm::device_uvector<value_idx>& indptr,
+           rmm::device_uvector<value_idx>& indices,
+           rmm::device_uvector<value_t>& data,
+           int c)
+  {
+    auto stream = handle.get_stream();
+
+    size_t nnz = m * m;
+
+    indices.resize(nnz, stream);
+    data.resize(nnz, stream);
+
+    pairwise_distances(handle, X, m, n, metric, indptr.data(), indices.data(), data.data());
+  }
+};
+
 /**
  * Returns a CSR connectivities graph based on the given linkage distance.
  * @tparam value_idx
@@ -120,7 +213,7 @@ struct distance_graph_impl<raft::cluster::LinkageDistance::KNN_GRAPH, value_idx,
  *             which will guarantee k <= log(n) + c
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, raft::cluster::LinkageDistance dist_type>
-void get_distance_graph(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void get_distance_graph(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         const value_t* X,
                         size_t m,
                         size_t n,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans.cuh
index e575849536..9632fedb9d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #include <raft/common/nvtx.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdarray.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/kvp.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/logger.hpp>
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ namespace detail {
 
 // Selects 'n_clusters' samples randomly from X
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void initRandom(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void initRandom(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const KMeansParams& params,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroids)
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void initRandom(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * 5: end for
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void kmeansPlusPlus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeansPlusPlus(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const KMeansParams& params,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroidsRawData,
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ void kmeansPlusPlus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[inout] workspace
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT, typename LabelsIterator>
-void update_centroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void update_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT, row_major> X,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT> sample_weights,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT, row_major> centroids,
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ void update_centroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 
 // TODO: Resizing is needed to use mdarray instead of rmm::device_uvector
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void kmeans_fit_main(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeans_fit_main(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      const KMeansParams& params,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                      raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT> weight,
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ void kmeans_fit_main(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void initScalableKMeansPlusPlus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void initScalableKMeansPlusPlus(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                 const KMeansParams& params,
                                 raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                                 raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroidsRawData,
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ void initScalableKMeansPlusPlus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out]    n_iter        Number of iterations run.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const KMeansParams& params,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT> X,
                 std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT>> sample_weight,
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const KMeansParams& params,
                 const DataT* X,
                 const DataT* sample_weight,
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const KMeansParams& params,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT> X,
                     std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT>> sample_weight,
@@ -1088,7 +1088,7 @@ void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const KMeansParams& params,
                     const DataT* X,
                     const DataT* sample_weight,
@@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         const KMeansParams& params,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT> X,
                         std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT>> sample_weight,
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         const KMeansParams& params,
                         const DataT* X,
                         const DataT* sample_weight,
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
  * @param[out]    X_new         X transformed in the new space..
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeans_transform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const KMeansParams& params,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT> X,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT> centroids,
@@ -1228,7 +1228,7 @@ void kmeans_transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeans_transform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const KMeansParams& params,
                       const DataT* X,
                       const DataT* centroids,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_common.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_common.cuh
index 559793442f..2ee9744c9d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_common.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_common.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include <raft/cluster/kmeans_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/kvp.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/logger.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/mdarray.hpp>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ struct KeyValueIndexOp {
 
 // Computes the intensity histogram from a sequence of labels
 template <typename SampleIteratorT, typename CounterT, typename IndexT>
-void countLabels(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void countLabels(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  SampleIteratorT labels,
                  CounterT* count,
                  IndexT n_samples,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void countLabels(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void checkWeight(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void checkWeight(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> weight,
                  rmm::device_uvector<char>& workspace)
 {
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ template <typename InputT,
           typename MainOpT,
           typename ReductionOpT,
           typename IndexT = int>
-void computeClusterCost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void computeClusterCost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_vector_view<InputT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
                         rmm::device_uvector<char>& workspace,
                         raft::device_scalar_view<OutputT> clusterCost,
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ void computeClusterCost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void sampleCentroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sampleCentroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                      raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
                      raft::device_vector_view<uint8_t, IndexT> isSampleCentroid,
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ void sampleCentroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 // calculate pairwise distance between 'dataset[n x d]' and 'centroids[k x d]',
 // result will be stored in 'pairwiseDistance[n x k]'
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void pairwise_distance_kmeans(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void pairwise_distance_kmeans(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                               raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                               raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> centroids,
                               raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> pairwiseDistance,
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ void pairwise_distance_kmeans(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 // shuffle and randomly select 'n_samples_to_gather' from input 'in' and stores
 // in 'out' does not modify the input
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void shuffleAndGather(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void shuffleAndGather(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> in,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> out,
                       uint32_t n_samples_to_gather,
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ void shuffleAndGather(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 // is the distance between the sample and the 'centroid[key]'
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
 void minClusterAndDistanceCompute(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> centroids,
   raft::device_vector_view<raft::KeyValuePair<IndexT, DataT>, IndexT> minClusterAndDistance,
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ void minClusterAndDistanceCompute(
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void minClusterDistanceCompute(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void minClusterDistanceCompute(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                                raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroids,
                                raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ void minClusterDistanceCompute(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void countSamplesInCluster(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void countSamplesInCluster(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            const KMeansParams& params,
                            raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                            raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT> L2NormX,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_deprecated.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_deprecated.cuh
index 2746b6f657..a9d8777304 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_deprecated.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/kmeans_deprecated.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 #include <thrust/sort.h>
 #include <thrust/transform.h>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/detail/warn_dbg.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/matrix_wrappers.hpp>
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ static __global__ void divideCentroids(index_type_t d,
  *  @return Zero if successful. Otherwise non-zero.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-static int chooseNewCentroid(handle_t const& handle,
+static int chooseNewCentroid(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              index_type_t n,
                              index_type_t d,
                              value_type_t rand,
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ static int chooseNewCentroid(handle_t const& handle,
  *  @return Zero if successful. Otherwise non-zero.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-static int initializeCentroids(handle_t const& handle,
+static int initializeCentroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                index_type_t n,
                                index_type_t d,
                                index_type_t k,
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ static int initializeCentroids(handle_t const& handle,
  *  @return Zero if successful. Otherwise non-zero.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-static int assignCentroids(handle_t const& handle,
+static int assignCentroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            index_type_t n,
                            index_type_t d,
                            index_type_t k,
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ static int assignCentroids(handle_t const& handle,
  *  @return Zero if successful. Otherwise non-zero.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-static int updateCentroids(handle_t const& handle,
+static int updateCentroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            index_type_t n,
                            index_type_t d,
                            index_type_t k,
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ static int updateCentroids(handle_t const& handle,
  *  @return error flag.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-int kmeans(handle_t const& handle,
+int kmeans(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            index_type_t n,
            index_type_t d,
            index_type_t k,
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ int kmeans(handle_t const& handle,
  *  @return error flag
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-int kmeans(handle_t const& handle,
+int kmeans(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            index_type_t n,
            index_type_t d,
            index_type_t k,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/mst.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/mst.cuh
index 8143d21641..46e31b672e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/mst.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/mst.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ void merge_msts(sparse::solver::Graph_COO<value_idx, value_idx, value_t>& coo1,
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename red_op>
 void connect_knn_graph(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const value_t* X,
   sparse::solver::Graph_COO<value_idx, value_idx, value_t>& msf,
   size_t m,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ void connect_knn_graph(
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename red_op>
 void build_sorted_mst(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const value_t* X,
   const value_idx* indptr,
   const value_idx* indices,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/single_linkage.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/single_linkage.cuh
index d12db85e1b..473d858827 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/single_linkage.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/detail/single_linkage.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ static const size_t EMPTY = 0;
  * @param[in] n_clusters number of clusters to assign data samples
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, LinkageDistance dist_type>
-void single_linkage(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void single_linkage(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const value_t* X,
                     size_t m,
                     size_t n,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh
index 4b912dc966..ac9e66d5da 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ using KeyValueIndexOp = detail::KeyValueIndexOp<IndexT, DataT>;
  *   k-means++ algorithm.
  *
  * @code{.cpp}
- *   #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *   #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *   #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
  *   #include <raft/cluster/kmeans_types.hpp>
  *   using namespace raft::cluster;
  *   ...
- *   raft::handle_t handle;
+ *   raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *   raft::cluster::KMeansParams params;
  *   int n_features = 15, inertia, n_iter;
  *   auto centroids = raft::make_device_matrix<float, int>(handle, params.n_clusters, n_features);
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ using KeyValueIndexOp = detail::KeyValueIndexOp<IndexT, DataT>;
  * @param[out]    n_iter        Number of iterations run.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          const KMeansParams& params,
          raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
          std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT>> sample_weight,
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ void fit(handle_t const& handle,
  * @brief Predict the closest cluster each sample in X belongs to.
  *
  * @code{.cpp}
- *   #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *   #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *   #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
  *   #include <raft/cluster/kmeans_types.hpp>
  *   using namespace raft::cluster;
  *   ...
- *   raft::handle_t handle;
+ *   raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *   raft::cluster::KMeansParams params;
  *   int n_features = 15, inertia, n_iter;
  *   auto centroids = raft::make_device_matrix<float, int>(handle, params.n_clusters, n_features);
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ void fit(handle_t const& handle,
  *                                 their closest cluster center.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              const KMeansParams& params,
              raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
              std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT>> sample_weight,
@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ void predict(handle_t const& handle,
  * in the input.
  *
  * @code{.cpp}
- *   #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *   #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *   #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
  *   #include <raft/cluster/kmeans_types.hpp>
  *   using namespace raft::cluster;
  *   ...
- *   raft::handle_t handle;
+ *   raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *   raft::cluster::KMeansParams params;
  *   int n_features = 15, inertia, n_iter;
  *   auto centroids = raft::make_device_matrix<float, int>(handle, params.n_clusters, n_features);
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ void predict(handle_t const& handle,
  * @param[out]    n_iter        Number of iterations run.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void fit_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  const KMeansParams& params,
                  raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                  std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT>> sample_weight,
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ void fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
  *                              [dim = n_samples x n_features]
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void transform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const KMeansParams& params,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> centroids,
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ void transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void transform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const KMeansParams& params,
                const DataT* X,
                const DataT* centroids,
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ void transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void sample_centroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sample_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                       raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
                       raft::device_vector_view<std::uint8_t, IndexT> isSampleCentroid,
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ void sample_centroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT, typename ReductionOpT>
-void cluster_cost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void cluster_cost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
                   rmm::device_uvector<char>& workspace,
                   raft::device_scalar_view<DataT> clusterCost,
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ void cluster_cost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] new_centroids: output matrix of updated centroids (size n_clusters, n_features)
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT, typename LabelsIterator>
-void update_centroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void update_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT, row_major> X,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT> sample_weights,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT, row_major> centroids,
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ void update_centroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void min_cluster_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void min_cluster_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                           raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroids,
                           raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ void min_cluster_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
 void min_cluster_and_distance(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> centroids,
   raft::device_vector_view<raft::KeyValuePair<IndexT, DataT>, IndexT> minClusterAndDistance,
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ void min_cluster_and_distance(
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void shuffle_and_gather(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void shuffle_and_gather(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> in,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> out,
                         uint32_t n_samples_to_gather,
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ void shuffle_and_gather(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void count_samples_in_cluster(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void count_samples_in_cluster(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                               const KMeansParams& params,
                               raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                               raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> L2NormX,
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ void count_samples_in_cluster(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in]  workspace             Temporary workspace buffer which can get resized
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void init_plus_plus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void init_plus_plus(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const KMeansParams& params,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroids,
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ void init_plus_plus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in]     workspace     Temporary workspace buffer which can get resized
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void fit_main(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void fit_main(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               const KMeansParams& params,
               raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
               raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT> sample_weights,
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ namespace raft::cluster {
  * @param[out]    n_iter        Number of iterations run.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const KMeansParams& params,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                 std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT>> sample_weight,
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const KMeansParams& params,
                 const DataT* X,
                 const DataT* sample_weight,
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ void kmeans_fit(handle_t const& handle,
  *                                 their closest cluster center.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const KMeansParams& params,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                     std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT>> sample_weight,
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const KMeansParams& params,
                     const DataT* X,
                     const DataT* sample_weight,
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ void kmeans_predict(handle_t const& handle,
  * @param[out]    n_iter        Number of iterations run.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         const KMeansParams& params,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                         std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT>> sample_weight,
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
+void kmeans_fit_predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         const KMeansParams& params,
                         const DataT* X,
                         const DataT* sample_weight,
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ void kmeans_fit_predict(handle_t const& handle,
  *                              [dim = n_samples x n_features]
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeans_transform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const KMeansParams& params,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> centroids,
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ void kmeans_transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT = int>
-void kmeans_transform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeans_transform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const KMeansParams& params,
                       const DataT* X,
                       const DataT* centroids,
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ using KeyValueIndexOp = kmeans::KeyValueIndexOp<IndexT, DataT>;
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void sampleCentroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sampleCentroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                      raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
                      raft::device_vector_view<std::uint8_t, IndexT> isSampleCentroid,
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ void sampleCentroids(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT, typename ReductionOpT>
-void computeClusterCost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void computeClusterCost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
                         rmm::device_uvector<char>& workspace,
                         raft::device_scalar_view<DataT> clusterCost,
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ void computeClusterCost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void minClusterDistanceCompute(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void minClusterDistanceCompute(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                const KMeansParams& params,
                                raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                                raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroids,
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ void minClusterDistanceCompute(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
 void minClusterAndDistanceCompute(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const KMeansParams& params,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> centroids,
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ void minClusterAndDistanceCompute(
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void shuffleAndGather(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void shuffleAndGather(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> in,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> out,
                       uint32_t n_samples_to_gather,
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ void shuffleAndGather(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void countSamplesInCluster(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void countSamplesInCluster(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            const KMeansParams& params,
                            raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                            raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> L2NormX,
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ void countSamplesInCluster(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in]  workspace             Temporary workspace buffer which can get resized
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void kmeansPlusPlus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeansPlusPlus(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const KMeansParams& params,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IndexT> centroidsRawData,
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ void kmeansPlusPlus(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in]     workspace     Temporary workspace buffer which can get resized
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void kmeans_fit_main(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void kmeans_fit_main(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      const KMeansParams& params,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<const DataT, IndexT> X,
                      raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IndexT> weight,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans_deprecated.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans_deprecated.cuh
index a4cac4cb0f..8e0861ada1 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans_deprecated.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/kmeans_deprecated.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace cluster {
  *  @return error flag
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-int kmeans(handle_t const& handle,
+int kmeans(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            index_type_t n,
            index_type_t d,
            index_type_t k,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/single_linkage.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/single_linkage.cuh
index 2d74c364b2..91241b853b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/cluster/single_linkage.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/cluster/single_linkage.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace raft::cluster {
 template <typename value_idx,
           typename value_t,
           LinkageDistance dist_type = LinkageDistance::KNN_GRAPH>
-void single_linkage(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void single_linkage(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     const value_t* X,
                     size_t m,
                     size_t n,
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ constexpr int DEFAULT_CONST_C = 15;
  control of k. The algorithm will set `k = log(n) + c`
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, LinkageDistance dist_type = LinkageDistance::KNN_GRAPH>
-void single_linkage(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void single_linkage(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, row_major> X,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<idx_t, idx_t, row_major> dendrogram,
                     raft::device_vector_view<idx_t, idx_t> labels,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/comms/comms_test.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/comms/comms_test.hpp
index c7e5dd3ab6..c61bb32f79 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/comms/comms_test.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/comms/comms_test.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <raft/comms/comms.hpp>
 #include <raft/comms/detail/test.hpp>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
 namespace comms {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace comms {
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_allreduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_allreduce(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   return detail::test_collective_allreduce(handle, root);
 }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ bool test_collective_allreduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_broadcast(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_broadcast(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   return detail::test_collective_broadcast(handle, root);
 }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ bool test_collective_broadcast(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_reduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_reduce(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   return detail::test_collective_reduce(handle, root);
 }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ bool test_collective_reduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_allgather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_allgather(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   return detail::test_collective_allgather(handle, root);
 }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ bool test_collective_allgather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_gather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_gather(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   return detail::test_collective_gather(handle, root);
 }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ bool test_collective_gather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_gatherv(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_gatherv(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   return detail::test_collective_gatherv(handle, root);
 }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ bool test_collective_gatherv(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_reducescatter(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_reducescatter(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   return detail::test_collective_reducescatter(handle, root);
 }
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ bool test_collective_reducescatter(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param[in] numTrials number of iterations of all-to-all messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   return detail::test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(h, numTrials);
 }
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param numTrials number of iterations of send or receive messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   return detail::test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(h, numTrials);
 }
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param numTrials number of iterations of send or receive messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   return detail::test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(h, numTrials);
 }
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param numTrials number of iterations of send or receive messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   return detail::test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(h, numTrials);
 }
@@ -163,6 +163,9 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrial
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param n_colors number of different colors to test
  */
-bool test_commsplit(const handle_t& h, int n_colors) { return detail::test_commsplit(h, n_colors); }
+bool test_commsplit(raft::device_resources const& h, int n_colors)
+{
+  return detail::test_commsplit(h, n_colors);
+}
 }  // namespace comms
 };  // namespace raft
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/mpi_comms.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/mpi_comms.hpp
index 508a9ce717..4062389eea 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/mpi_comms.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/mpi_comms.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 
 #include <raft/comms/comms.hpp>
 #include <raft/comms/detail/util.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/error.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <rmm/cuda_stream_view.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_scalar.hpp>
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/std_comms.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/std_comms.hpp
index 33892597d8..0db27f0a45 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/std_comms.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/std_comms.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <raft/comms/detail/ucp_helper.hpp>
 #include <raft/comms/detail/util.hpp>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_scalar.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/test.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/test.hpp
index 4f879540b4..2b12bf2d2a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/test.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/comms/detail/test.hpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/comms/comms.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_scalar.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace detail {
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_allreduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_allreduce(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = handle.get_comms();
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ bool test_collective_allreduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_broadcast(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_broadcast(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = handle.get_comms();
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ bool test_collective_broadcast(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_reduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_reduce(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = handle.get_comms();
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ bool test_collective_reduce(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_allgather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_allgather(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = handle.get_comms();
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ bool test_collective_allgather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_gather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_gather(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = handle.get_comms();
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ bool test_collective_gather(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_gatherv(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_gatherv(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = handle.get_comms();
 
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ bool test_collective_gatherv(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  *  @param[in] root the root rank id
  */
-bool test_collective_reducescatter(const handle_t& handle, int root)
+bool test_collective_reducescatter(raft::device_resources const& handle, int root)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = handle.get_comms();
 
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ bool test_collective_reducescatter(const handle_t& handle, int root)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param[in] numTrials number of iterations of all-to-all messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = h.get_comms();
   int const rank              = communicator.get_rank();
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param numTrials number of iterations of send or receive messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = h.get_comms();
   int const rank              = communicator.get_rank();
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param numTrials number of iterations of send or receive messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = h.get_comms();
   int const rank              = communicator.get_rank();
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param numTrials number of iterations of send or receive messaging to perform
  */
-bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrials)
+bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(raft::device_resources const& h, int numTrials)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = h.get_comms();
   int const rank              = communicator.get_rank();
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(const handle_t& h, int numTrial
  *        initialized comms instance.
  * @param n_colors number of different colors to test
  */
-bool test_commsplit(const handle_t& h, int n_colors)
+bool test_commsplit(raft::device_resources const& h, int n_colors)
 {
   comms_t const& communicator = h.get_comms();
   int const rank              = communicator.get_rank();
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/comms/mpi_comms.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/comms/mpi_comms.hpp
index b3ea62efd2..9076176ea6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/comms/mpi_comms.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/comms/mpi_comms.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ using mpi_comms = detail::mpi_comms;
  * #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
  *
  * MPI_Comm mpi_comm;
- * raft::handle_t handle;
+ * raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *
  * initialize_mpi_comms(&handle, mpi_comm);
  * ...
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ using mpi_comms = detail::mpi_comms;
  * comm.sync_stream(handle.get_stream());
  * @endcode
  */
-inline void initialize_mpi_comms(handle_t* handle, MPI_Comm comm)
+inline void initialize_mpi_comms(device_resources* handle, MPI_Comm comm)
 {
   auto communicator = std::make_shared<comms_t>(
     std::unique_ptr<comms_iface>(new mpi_comms(comm, false, handle->get_stream())));
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/comms/std_comms.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/comms/std_comms.hpp
index 5e619053da..6370d4a8e6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/comms/std_comms.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/comms/std_comms.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/comms/comms.hpp>
 #include <raft/comms/detail/std_comms.hpp>
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ using std_comms = detail::std_comms;
  * Factory function to construct a RAFT NCCL communicator and inject it into a
  * RAFT handle.
  *
- * @param handle raft::handle_t for injecting the comms
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources for injecting the comms
  * @param nccl_comm initialized NCCL communicator to use for collectives
  * @param num_ranks number of ranks in communicator clique
  * @param rank rank of local instance
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ using std_comms = detail::std_comms;
  * #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
  *
  * ncclComm_t nccl_comm;
- * raft::handle_t handle;
+ * raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *
  * build_comms_nccl_only(&handle, nccl_comm, 5, 0);
  * ...
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ using std_comms = detail::std_comms;
  * comm.sync_stream(handle.get_stream());
  * @endcode
  */
-void build_comms_nccl_only(handle_t* handle, ncclComm_t nccl_comm, int num_ranks, int rank)
+void build_comms_nccl_only(device_resources* handle, ncclComm_t nccl_comm, int num_ranks, int rank)
 {
   cudaStream_t stream = handle->get_stream();
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ void build_comms_nccl_only(handle_t* handle, ncclComm_t nccl_comm, int num_ranks
  * Factory function to construct a RAFT NCCL+UCX and inject it into a RAFT
  * handle.
  *
- * @param handle raft::handle_t for injecting the comms
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources for injecting the comms
  * @param nccl_comm initialized NCCL communicator to use for collectives
  * @param ucp_worker of local process
  *        Note: This is purposefully left as void* so that the ucp_worker_h
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ void build_comms_nccl_only(handle_t* handle, ncclComm_t nccl_comm, int num_ranks
  * #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
  *
  * ncclComm_t nccl_comm;
- * raft::handle_t handle;
+ * raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  * ucp_worker_h ucp_worker;
  * ucp_ep_h *ucp_endpoints_arr;
  *
@@ -110,8 +110,12 @@ void build_comms_nccl_only(handle_t* handle, ncclComm_t nccl_comm, int num_ranks
  * comm.sync_stream(handle.get_stream());
  * @endcode
  */
-void build_comms_nccl_ucx(
-  handle_t* handle, ncclComm_t nccl_comm, void* ucp_worker, void* eps, int num_ranks, int rank)
+void build_comms_nccl_ucx(device_resources* handle,
+                          ncclComm_t nccl_comm,
+                          void* ucp_worker,
+                          void* eps,
+                          int num_ranks,
+                          int rank)
 {
   auto eps_sp = std::make_shared<ucp_ep_h*>(new ucp_ep_h[num_ranks]);
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/detail/device_mdarray.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/detail/device_mdarray.hpp
index ad6831794e..31dfaba70a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/detail/device_mdarray.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/detail/device_mdarray.hpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  */
 
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/core/detail/span.hpp>  // dynamic_extent
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp
index 693e50a506..03cb09eecb 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ using device_matrix = device_mdarray<ElementType, matrix_extent<IndexType>, Layo
  * @tparam ElementType the data type of the matrix elements
  * @tparam IndexType the index type of the extents
  * @tparam LayoutPolicy policy for strides and layout ordering
- * @param handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources
  * @param exts dimensionality of the array (series of integers)
  * @return raft::device_mdarray
  */
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename IndexType    = std::uint32_t,
           typename LayoutPolicy = layout_c_contiguous,
           size_t... Extents>
-auto make_device_mdarray(const raft::handle_t& handle, extents<IndexType, Extents...> exts)
+auto make_device_mdarray(raft::device_resources const& handle, extents<IndexType, Extents...> exts)
 {
   using mdarray_t = device_mdarray<ElementType, decltype(exts), LayoutPolicy>;
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ auto make_device_mdarray(const raft::handle_t& handle, extents<IndexType, Extent
  * @tparam ElementType the data type of the matrix elements
  * @tparam IndexType the index type of the extents
  * @tparam LayoutPolicy policy for strides and layout ordering
- * @param handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources
  * @param mr rmm memory resource used for allocating the memory for the array
  * @param exts dimensionality of the array (series of integers)
  * @return raft::device_mdarray
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename IndexType    = std::uint32_t,
           typename LayoutPolicy = layout_c_contiguous,
           size_t... Extents>
-auto make_device_mdarray(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+auto make_device_mdarray(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          rmm::mr::device_memory_resource* mr,
                          extents<IndexType, Extents...> exts)
 {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ auto make_device_mdarray(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 template <typename ElementType,
           typename IndexType    = std::uint32_t,
           typename LayoutPolicy = layout_c_contiguous>
-auto make_device_matrix(raft::handle_t const& handle, IndexType n_rows, IndexType n_cols)
+auto make_device_matrix(raft::device_resources const& handle, IndexType n_rows, IndexType n_cols)
 {
   return make_device_mdarray<ElementType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy>(
     handle.get_stream(), make_extents<IndexType>(n_rows, n_cols));
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ auto make_device_matrix(raft::handle_t const& handle, IndexType n_rows, IndexTyp
  * @return raft::device_scalar
  */
 template <typename ElementType, typename IndexType = std::uint32_t>
-auto make_device_scalar(raft::handle_t const& handle, ElementType const& v)
+auto make_device_scalar(raft::device_resources const& handle, ElementType const& v)
 {
   scalar_extent<IndexType> extents;
   using policy_t = typename device_scalar<ElementType>::container_policy_type;
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ auto make_device_scalar(raft::handle_t const& handle, ElementType const& v)
 template <typename ElementType,
           typename IndexType    = std::uint32_t,
           typename LayoutPolicy = layout_c_contiguous>
-auto make_device_vector(raft::handle_t const& handle, IndexType n)
+auto make_device_vector(raft::device_resources const& handle, IndexType n)
 {
   return make_device_mdarray<ElementType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy>(handle.get_stream(),
                                                                    make_extents<IndexType>(n));
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/device_resources.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/device_resources.hpp
index ec0b92dde2..68c56dc9b6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/device_resources.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/device_resources.hpp
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ class device_resources : public resources {
    * @param[in] stream_view the default stream (which has the default per-thread stream if
    * unspecified)
    * @param[in] stream_pool the stream pool used (which has default of nullptr if unspecified)
+   * @param[in] workspace_resource an optional resource used by some functions for allocating
+   *            temporary workspaces.
    */
   device_resources(rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_view                  = rmm::cuda_stream_per_thread,
                    std::shared_ptr<rmm::cuda_stream_pool> stream_pool = {nullptr},
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/handle.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/handle.hpp
index c1e7aa538f..02efebec9e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/handle.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/handle.hpp
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ namespace raft {
  * raft::handle_t is being kept around for backwards
  * compatibility and will be removed in a future version.
  *
- * Extending the `raft::device_resources` instead of `using` to
+ * Extending the `raft::handle_t` instead of `using` to
  * minimize needed changes downstream
  * (e.g. existing forward declarations, etc...)
  *
- * Use of `raft::resources` or `raft::device_resources` is preferred.
+ * Use of `raft::resources` or `raft::handle_t` is preferred.
  */
 class handle_t : public raft::device_resources {
  public:
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ class handle_t : public raft::device_resources {
    * @param[in] stream_view the default stream (which has the default per-thread stream if
    * unspecified)
    * @param[in] stream_pool the stream pool used (which has default of nullptr if unspecified)
+   * @param[in] workspace_resource an optional resource used by some functions for allocating
+   *            temporary workspaces.
    */
   handle_t(rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_view                   = rmm::cuda_stream_per_thread,
            std::shared_ptr<rmm::cuda_stream_pool> stream_pool  = {nullptr},
@@ -60,4 +62,4 @@ class handle_t : public raft::device_resources {
   ~handle_t() override {}
 };
 
-}  // end NAMESPACE raft
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // end NAMESPACE raft
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/comms.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/comms.hpp
index b7a74b7dd5..73de166c14 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/comms.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/comms.hpp
@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ class comms_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   std::shared_ptr<comms::comms_t> communicator_;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_comms Comms resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 inline bool comms_initialized(resources const& res)
 {
   return res.has_resource_factory(resource_type::COMMUNICATOR);
@@ -66,4 +71,8 @@ inline void set_comms(resources const& res, std::shared_ptr<comms::comms_t> comm
 {
   res.add_resource_factory(std::make_shared<comms_resource_factory>(communicator));
 }
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
 }  // namespace raft::resource
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cublas_handle.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cublas_handle.hpp
index cf6f51ee98..710fcc7e60 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cublas_handle.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cublas_handle.hpp
@@ -54,11 +54,16 @@ class cublas_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_cublas cuBLAS handle resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Load a cublasres_t from raft res if it exists, otherwise
  * add it and return it.
- * @param res
- * @return
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
+ * @return cublas handle
  */
 inline cublasHandle_t get_cublas_handle(resources const& res)
 {
@@ -68,4 +73,9 @@ inline cublasHandle_t get_cublas_handle(resources const& res)
   }
   return *res.get_resource<cublasHandle_t>(resource_type::CUBLAS_HANDLE);
 };
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream.hpp
index 2e01ce0123..318252199e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream.hpp
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ class cuda_stream_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_cuda_stream CUDA stream resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
 /**
  * Load a rmm::cuda_stream_view from a resources instance (and populate it on the res
  * if needed).
@@ -71,8 +75,8 @@ inline rmm::cuda_stream_view get_cuda_stream(resources const& res)
 /**
  * Load a rmm::cuda_stream_view from a resources instance (and populate it on the res
  * if needed).
- * @param res raft res object for managing resources
- * @return
+ * @param[in] res raft resources object for managing resources
+ * @param[in] stream_view cuda stream view
  */
 inline void set_cuda_stream(resources const& res, rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_view)
 {
@@ -81,6 +85,9 @@ inline void set_cuda_stream(resources const& res, rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_v
 
 /**
  * @brief synchronize a specific stream
+ *
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
+ * @param[in] stream stream to synchronize
  */
 inline void sync_stream(const resources& res, rmm::cuda_stream_view stream)
 {
@@ -91,4 +98,9 @@ inline void sync_stream(const resources& res, rmm::cuda_stream_view stream)
  * @brief synchronize main stream on the resources instance
  */
 inline void sync_stream(const resources& res) { sync_stream(res, get_cuda_stream(res)); }
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream_pool.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream_pool.hpp
index 452523d3af..dbce75b3a5 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream_pool.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cuda_stream_pool.hpp
@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ inline bool is_stream_pool_initialized(const resources& res)
            resource_type::CUDA_STREAM_POOL) != nullptr;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_stream_pool CUDA Stream pool resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Load a cuda_stream_pool, and create a new one if it doesn't already exist
  * @param res raft res object for managing resources
@@ -126,6 +131,7 @@ inline rmm::cuda_stream_view get_next_usable_stream(const resources& res)
 /**
  * @brief return stream from pool at index if size > 0, else main stream on res
  *
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
  * @param[in] stream_idx the required index of the stream in the stream pool if available
  */
 inline rmm::cuda_stream_view get_next_usable_stream(const resources& res, std::size_t stream_idx)
@@ -136,6 +142,8 @@ inline rmm::cuda_stream_view get_next_usable_stream(const resources& res, std::s
 
 /**
  * @brief synchronize the stream pool on the res
+ *
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
  */
 inline void sync_stream_pool(const resources& res)
 {
@@ -147,6 +155,7 @@ inline void sync_stream_pool(const resources& res)
 /**
  * @brief synchronize subset of stream pool
  *
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
  * @param[in] stream_indices the indices of the streams in the stream pool to synchronize
  */
 inline void sync_stream_pool(const resources& res, const std::vector<std::size_t> stream_indices)
@@ -159,6 +168,8 @@ inline void sync_stream_pool(const resources& res, const std::vector<std::size_t
 
 /**
  * @brief ask stream pool to wait on last event in main stream
+ *
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
  */
 inline void wait_stream_pool_on_stream(const resources& res)
 {
@@ -168,4 +179,9 @@ inline void wait_stream_pool_on_stream(const resources& res)
     RAFT_CUDA_TRY(cudaStreamWaitEvent(get_cuda_stream_pool(res).get_stream(i), event, 0));
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_dn_handle.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_dn_handle.hpp
index 7ed5634574..7a33e2dd2a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_dn_handle.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_dn_handle.hpp
@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ class cusolver_dn_resource : public resource {
   cusolverDnHandle_t cusolver_res;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_cusolver_dn cuSolver DN handle resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Factory that knows how to construct a
  * specific raft::resource to populate
@@ -61,8 +66,8 @@ class cusolver_dn_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
 /**
  * Load a cusolverSpres_t from raft res if it exists, otherwise
  * add it and return it.
- * @param res
- * @return
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
+ * @return cusolver dn handle
  */
 inline cusolverDnHandle_t get_cusolver_dn_handle(resources const& res)
 {
@@ -72,4 +77,9 @@ inline cusolverDnHandle_t get_cusolver_dn_handle(resources const& res)
   }
   return *res.get_resource<cusolverDnHandle_t>(resource_type::CUSOLVER_DN_HANDLE);
 };
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_sp_handle.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_sp_handle.hpp
index 1822955301..61fd95b44f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_sp_handle.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusolver_sp_handle.hpp
@@ -57,11 +57,16 @@ class cusolver_sp_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_cusolver_sp cuSolver SP handle resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Load a cusolverSpres_t from raft res if it exists, otherwise
  * add it and return it.
- * @param res
- * @return
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
+ * @return cusolver sp handle
  */
 inline cusolverSpHandle_t get_cusolver_sp_handle(resources const& res)
 {
@@ -71,4 +76,9 @@ inline cusolverSpHandle_t get_cusolver_sp_handle(resources const& res)
   }
   return *res.get_resource<cusolverSpHandle_t>(resource_type::CUSOLVER_SP_HANDLE);
 };
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusparse_handle.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusparse_handle.hpp
index 133e01f164..9893ed2f86 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusparse_handle.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/cusparse_handle.hpp
@@ -52,11 +52,16 @@ class cusparse_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_cusparse cuSparse handle resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Load a cusparseres_t from raft res if it exists, otherwise
  * add it and return it.
- * @param res
- * @return
+ * @param[in] res the raft resources object
+ * @return cusparse handle
  */
 inline cusparseHandle_t get_cusparse_handle(resources const& res)
 {
@@ -66,4 +71,9 @@ inline cusparseHandle_t get_cusparse_handle(resources const& res)
   }
   return *res.get_resource<cusparseHandle_t>(resource_type::CUSPARSE_HANDLE);
 };
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_id.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_id.hpp
index 76c57166b3..b55e56ca45 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_id.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_id.hpp
@@ -51,10 +51,15 @@ class device_id_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   resource* make_resource() override { return new device_id_resource(); }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_device_id Device ID resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Load a device id from a res (and populate it on the res if needed).
  * @param res raft res object for managing resources
- * @return
+ * @return device id
  */
 inline int get_device_id(resources const& res)
 {
@@ -63,4 +68,8 @@ inline int get_device_id(resources const& res)
   }
   return *res.get_resource<int>(resource_type::DEVICE_ID);
 };
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
 }  // namespace raft::resource
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_memory_resource.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_memory_resource.hpp
index 0706f28f94..35ae3d715f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_memory_resource.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_memory_resource.hpp
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ inline rmm::mr::device_memory_resource* get_workspace_resource(resources const&
  *
  * @param res raft resources object for managing resources
  * @param mr a valid rmm device_memory_resource
- * @return
  */
 inline void set_workspace_resource(resources const& res, rmm::mr::device_memory_resource* mr)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_properties.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_properties.hpp
index d6193e7a95..c3b0b8f2b9 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_properties.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/device_properties.hpp
@@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ class device_properties_resource : public resource {
   cudaDeviceProp prop_;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_device_props Device properties resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Factory that knows how to construct a
  * specific raft::resource to populate
@@ -55,7 +60,7 @@ class device_properties_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
 /**
  * Load a cudaDeviceProp from a res (and populate it on the res if needed).
  * @param res raft res object for managing resources
- * @return
+ * @return populated cuda device properties instance
  */
 inline cudaDeviceProp& get_device_properties(resources const& res)
 {
@@ -65,4 +70,8 @@ inline cudaDeviceProp& get_device_properties(resources const& res)
   }
   return *res.get_resource<cudaDeviceProp>(resource_type::DEVICE_PROPERTIES);
 };
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
 }  // namespace raft::resource
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/resource_types.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/resource_types.hpp
index ace4b7061b..cf302e25f9 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/resource_types.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/resource_types.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@
 
 namespace raft::resource {
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_types Core resource vocabulary types
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * @brief Resource types can apply to any resource and don't have to be host- or device-specific.
  */
@@ -103,4 +108,8 @@ class empty_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   empty_resource res;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/sub_comms.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/sub_comms.hpp
index 9c2c67deed..7070b61c54 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/sub_comms.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/sub_comms.hpp
@@ -42,6 +42,11 @@ class sub_comms_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   resource* make_resource() override { return new sub_comms_resource(); }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_subcomms Subcommunicator resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 inline const comms::comms_t& get_subcomm(const resources& res, std::string key)
 {
   if (!res.has_resource_factory(resource_type::SUB_COMMUNICATOR)) {
@@ -69,4 +74,9 @@ inline void set_subcomm(resources const& res,
       resource_type::SUB_COMMUNICATOR);
   sub_comms->insert(std::make_pair(key, subcomm));
 }
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/thrust_policy.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/thrust_policy.hpp
index e3e3cf6aef..1e7441e5e4 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/thrust_policy.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/core/resource/thrust_policy.hpp
@@ -48,10 +48,15 @@ class thrust_policy_resource_factory : public resource_factory {
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_view_;
 };
 
+/**
+ * @defgroup resource_thrust_policy Thrust policy resource functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
 /**
  * Load a thrust policy from a res (and populate it on the res if needed).
  * @param res raft res object for managing resources
- * @return
+ * @return thrust execution policy
  */
 inline rmm::exec_policy& get_thrust_policy(resources const& res)
 {
@@ -61,4 +66,9 @@ inline rmm::exec_policy& get_thrust_policy(resources const& res)
   }
   return *res.get_resource<rmm::exec_policy>(resource_type::THRUST_POLICY);
 };
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
 }  // namespace raft::resource
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/distance/distance.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/distance/distance.cuh
index 1c069fc397..93a5ce7f1a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/distance/distance.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/distance/distance.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/detail/distance.cuh>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ void distance(const InType* x,
  * @param metric_arg metric argument (used for Minkowski distance)
  */
 template <typename Type, typename Index_ = int>
-void pairwise_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        const Type* x,
                        const Type* y,
                        Type* dist,
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ void pairwise_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param metric_arg metric argument (used for Minkowski distance)
  */
 template <typename Type, typename Index_ = int>
-void pairwise_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        const Type* x,
                        const Type* y,
                        Type* dist,
@@ -363,12 +363,12 @@ void pairwise_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
- * #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ * #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  * #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
  * #include <raft/random/make_blobs.cuh>
  * #include <raft/distance/distance.cuh>
  *
- * raft::handle_t handle;
+ * raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  * int n_samples = 5000;
  * int n_features = 50;
  *
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ template <raft::distance::DistanceType distanceType,
           typename OutType,
           typename layout = raft::layout_c_contiguous,
           typename Index_ = int>
-void distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               raft::device_matrix_view<InType, Index_, layout> const x,
               raft::device_matrix_view<InType, Index_, layout> const y,
               raft::device_matrix_view<OutType, Index_, layout> dist,
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ void distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
  * @param metric_arg metric argument (used for Minkowski distance)
  */
 template <typename Type, typename layout = layout_c_contiguous, typename Index_ = int>
-void pairwise_distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        device_matrix_view<Type, Index_, layout> const x,
                        device_matrix_view<Type, Index_, layout> const y,
                        device_matrix_view<Type, Index_, layout> dist,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/distance/fused_l2_nn.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/distance/fused_l2_nn.cuh
index 1f677e919d..e832bcb020 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/distance/fused_l2_nn.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/distance/fused_l2_nn.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <cub/cub.cuh>
 #include <limits>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/detail/fused_l2_nn.cuh>
 #include <raft/linalg/contractions.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ using MinReduceOp = detail::MinReduceOpImpl<LabelT, DataT>;
  * Initialize array using init value from reduction op
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename OutT, typename IdxT, typename ReduceOpT>
-void initialize(const raft::handle_t& handle, OutT* min, IdxT m, DataT maxVal, ReduceOpT redOp)
+void initialize(
+  raft::device_resources const& handle, OutT* min, IdxT m, DataT maxVal, ReduceOpT redOp)
 {
   detail::initialize<DataT, OutT, IdxT, ReduceOpT>(min, m, maxVal, redOp, handle.get_stream());
 }
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/handle.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/handle.hpp
index 4525af49d2..caa68061db 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/handle.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/handle.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/add.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/add.cuh
index 27ab24abe8..608c63e1a9 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/add.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/add.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ void addDevScalar(
  * @brief Elementwise add operation
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in1    First Input
  * @param[in] in2    Second Input
  * @param[out] out    Output
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename OutType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void add(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
+void add(raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
 {
   using in_value_t  = typename InType::value_type;
   using out_value_t = typename OutType::value_type;
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ void add(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType Index Type of scalar
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in    Input
  * @param[in] scalar    raft::device_scalar_view
  * @param[in] out    Output
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename ScalarIdxType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void add_scalar(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void add_scalar(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 InType in,
                 OutType out,
                 raft::device_scalar_view<const typename InType::value_type, ScalarIdxType> scalar)
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ void add_scalar(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType Index Type of scalar
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in    Input
  * @param[in] scalar    raft::host_scalar_view
  * @param[in] out    Output
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename ScalarIdxType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void add_scalar(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void add_scalar(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const InType in,
                 OutType out,
                 raft::host_scalar_view<const typename InType::value_type, ScalarIdxType> scalar)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/axpy.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/axpy.cuh
index 35a34bc2b5..9b3af73234 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/axpy.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/axpy.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace raft::linalg {
  * @param [in] stream
  */
 template <typename T, bool DevicePointerMode = false>
-void axpy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void axpy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const int n,
           const T* alpha,
           const T* x,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void axpy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @brief axpy function
  *  It computes the following equation: y = alpha * x + y
  *
- * @param [in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param [in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param [in] alpha raft::device_scalar_view
  * @param [in] x Input vector
  * @param [inout] y Output vector
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename InLayoutPolicy,
           typename OutLayoutPolicy,
           typename ScalarIdxType>
-void axpy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void axpy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_scalar_view<const ElementType, ScalarIdxType> alpha,
           raft::device_vector_view<const ElementType, IndexType, InLayoutPolicy> x,
           raft::device_vector_view<ElementType, IndexType, OutLayoutPolicy> y)
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ void axpy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 /**
  * @brief axpy function
  *  It computes the following equation: y = alpha * x + y
- * @param [in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param [in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param [in] alpha raft::device_scalar_view
  * @param [in] x Input vector
  * @param [inout] y Output vector
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename InLayoutPolicy,
           typename OutLayoutPolicy,
           typename ScalarIdxType>
-void axpy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void axpy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::host_scalar_view<const ElementType, ScalarIdxType> alpha,
           raft::device_vector_view<const ElementType, IndexType, InLayoutPolicy> x,
           raft::device_vector_view<ElementType, IndexType, OutLayoutPolicy> y)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/binary_op.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/binary_op.cuh
index 693ef961c2..966e84965d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/binary_op.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/binary_op.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "detail/binary_op.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/input_validation.hpp>
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void binaryOp(
  * @tparam InType Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam Lambda the device-lambda performing the actual operation
  * @tparam OutType Output Type raft::device_mdspan
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in1 First input
  * @param[in] in2 Second input
  * @param[out] out Output
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename OutType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void binary_op(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out, Lambda op)
+void binary_op(raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out, Lambda op)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(out), "Output must be contiguous");
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(in1), "Input 1 must be contiguous");
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/cholesky_r1_update.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/cholesky_r1_update.cuh
index af8d12d873..e10f43653b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/cholesky_r1_update.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/cholesky_r1_update.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  *    conditioned systems. Negative values mean no regularizaton.
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void choleskyRank1Update(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void choleskyRank1Update(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          math_t* L,
                          int n,
                          int ld,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cuh
index 45cd640edc..674be207d8 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "detail/coalesced_reduction.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/operators.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ void coalescedReduction(OutType* dots,
  * @tparam FinalLambda the final lambda applied before STG (eg: Sqrt for L2 norm)
  * It must be a 'callable' supporting the following input and output:
  * <pre>OutType (*FinalLambda)(OutType);</pre>
- * @param handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] data Input of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] dots Output of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[in] init initial value to use for the reduction
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ template <typename InValueType,
           typename MainLambda   = raft::identity_op,
           typename ReduceLambda = raft::add_op,
           typename FinalLambda  = raft::identity_op>
-void coalesced_reduction(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void coalesced_reduction(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          raft::device_matrix_view<const InValueType, IdxType, LayoutPolicy> data,
                          raft::device_vector_view<OutValueType, IdxType> dots,
                          OutValueType init,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/axpy.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/axpy.cuh
index f3e1a177c8..5747e840c4 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/axpy.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/axpy.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@
 
 #include "cublas_wrappers.hpp"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::linalg::detail {
 
 template <typename T, bool DevicePointerMode = false>
-void axpy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void axpy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const int n,
           const T* alpha,
           const T* x,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/cholesky_r1_update.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/cholesky_r1_update.cuh
index 47937815bd..afa9155753 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/cholesky_r1_update.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/cholesky_r1_update.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "cublas_wrappers.hpp"
 #include "cusolver_wrappers.hpp"
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/binary_op.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace linalg {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void choleskyRank1Update(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void choleskyRank1Update(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          math_t* L,
                          int n,
                          int ld,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/eig.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/eig.cuh
index d48b42fc57..94493efb24 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/eig.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/eig.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "cusolver_wrappers.hpp"
 #include <cuda_runtime_api.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/matrix/matrix.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_scalar.hpp>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace linalg {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void eigDC_legacy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eigDC_legacy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   const math_t* in,
                   std::size_t n_rows,
                   std::size_t n_cols,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void eigDC_legacy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void eigDC(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eigDC(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            const math_t* in,
            std::size_t n_rows,
            std::size_t n_cols,
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ void eigDC(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 enum EigVecMemUsage { OVERWRITE_INPUT, COPY_INPUT };
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void eigSelDC(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eigSelDC(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               math_t* in,
               std::size_t n_rows,
               std::size_t n_cols,
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ void eigSelDC(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void eigJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eigJacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const math_t* in,
                std::size_t n_rows,
                std::size_t n_cols,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemm.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemm.hpp
index baa066984b..ba9496c3b9 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemm.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemm.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "cublas_wrappers.hpp"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
 namespace linalg {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ namespace detail {
  * @param [in] stream
  */
 template <typename math_t, bool DevicePointerMode = false>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const bool trans_a,
           const bool trans_b,
           const int m,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* a,
           int n_rows_a,
           int n_cols_a,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* a,
           int n_rows_a,
           int n_cols_a,
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename T, bool DevicePointerMode = false>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           T* z,
           T* x,
           T* y,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemv.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemv.hpp
index 38fcdcd82e..b3e001a851 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemv.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/gemv.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@
 
 #include "cublas_wrappers.hpp"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
 namespace linalg {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename math_t, bool DevicePointerMode = false>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const bool trans_a,
           const int m,
           const int n,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows,
           const int n_cols,
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lanczos.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lanczos.cuh
index 5a3c595512..8c0cfeba28 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lanczos.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lanczos.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <curand.h>
 
 #include "cublas_wrappers.hpp"
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/detail/lapack.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/detail/warn_dbg.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/matrix_wrappers.hpp>
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ inline curandStatus_t curandGenerateNormalX(
  *  @return Zero if successful. Otherwise non-zero.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-int performLanczosIteration(handle_t const& handle,
+int performLanczosIteration(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const* A,
                             index_type_t* iter,
                             index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ static int francisQRIteration(index_type_t n,
  *  @return error flag.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-static int lanczosRestart(handle_t const& handle,
+static int lanczosRestart(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           index_type_t n,
                           index_type_t iter,
                           index_type_t iter_new,
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ static int lanczosRestart(handle_t const& handle,
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const* A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
 
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeLargestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const* A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -1331,7 +1331,7 @@ int computeLargestEigenvectors(
 
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeLargestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lstsq.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lstsq.cuh
index f0cf300e2f..207bcefc32 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lstsq.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/lstsq.cuh
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ struct DivideByNonZero {
  *             so it's not guaranteed to stay unmodified.
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqSvdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqSvdQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 math_t* A,
                 const int n_rows,
                 const int n_cols,
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ void lstsqSvdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *             so it's not guaranteed to stay unmodified.
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqSvdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqSvdJacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     math_t* A,
                     const int n_rows,
                     const int n_cols,
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ void lstsqSvdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *  (`w = (A^T A)^-1  A^T b`)
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqEig(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               const math_t* A,
               const int n_rows,
               const int n_cols,
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ void lstsqEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *            Warning: the content of this vector is modified by the cuSOLVER routines.
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              math_t* A,
              const int n_rows,
              const int n_cols,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map.cuh
index add003eb52..e0b473bdd4 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cub/cub.cuh>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/vectorized.cuh>
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map_then_reduce.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map_then_reduce.cuh
index 7ef9ca1c43..70bb2df4f5 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map_then_reduce.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/map_then_reduce.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cub/cub.cuh>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/vectorized.cuh>
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/qr.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/qr.cuh
index 74e9c3e1aa..4cba028d87 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/qr.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/qr.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ namespace detail {
  */
 template <typename math_t>
 void qrGetQ_inplace(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, math_t* Q, int n_rows, int n_cols, cudaStream_t stream)
+  raft::device_resources const& handle, math_t* Q, int n_rows, int n_cols, cudaStream_t stream)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(n_rows >= n_cols, "QR decomposition expects n_rows >= n_cols.");
   cusolverDnHandle_t cusolver = handle.get_cusolver_dn_handle();
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ void qrGetQ_inplace(
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void qrGetQ(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void qrGetQ(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             const math_t* M,
             math_t* Q,
             int n_rows,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ void qrGetQ(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void qrGetQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void qrGetQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              math_t* M,
              math_t* Q,
              math_t* R,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/rsvd.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/rsvd.cuh
index f96598d9e6..a66a23179b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/rsvd.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/rsvd.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ namespace detail {
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void rsvdFixedRank(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvdFixedRank(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    math_t* M,
                    int n_rows,
                    int n_cols,
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ void rsvdFixedRank(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void rsvdPerc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvdPerc(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               math_t* M,
               int n_rows,
               int n_cols,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/svd.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/svd.cuh
index 8626c7888b..4850744f51 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/svd.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/svd.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include <raft/linalg/transpose.cuh>
 
 #include <raft/common/nvtx.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/matrix/math.cuh>
 #include <raft/matrix/matrix.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace linalg {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename T>
-void svdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            T* in,
            int n_rows,
            int n_cols,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void svdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t>
-void svdEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdEig(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             math_t* in,
             idx_t n_rows,
             idx_t n_cols,
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ void svdEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void svdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdJacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                math_t* in,
                int n_rows,
                int n_cols,
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ void svdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void svdReconstruction(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdReconstruction(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        math_t* U,
                        math_t* S,
                        math_t* V,
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ void svdReconstruction(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-bool evaluateSVDByL2Norm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+bool evaluateSVDByL2Norm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          math_t* A_d,
                          math_t* U,
                          math_t* S_vec,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/transpose.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/transpose.cuh
index ef5551ea7e..9e7b236fed 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/transpose.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/detail/transpose.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "cublas_wrappers.hpp"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <rmm/exec_policy.hpp>
 #include <thrust/for_each.h>
 #include <thrust/iterator/counting_iterator.h>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace linalg {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void transpose(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void transpose(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                math_t* in,
                math_t* out,
                int n_rows,
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ void transpose(math_t* inout, int n, cudaStream_t stream)
 
 template <typename T, typename IndexType, typename LayoutPolicy, typename AccessorPolicy>
 void transpose_row_major_impl(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::mdspan<T, raft::matrix_extent<IndexType>, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy> in,
   raft::mdspan<T, raft::matrix_extent<IndexType>, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy> out)
 {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ void transpose_row_major_impl(
 
 template <typename T, typename IndexType, typename LayoutPolicy, typename AccessorPolicy>
 void transpose_col_major_impl(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::mdspan<T, raft::matrix_extent<IndexType>, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy> in,
   raft::mdspan<T, raft::matrix_extent<IndexType>, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy> out)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/divide.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/divide.cuh
index 526d8a9716..0b18e6175c 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/divide.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/divide.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void divideScalar(OutT* out, const InT* in, InT scalar, IdxType len, cudaStream_
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType Index Type of scalar
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in    Input
  * @param[in] scalar    raft::host_scalar_view
  * @param[out] out    Output
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename ScalarIdxType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void divide_scalar(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void divide_scalar(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    InType in,
                    OutType out,
                    raft::host_scalar_view<const typename InType::value_type, ScalarIdxType> scalar)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/dot.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/dot.cuh
index 4b1bc913e1..917188d695 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/dot.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/dot.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::linalg {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace raft::linalg {
 
 /**
  * @brief Computes the dot product of two vectors.
- * @param[in] handle   raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle   raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] x        First input vector
  * @param[in] y        Second input vector
  * @param[out] out     The output dot product between the x and y vectors.
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename ScalarIndexType,
           typename LayoutPolicy1,
           typename LayoutPolicy2>
-void dot(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void dot(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          raft::device_vector_view<const ElementType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy1> x,
          raft::device_vector_view<const ElementType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy2> y,
          raft::device_scalar_view<ElementType, ScalarIndexType> out)
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void dot(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 
 /**
  * @brief Computes the dot product of two vectors.
- * @param[in] handle   raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle   raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] x        First input vector
  * @param[in] y        Second input vector
  * @param[out] out     The output dot product between the x and y vectors.
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename ScalarIndexType,
           typename LayoutPolicy1,
           typename LayoutPolicy2>
-void dot(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void dot(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          raft::device_vector_view<const ElementType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy1> x,
          raft::device_vector_view<const ElementType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy2> y,
          raft::host_scalar_view<ElementType, ScalarIndexType> out)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/eig.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/eig.cuh
index 271ff13db5..03e94a10b1 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/eig.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/eig.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void eigDC(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eigDC(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            const math_t* in,
            std::size_t n_rows,
            std::size_t n_cols,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ using detail::OVERWRITE_INPUT;
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void eigSelDC(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eigSelDC(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               math_t* in,
               std::size_t n_rows,
               std::size_t n_cols,
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void eigSelDC(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * accuracy.
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void eigJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eigJacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const math_t* in,
                std::size_t n_rows,
                std::size_t n_cols,
@@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ void eigJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * symmetric matrices
  * @tparam ValueType the data-type of input and output
  * @tparam IntegerType Integer used for addressing
- * @param handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in input raft::device_matrix_view (symmetric matrix that has real eig values and
  * vectors)
  * @param[out] eig_vectors: eigenvectors output of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] eig_vals: eigen values output of type raft::device_vector_view
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void eig_dc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eig_dc(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> in,
             raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> eig_vectors,
             raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> eig_vals)
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void eig_dc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *        for the column-major symmetric matrices
  * @tparam ValueType the data-type of input and output
  * @tparam IntegerType Integer used for addressing
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in input raft::device_matrix_view (symmetric matrix that has real eig values and
  * vectors)
  * @param[out] eig_vectors: eigenvectors output of type raft::device_matrix_view
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ void eig_dc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] memUsage: the memory selection for eig vector output
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void eig_dc_selective(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eig_dc_selective(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> in,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> eig_vectors,
                       raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> eig_vals,
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ void eig_dc_selective(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * column-major symmetric matrices (in parameter)
  * @tparam ValueType the data-type of input and output
  * @tparam IntegerType Integer used for addressing
- * @param handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in input raft::device_matrix_view (symmetric matrix that has real eig values and
  * vectors)
  * @param[out] eig_vectors: eigenvectors output of type raft::device_matrix_view
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ void eig_dc_selective(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * accuracy.
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void eig_jacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eig_jacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> in,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> eig_vectors,
                 raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> eig_vals,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemm.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemm.cuh
index f2354da6c6..d5dc5ffab5 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemm.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemm.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param [in] stream
  */
 template <typename math_t, bool DevicePointerMode = false>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const bool trans_a,
           const bool trans_b,
           const int m,
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* a,
           int n_rows_a,
           int n_cols_a,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* a,
           int n_rows_a,
           int n_cols_a,
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param beta scalar
  */
 template <typename T>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           T* z,
           T* x,
           T* y,
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ template <typename ValueType,
           typename                = std::enable_if_t<std::disjunction_v<
             std::is_same<ScalarViewType, raft::host_scalar_view<ValueType, ScalarIdxType>>,
             std::is_same<ScalarViewType, raft::device_scalar_view<ValueType, ScalarIdxType>>>>>
-void gemm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicyX> x,
           raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicyY> y,
           raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicyZ> z,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemv.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemv.cuh
index 8132a742f8..96846003f6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemv.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/gemv.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param [in] stream
  */
 template <typename math_t, bool DevicePointerMode = false>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const bool trans_a,
           const int m,
           const int n,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows,
           const int n_cols,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream stream on which this function is run
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream stream on which this function is run
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream stream on which this function is run
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const math_t* A,
           const int n_rows_a,
           const int n_cols_a,
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ template <typename ValueType,
           typename                = std::enable_if_t<std::disjunction_v<
             std::is_same<ScalarViewType, raft::host_scalar_view<ValueType, ScalarIdxType>>,
             std::is_same<ScalarViewType, raft::device_scalar_view<ValueType, ScalarIdxType>>>>>
-void gemv(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gemv(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy> A,
           raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, IndexType> x,
           raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> y,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/lstsq.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/lstsq.cuh
index 7654812886..b36a9eba96 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/lstsq.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/lstsq.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/lstsq.cuh>
 namespace raft {
 namespace linalg {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param[in] stream cuda stream for ordering operations
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqSvdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqSvdQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 math_t* A,
                 const int n_rows,
                 const int n_cols,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void lstsqSvdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] stream cuda stream for ordering operations
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqSvdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqSvdJacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     math_t* A,
                     const int n_rows,
                     const int n_cols,
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ void lstsqSvdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *  (`w = (A^T A)^-1  A^T b`)
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqEig(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               const math_t* A,
               const int n_rows,
               const int n_cols,
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ void lstsqEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] stream cuda stream for ordering operations
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void lstsqQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsqQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              math_t* A,
              const int n_rows,
              const int n_cols,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void lstsqQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * Via SVD decomposition of `A = U S Vt`.
  *
  * @tparam ValueType the data-type of input/output
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[inout] A input raft::device_matrix_view
  *            Warning: the content of this matrix is modified.
  * @param[inout] b input target raft::device_vector_view
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ void lstsqQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] w output coefficient raft::device_vector_view
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void lstsq_svd_qr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsq_svd_qr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> A,
                   raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, IndexType> b,
                   raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> w)
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ void lstsq_svd_qr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *  Via SVD decomposition of `A = U S V^T` using Jacobi iterations.
  *
  * @tparam ValueType the data-type of input/output
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[inout] A input raft::device_matrix_view
  *            Warning: the content of this matrix is modified.
  * @param[inout] b input target raft::device_vector_view
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ void lstsq_svd_qr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] w output coefficient raft::device_vector_view
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void lstsq_svd_jacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsq_svd_jacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> A,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, IndexType> b,
                       raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> w)
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ void lstsq_svd_jacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *  (`w = (A^T A)^-1  A^T b`)
  *
  * @tparam ValueType the data-type of input/output
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[inout] A input raft::device_matrix_view
  *            Warning: the content of this matrix is modified by the cuSOLVER routines.
  * @param[inout] b input target raft::device_vector_view
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ void lstsq_svd_jacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] w output coefficient raft::device_vector_view
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void lstsq_eig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsq_eig(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> A,
                raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, IndexType> b,
                raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> w)
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ void lstsq_eig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *  (triangular system of equations `Rw = Q^T b`)
  *
  * @tparam ValueType the data-type of input/output
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[inout] A input raft::device_matrix_view
  *            Warning: the content of this matrix is modified.
  * @param[inout] b input target raft::device_vector_view
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ void lstsq_eig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] w output coefficient raft::device_vector_view
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void lstsq_qr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lstsq_qr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> A,
               raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, IndexType> b,
               raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> w)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map.cuh
index c2e2e6303a..2b9e6c80a0 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "detail/map.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/input_validation.hpp>
 #include <thrust/tabulate.h>
 
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ void map_k(
  * @tparam TPB threads-per-block in the final kernel launched
  * @tparam OutType data-type of result of type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam Args additional parameters
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in the input of type raft::device_mdspan
  * @param[out] out the output of the map operation of type raft::device_mdspan
  * @param[in] map the device-lambda
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename... Args,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void map(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in, OutType out, MapOp map, Args... args)
+void map(raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in, OutType out, MapOp map, Args... args)
 {
   using in_value_t  = typename InType::value_type;
   using out_value_t = typename OutType::value_type;
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ void map(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in, OutType out, MapOp map, Args..
 template <typename OutType,
           typename MapOp,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void map_offset(const raft::handle_t& handle, OutType out, MapOp op)
+void map_offset(const raft::device_resources& handle, OutType out, MapOp op)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(out), "Output must be contiguous");
 
@@ -136,4 +137,4 @@ void map_offset(const raft::handle_t& handle, OutType out, MapOp op)
 }  // namespace linalg
 };  // namespace raft
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map_reduce.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map_reduce.cuh
index 4158d35bca..b89f3bdd54 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map_reduce.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/map_reduce.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ void mapReduce(OutType* out,
  * @tparam OutValueType the data-type of the output
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType index type of scalar
  * @tparam Args additional parameters
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in the input of type raft::device_vector_view
  * @param[in] neutral The neutral element of the reduction operation. For example:
  *    0 for sum, 1 for multiply, +Inf for Min, -Inf for Max
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ template <typename InValueType,
           typename OutValueType,
           typename ScalarIdxType,
           typename... Args>
-void map_reduce(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void map_reduce(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 raft::device_vector_view<const InValueType, IndexType> in,
                 raft::device_scalar_view<OutValueType, ScalarIdxType> out,
                 OutValueType neutral,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector.cuh
index 5529ded16f..fa24ea28b7 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace raft::linalg {
  * the rows of the matrix or columns using enum class raft::linalg::Apply
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void binary_mult_skip_zero(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void binary_mult_skip_zero(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                            raft::device_vector_view<const math_t, idx_t> vec,
                            Apply apply)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ void binary_mult_skip_zero(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * the rows of the matrix or columns using enum class raft::linalg::Apply
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void binary_div(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void binary_div(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                 raft::device_vector_view<const math_t, idx_t> vec,
                 Apply apply)
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ void binary_div(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * value if false
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void binary_div_skip_zero(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void binary_div_skip_zero(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                           raft::device_vector_view<const math_t, idx_t> vec,
                           Apply apply,
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ void binary_div_skip_zero(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * the rows of the matrix or columns using enum class raft::linalg::Apply
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void binary_add(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void binary_add(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                 raft::device_vector_view<const math_t, idx_t> vec,
                 Apply apply)
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ void binary_add(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * the rows of the matrix or columns using enum class raft::linalg::Apply
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void binary_sub(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void binary_sub(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                 raft::device_vector_view<const math_t, idx_t> vec,
                 Apply apply)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cuh
index 8b5163a714..59b2ca5ee5 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ void matrixVectorOp(MatT* out,
  * @tparam LayoutPolicy the layout of input and output (raft::row_major or raft::col_major)
  * @tparam Lambda a device function which represents a binary operator
  * @tparam IndexType Integer used for addressing
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] matrix input raft::matrix_view
  * @param[in] vec vector raft::vector_view
  * @param[out] out output raft::matrix_view
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ template <typename MatValueType,
           typename LayoutPolicy,
           typename Lambda,
           typename IndexType>
-void matrix_vector_op(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void matrix_vector_op(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const MatValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy> matrix,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const VecValueType, IndexType> vec,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<MatValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy> out,
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ void matrix_vector_op(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @tparam LayoutPolicy the layout of input and output (raft::row_major or raft::col_major)
  * @tparam Lambda a device function which represents a binary operator
  * @tparam IndexType Integer used for addressing
- * @param handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources
  * @param matrix input raft::matrix_view
  * @param vec1 the first vector raft::vector_view
  * @param vec2 the second vector raft::vector_view
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ template <typename MatValueType,
           typename LayoutPolicy,
           typename Lambda,
           typename IndexType>
-void matrix_vector_op(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void matrix_vector_op(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const MatValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy> matrix,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const Vec1ValueType, IndexType> vec1,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const Vec2ValueType, IndexType> vec2,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/mean_squared_error.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/mean_squared_error.cuh
index a3360ae35a..62f4896d01 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/mean_squared_error.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/mean_squared_error.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ void meanSquaredError(
  * @tparam IndexType Input/Output index type
  * @tparam OutValueType Output data-type
  * @tparam TPB threads-per-block
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] A input raft::device_vector_view
  * @param[in] B input raft::device_vector_view
  * @param[out] out the output mean squared error value of type raft::device_scalar_view
  * @param[in] weight weight to apply to every term in the mean squared error calculation
  */
 template <typename InValueType, typename IndexType, typename OutValueType>
-void mean_squared_error(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void mean_squared_error(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_vector_view<const InValueType, IndexType> A,
                         raft::device_vector_view<const InValueType, IndexType> B,
                         raft::device_scalar_view<OutValueType, IndexType> out,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/multiply.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/multiply.cuh
index 119cf667d1..574b88c63d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/multiply.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/multiply.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void multiplyScalar(out_t* out, const in_t* in, in_t scalar, IdxType len, cudaSt
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType Index Type of scalar
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in the input buffer
  * @param[out] out the output buffer
  * @param[in] scalar the scalar used in the operations
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
 void multiply_scalar(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   InType in,
   OutType out,
   raft::host_scalar_view<const typename InType::value_type, ScalarIdxType> scalar)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/norm.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/norm.cuh
index b64b128fa2..8bc6720b4e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/norm.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/norm.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ void colNorm(Type* dots,
  * @tparam LayoutPolicy the layout of input (raft::row_major or raft::col_major)
  * @tparam IdxType Integer type used to for addressing
  * @tparam Lambda device final lambda
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in the input raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] out the output raft::device_vector_view
  * @param[in] type the type of norm to be applied
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename LayoutPolicy,
           typename IndexType,
           typename Lambda = raft::identity_op>
-void norm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void norm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<const ElementType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy> in,
           raft::device_vector_view<ElementType, IndexType> out,
           NormType type,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/normalize.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/normalize.cuh
index bf6ef5a570..027ebb16e8 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/normalize.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/normalize.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @tparam MainLambda Type of main_op
  * @tparam ReduceLambda Type of reduce_op
  * @tparam FinalLambda Type of fin_op
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in the input raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] out the output raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[in] init Initialization value, i.e identity element for the reduction operation
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ template <typename ElementType,
           typename MainLambda,
           typename ReduceLambda,
           typename FinalLambda>
-void row_normalize(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void row_normalize(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<const ElementType, IndexType, row_major> in,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<ElementType, IndexType, row_major> out,
                    ElementType init,
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ void row_normalize(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *
  * @tparam ElementType Input/Output data type
  * @tparam IndexType Integer type used to for addressing
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in the input raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] out the output raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[in] norm_type the type of norm to be applied
  * @param[in] eps If the norm is below eps, the row is considered zero and no division is applied
  */
 template <typename ElementType, typename IndexType>
-void row_normalize(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void row_normalize(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<const ElementType, IndexType, row_major> in,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<ElementType, IndexType, row_major> out,
                    NormType norm_type,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/power.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/power.cuh
index 59c2cdf314..1fdfcb3780 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/power.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/power.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ void power(out_t* out, const in_t* in1, const in_t* in2, IdxType len, cudaStream
  * @brief Elementwise power operation on the input buffers
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in1    First Input
  * @param[in] in2    Second Input
  * @param[out] out    Output
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename OutType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void power(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
+void power(raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
 {
   using in_value_t  = typename InType::value_type;
   using out_value_t = typename OutType::value_type;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ void power(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType Index Type of scalar
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in    Input
  * @param[out] out    Output
  * @param[in] scalar    raft::host_scalar_view
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
 void power_scalar(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   InType in,
   OutType out,
   const raft::host_scalar_view<const typename InType::value_type, ScalarIdxType> scalar)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/qr.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/qr.cuh
index 7c5c0ea628..8e58af63c1 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/qr.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/qr.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void qrGetQ(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void qrGetQ(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             const math_t* M,
             math_t* Q,
             int n_rows,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void qrGetQ(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void qrGetQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void qrGetQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              math_t* M,
              math_t* Q,
              math_t* R,
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ void qrGetQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 
 /**
  * @brief Compute the QR decomposition of matrix M and return only the Q matrix.
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M Input raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] Q Output raft::device_matrix_view
  */
 template <typename ElementType, typename IndexType>
-void qr_get_q(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void qr_get_q(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               raft::device_matrix_view<const ElementType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
               raft::device_matrix_view<ElementType, IndexType, raft::col_major> Q)
 {
@@ -88,13 +88,13 @@ void qr_get_q(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 
 /**
  * @brief Compute the QR decomposition of matrix M and return both the Q and R matrices.
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M Input raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[in] Q Output raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] R Output raft::device_matrix_view
  */
 template <typename ElementType, typename IndexType>
-void qr_get_qr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void qr_get_qr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const ElementType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
                raft::device_matrix_view<ElementType, IndexType, raft::col_major> Q,
                raft::device_matrix_view<ElementType, IndexType, raft::col_major> R)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce.cuh
index 3eb8196408..ae5457c44f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ void reduce(OutType* dots,
  * @tparam FinalLambda the final lambda applied before STG (eg: Sqrt for L2 norm)
  * It must be a 'callable' supporting the following input and output:
  * <pre>OutType (*FinalLambda)(OutType);</pre>
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] data Input of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] dots Output of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[in] init initial value to use for the reduction
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ template <typename InElementType,
           typename MainLambda     = raft::identity_op,
           typename ReduceLambda   = raft::add_op,
           typename FinalLambda    = raft::identity_op>
-void reduce(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void reduce(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const InElementType, IdxType, LayoutPolicy> data,
             raft::device_vector_view<OutElementType, IdxType> dots,
             OutElementType init,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cuh
index 7b0ad2f984..2b744d8134 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "detail/reduce_cols_by_key.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
 namespace linalg {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ void reduce_cols_by_key(const T* data,
  * @tparam ElementType the input data type (as well as the output reduced matrix)
  * @tparam KeyType data type of the keys
  * @tparam IndexType indexing arithmetic type
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] data the input data (dim = nrows x ncols). This is assumed to be in
  * row-major layout of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[in] keys keys raft::device_vector_view (len = ncols). It is assumed that each key in this
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ void reduce_cols_by_key(const T* data,
  */
 template <typename ElementType, typename KeyType = ElementType, typename IndexType = std::uint32_t>
 void reduce_cols_by_key(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const ElementType, IndexType, raft::row_major> data,
   raft::device_vector_view<const KeyType, IndexType> keys,
   raft::device_matrix_view<ElementType, IndexType, raft::row_major> out,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cuh
index 1dabd92087..484b60238b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "detail/reduce_rows_by_key.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
 namespace linalg {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ void reduce_rows_by_key(const DataIteratorT d_A,
  * @tparam KeyType data-type of keys
  * @tparam WeightType data-type of weights
  * @tparam IndexType index type
- * @param[in]  handle      raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in]  handle      raft::device_resources
  * @param[in]  d_A         Input raft::device_mdspan (ncols * nrows)
  * @param[in]  d_keys      Keys for each row raft::device_vector_view (1 x nrows)
  * @param[out] d_sums      Row sums by key raft::device_matrix_view (ncols x d_keys)
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ void reduce_rows_by_key(const DataIteratorT d_A,
  */
 template <typename ElementType, typename KeyType, typename WeightType, typename IndexType>
 void reduce_rows_by_key(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const ElementType, IndexType, raft::row_major> d_A,
   raft::device_vector_view<const KeyType, IndexType> d_keys,
   raft::device_matrix_view<ElementType, IndexType, raft::row_major> d_sums,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/rsvd.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/rsvd.cuh
index 6f0315642b..eb94547f13 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/rsvd.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/rsvd.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void rsvdFixedRank(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvdFixedRank(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    math_t* M,
                    int n_rows,
                    int n_cols,
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ void rsvdFixedRank(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void rsvdPerc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvdPerc(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               math_t* M,
               int n_rows,
               int n_cols,
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ void rsvdPerc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] p no. of upsamples
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ void rsvdPerc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * raft::col_major
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
-void rsvd_fixed_rank(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvd_fixed_rank(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
                      raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
                      IndexType p,
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] p no. of upsamples
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank(Args... args)
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
 void rsvd_fixed_rank_symmetric(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
   raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
   IndexType p,
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank_symmetric(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] p no. of upsamples
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank_symmetric(Args... args)
  * raft::col_major
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
-void rsvd_fixed_rank_jacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvd_fixed_rank_jacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
                             raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
                             IndexType p,
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank_jacobi(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] p no. of upsamples
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank_jacobi(Args... args)
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
 void rsvd_fixed_rank_symmetric_jacobi(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
   raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
   IndexType p,
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank_symmetric_jacobi(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] PC_perc percentage of singular values to be computed
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ void rsvd_fixed_rank_symmetric_jacobi(Args... args)
  * raft::col_major
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
-void rsvd_perc(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvd_perc(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
                raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
                ValueType PC_perc,
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ void rsvd_perc(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] PC_perc percentage of singular values to be computed
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ void rsvd_perc(Args... args)
  * raft::col_major
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
-void rsvd_perc_symmetric(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvd_perc_symmetric(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
                          raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
                          ValueType PC_perc,
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ void rsvd_perc_symmetric(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] PC_perc percentage of singular values to be computed
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ void rsvd_perc_symmetric(Args... args)
  * raft::col_major
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
-void rsvd_perc_jacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rsvd_perc_jacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
                       raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
                       ValueType PC_perc,
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ void rsvd_perc_jacobi(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] M input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S_vec singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[in] PC_perc percentage of singular values to be computed
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ void rsvd_perc_jacobi(Args... args)
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
 void rsvd_perc_symmetric_jacobi(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> M,
   raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S_vec,
   ValueType PC_perc,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/sqrt.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/sqrt.cuh
index ad6cad2eb2..55e661897d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/sqrt.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/sqrt.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void sqrt(out_t* out, const in_t* in, IdxType len, cudaStream_t stream)
  * @brief Elementwise sqrt operation
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in     Input
  * @param[out] out    Output
  */
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename OutType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in, OutType out)
+void sqrt(raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in, OutType out)
 {
   using in_value_t  = typename InType::value_type;
   using out_value_t = typename OutType::value_type;
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/strided_reduction.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/strided_reduction.cuh
index d9c26910e7..d282a2e1fa 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/strided_reduction.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/strided_reduction.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ void stridedReduction(OutType* dots,
  * @tparam FinalLambda the final lambda applied before STG (eg: Sqrt for L2 norm)
  * It must be a 'callable' supporting the following input and output:
  * <pre>OutType (*FinalLambda)(OutType);</pre>
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] data Input of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[out] dots Output of type raft::device_matrix_view
  * @param[in] init initial value to use for the reduction
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ template <typename InValueType,
           typename MainLambda   = raft::identity_op,
           typename ReduceLambda = raft::add_op,
           typename FinalLambda  = raft::identity_op>
-void strided_reduction(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void strided_reduction(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<const InValueType, IndexType, LayoutPolicy> data,
                        raft::device_vector_view<OutValueType, IndexType> dots,
                        OutValueType init,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/subtract.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/subtract.cuh
index e6f2fa8724..da995b7a2a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/subtract.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/subtract.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void subtractDevScalar(math_t* outDev,
  * @brief Elementwise subtraction operation on the input buffers
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
- * @param handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in1    First Input
  * @param[in] in2    Second Input
  * @param[out] out    Output
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename OutType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void subtract(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
+void subtract(raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
 {
   using in_value_t  = typename InType::value_type;
   using out_value_t = typename OutType::value_type;
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ void subtract(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, OutType out)
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType Index Type of scalar
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in    Input
  * @param[out] out    Output
  * @param[in] scalar    raft::device_scalar_view
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
 void subtract_scalar(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   InType in,
   OutType out,
   raft::device_scalar_view<const typename InType::element_type, ScalarIdxType> scalar)
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ void subtract_scalar(
  * @tparam InType    Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam OutType   Output Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam ScalarIdxType Index Type of scalar
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in    Input
  * @param[out] out    Output
  * @param[in] scalar    raft::host_scalar_view
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
 void subtract_scalar(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   InType in,
   OutType out,
   raft::host_scalar_view<const typename InType::element_type, ScalarIdxType> scalar)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/svd.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/svd.cuh
index 2c1b5a5cb7..eb51093240 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/svd.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/svd.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename T>
-void svdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdQR(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            T* in,
            int n_rows,
            int n_cols,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ void svdQR(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t>
-void svdEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdEig(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             math_t* in,
             idx_t n_rows,
             idx_t n_cols,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void svdEig(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void svdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdJacobi(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                math_t* in,
                int n_rows,
                int n_cols,
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ void svdJacobi(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void svdReconstruction(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svdReconstruction(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        math_t* U,
                        math_t* S,
                        math_t* V,
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ void svdReconstruction(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-bool evaluateSVDByL2Norm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+bool evaluateSVDByL2Norm(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          math_t* A_d,
                          math_t* U,
                          math_t* S_vec,
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ bool evaluateSVDByL2Norm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] sing_vals singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[out] U_in std::optional left singular values of raft::device_matrix_view with layout
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ bool evaluateSVDByL2Norm(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * layout raft::col_major and dimensions (n, n)
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
-void svd_qr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svd_qr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> in,
             raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> sing_vals,
             UType&& U_in,
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void svd_qr(Args... args)
  * U_in
  * @tparam VType std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major>> @c
  * V_in
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] sing_vals singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[out] U_in std::optional left singular values of raft::device_matrix_view with layout
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ void svd_qr(Args... args)
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType, typename UType, typename VType>
 void svd_qr_transpose_right_vec(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> in,
   raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> sing_vals,
   UType&& U_in,
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ void svd_qr_transpose_right_vec(Args... args)
 /**
  * @brief singular value decomposition (SVD) on a column major
  * matrix using Eigen decomposition. A square symmetric covariance matrix is constructed for the SVD
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in input raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (M, N)
  * @param[out] S singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (K)
  * @param[out] V right singular values of raft::device_matrix_view with layout
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ void svd_qr_transpose_right_vec(Args... args)
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
 void svd_eig(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> in,
   raft::device_vector_view<ValueType, IndexType> S,
   raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> V,
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ void svd_eig(
 /**
  * @brief reconstruct a matrix use left and right singular vectors and
  * singular values
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] U left singular values of raft::device_matrix_view with layout
  * raft::col_major and dimensions (m, k)
  * @param[in] S singular values raft::device_vector_view of shape (k, k)
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ void svd_eig(
  * @param[out] out output raft::device_matrix_view with layout raft::col_major of shape (m, n)
  */
 template <typename ValueType, typename IndexType>
-void svd_reconstruction(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void svd_reconstruction(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> U,
                         raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, IndexType> S,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<const ValueType, IndexType, raft::col_major> V,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/ternary_op.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/ternary_op.cuh
index 10e91a0313..aa3859bc23 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/ternary_op.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/ternary_op.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "detail/ternary_op.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/input_validation.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void ternaryOp(out_t* out,
  * @tparam InType Input Type raft::device_mdspan
  * @tparam Lambda the device-lambda performing the actual operation
  * @tparam OutType Output Type raft::device_mdspan
- * @param[in] handle raft::handle_t
+ * @param[in] handle raft::device_resources
  * @param[in] in1 First input
  * @param[in] in2 Second input
  * @param[in] in3 Third input
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
 void ternary_op(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in1, InType in2, InType in3, OutType out, Lambda op)
+  raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in1, InType in2, InType in3, OutType out, Lambda op)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(out), "Output must be contiguous");
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(in1), "Input 1 must be contiguous");
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/transpose.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/transpose.cuh
index 608a87b489..a0f418b4f7 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/transpose.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/transpose.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param stream: cuda stream
  */
 template <typename math_t>
-void transpose(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void transpose(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                math_t* in,
                math_t* out,
                int n_rows,
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ void transpose(math_t* inout, int n, cudaStream_t stream)
  * @param[out] out    Output matirx, storage is pre-allocated by caller.
  */
 template <typename T, typename IndexType, typename LayoutPolicy, typename AccessorPolicy>
-auto transpose(handle_t const& handle,
+auto transpose(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::mdspan<T, raft::matrix_extent<IndexType>, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy> in,
                raft::mdspan<T, raft::matrix_extent<IndexType>, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy> out)
   -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, void>
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/unary_op.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/unary_op.cuh
index e39821cf80..ce102adfd2 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/linalg/unary_op.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/linalg/unary_op.cuh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "detail/unary_op.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/input_validation.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ template <typename InType,
           typename OutType,
           typename = raft::enable_if_input_device_mdspan<InType>,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void unary_op(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in, OutType out, Lambda op)
+void unary_op(raft::device_resources const& handle, InType in, OutType out, Lambda op)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(out), "Output must be contiguous");
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(in), "Input must be contiguous");
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ void unary_op(const raft::handle_t& handle, InType in, OutType out, Lambda op)
 template <typename OutType,
           typename Lambda,
           typename = raft::enable_if_output_device_mdspan<OutType>>
-void write_only_unary_op(const raft::handle_t& handle, OutType out, Lambda op)
+void write_only_unary_op(const raft::device_resources& handle, OutType out, Lambda op)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(out), "Output must be contiguous");
 
@@ -148,4 +148,4 @@ void write_only_unary_op(const raft::handle_t& handle, OutType out, Lambda op)
 };  // end namespace linalg
 };  // end namespace raft
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmax.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmax.cuh
index a614f7043f..433c161079 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmax.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmax.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[out] out: output vector of size n_rows
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void argmax(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void argmax(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> in,
             raft::device_vector_view<idx_t, matrix_idx_t> out)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmin.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmin.cuh
index ca7b0252d2..31ef0c1c1b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmin.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/argmin.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[out] out: output vector of size n_rows
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void argmin(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void argmin(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> in,
             raft::device_vector_view<idx_t, matrix_idx_t> out)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/col_wise_sort.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/col_wise_sort.cuh
index 662f62d865..a4daf097e5 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/col_wise_sort.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/col_wise_sort.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ void sort_cols_per_row(const InType* in,
  * @param[out] sorted_keys_opt: std::optional, output matrix for sorted keys (input)
  */
 template <typename in_t, typename out_t, typename matrix_idx_t, typename sorted_keys_t>
-void sort_cols_per_row(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sort_cols_per_row(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<const in_t, matrix_idx_t, raft::row_major> in,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<out_t, matrix_idx_t, raft::row_major> out,
                        sorted_keys_t&& sorted_keys_opt)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/copy.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/copy.cuh
index 0727fac246..42d2562e5e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/copy.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/copy.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[in] indices of the rows to be copied
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void copy_rows(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void copy_rows(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, layout> in,
                raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout> out,
                raft::device_vector_view<idx_t, idx_t> indices)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void copy_rows(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] out: output matrix
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void copy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void copy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, matrix_idx_t, col_major> in,
           raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, matrix_idx_t, col_major> out)
 {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ void copy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param out: output matrix
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t>
-void trunc_zero_origin(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void trunc_zero_origin(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, col_major> in,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, col_major> out)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/math.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/math.cuh
index f5c33d1cf6..96398e9c74 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/math.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/math.cuh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #include <cub/cub.cuh>
 #include <raft/core/operators.hpp>
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ void setValue(math_t* out, const math_t* in, math_t scalar, int len, cudaStream_
 
 template <typename math_t, typename IdxType = int>
 void ratio(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, math_t* src, math_t* dest, IdxType len, cudaStream_t stream)
+  raft::device_resources const& handle, math_t* src, math_t* dest, IdxType len, cudaStream_t stream)
 {
   auto d_src  = src;
   auto d_dest = dest;
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/matrix.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/matrix.cuh
index 17a40be5d6..ef3a873d90 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/matrix.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/matrix.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
 #include <cusolverDn.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ void getDiagonalInverseMatrix(m_t* in, idx_t len, cudaStream_t stream)
 }
 
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t = int>
-m_t getL2Norm(const raft::handle_t& handle, const m_t* in, idx_t size, cudaStream_t stream)
+m_t getL2Norm(raft::device_resources const& handle, const m_t* in, idx_t size, cudaStream_t stream)
 {
   cublasHandle_t cublasH = handle.get_cublas_handle();
   m_t normval            = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/print.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/print.hpp
index fc3d14861c..814c6a0b4b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/print.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/detail/print.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cuda_runtime.h>
 #include <cusolverDn.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/diagonal.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/diagonal.cuh
index 22862e43b6..22147e9f34 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/diagonal.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/diagonal.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[out] matrix: matrix of size n_rows x n_cols
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void set_diagonal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void set_diagonal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   raft::device_vector_view<const m_t, idx_t> vec,
                   raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout> matrix)
 {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ void set_diagonal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] vec: vector of length k = min(n_rows, n_cols)
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void get_diagonal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void get_diagonal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, layout> matrix,
                   raft::device_vector_view<m_t, idx_t> vec)
 {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void get_diagonal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[inout] inout: square input matrix with size len x len
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void invert_diagonal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void invert_diagonal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout> inout)
 {
   // TODO: Use get_diagonal for this to support rectangular
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/gather.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/gather.cuh
index 9487da35b5..7710789bfe 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/gather.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/gather.cuh
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/matrix/detail/gather.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/itertools.hpp>
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ template <typename matrix_t,
           typename map_t,
           typename idx_t,
           typename map_xform_t = raft::identity_op>
-void gather(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gather(const raft::device_resources& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const matrix_t, idx_t, row_major> in,
             raft::device_vector_view<const map_t, idx_t> map,
             raft::device_matrix_view<matrix_t, idx_t, row_major> out,
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ template <typename matrix_t,
           typename unary_pred_t,
           typename idx_t,
           typename map_xform_t = raft::identity_op>
-void gather_if(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gather_if(const raft::device_resources& handle,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const matrix_t, idx_t, row_major> in,
                raft::device_matrix_view<matrix_t, idx_t, row_major> out,
                raft::device_vector_view<const map_t, idx_t> map,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/init.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/init.cuh
index faf65a96fd..f597bbd1c6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/init.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/init.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[in] scalar scalar value to fill matrix elements
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename extents, typename layout>
-void fill(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void fill(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_mdspan<const math_t, extents, layout> in,
           raft::device_mdspan<math_t, extents, layout> out,
           raft::host_scalar_view<math_t> scalar)
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ void fill(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] scalar scalar value to fill matrix elements
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename extents, typename layout>
-void fill(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void fill(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_mdspan<math_t, extents, layout> inout,
           math_t scalar)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/linewise_op.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/linewise_op.cuh
index cd80b539c4..33de112a35 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/linewise_op.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/linewise_op.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ template <typename m_t,
           typename Lambda,
           typename... vec_t,
           typename = raft::enable_if_device_mdspan<vec_t...>>
-void linewise_op(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void linewise_op(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, layout> in,
                  raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout> out,
                  const bool alongLines,
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ template <typename m_t,
           typename Lambda,
           typename... vec_t,
           typename = raft::enable_if_device_mdspan<vec_t...>>
-void linewise_op(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void linewise_op(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  raft::device_aligned_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, layout> in,
                  raft::device_aligned_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout> out,
                  const bool alongLines,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/math.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/math.cuh
index fd5ddf2df3..7afb9572be 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/math.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/math.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ void setValue(math_t* out, const math_t* in, math_t scalar, int len, cudaStream_
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename IdxType = int>
 void ratio(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, math_t* src, math_t* dest, IdxType len, cudaStream_t stream)
+  raft::device_resources const& handle, math_t* src, math_t* dest, IdxType len, cudaStream_t stream)
 {
   detail::ratio(handle, src, dest, len, stream);
 }
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/matrix.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/matrix.cuh
index cd6c4fa219..0780e41275 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/matrix.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/matrix.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ void copy(const m_t* in, m_t* out, idx_t n_rows, idx_t n_cols, cudaStream_t stre
  * @param[out] out: output matrix
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t = int, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void copy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void copy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, matrix_idx_t, col_major> in,
           raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, matrix_idx_t, col_major> out)
 {
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ void getDiagonalInverseMatrix(m_t* in, idx_t len, cudaStream_t stream)
  * @param stream: cuda stream
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t = int>
-m_t getL2Norm(const raft::handle_t& handle, m_t* in, idx_t size, cudaStream_t stream)
+m_t getL2Norm(raft::device_resources const& handle, m_t* in, idx_t size, cudaStream_t stream)
 {
   return detail::getL2Norm(handle, in, size, stream);
 }
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/norm.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/norm.cuh
index c37b3995d8..eb94a19669 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/norm.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/norm.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @returns matrix l2 norm
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t>
-m_t l2_norm(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_mdspan<const m_t, idx_t> in)
+m_t l2_norm(raft::device_resources const& handle, raft::device_mdspan<const m_t, idx_t> in)
 {
   return detail::getL2Norm(handle, in.data_handle(), in.size(), handle.get_stream());
 }
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/power.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/power.cuh
index 2bdbd475ca..c7c3757193 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/power.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/power.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[in] scalar: every element is multiplied with scalar.
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void weighted_power(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void weighted_power(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, idx_t, layout> in,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> out,
                     math_t scalar)
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void weighted_power(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] scalar: every element is multiplied with scalar.
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void weighted_power(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void weighted_power(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout,
                     math_t scalar)
 {
@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ void weighted_power(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[inout] inout: input matrix and also the result is stored
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void power(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout)
+void power(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+           raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout)
 {
   detail::power<math_t>(inout.data_handle(), inout.size(), handle.get_stream());
 }
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ void power(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t,
  * @{
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void power(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void power(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, idx_t, layout> in,
            raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> out)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/print.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/print.cuh
index 935af8233b..6a4bfbdd01 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/print.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/print.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[in] separators: horizontal and vertical separator characters
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t>
-void print(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void print(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, col_major> in,
            print_separators& separators)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/ratio.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/ratio.cuh
index 2e449698d5..cd96d1ffbc 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/ratio.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/ratio.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[out] dest: output matrix. The result is stored in the dest matrix
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void ratio(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void ratio(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, idx_t, layout> src,
            raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> dest)
 {
@@ -53,7 +53,8 @@ void ratio(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[inout] inout: input matrix
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void ratio(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout)
+void ratio(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+           raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout)
 {
   detail::ratio(
     handle, inout.data_handle(), inout.data_handle(), inout.size(), handle.get_stream());
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reciprocal.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reciprocal.cuh
index f50216a153..aa2c48e143 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reciprocal.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reciprocal.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @{
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void reciprocal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void reciprocal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, idx_t, layout> in,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> out,
                 raft::host_scalar_view<math_t> scalar,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ void reciprocal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @{
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void reciprocal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void reciprocal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout,
                 raft::host_scalar_view<math_t> scalar,
                 bool setzero = false,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reverse.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reverse.cuh
index 6f1235b059..3aaec56fee 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reverse.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/reverse.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[inout] inout: input and output matrix
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void col_reverse(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout_t> inout)
+void col_reverse(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+                 raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout_t> inout)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(inout), "Unsupported matrix layout");
   if (raft::is_col_major(inout)) {
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ void col_reverse(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx
  * @param[inout] inout: input and output matrix
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void row_reverse(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout_t> inout)
+void row_reverse(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+                 raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, layout_t> inout)
 {
   RAFT_EXPECTS(raft::is_row_or_column_major(inout), "Unsupported matrix layout");
   if (raft::is_col_major(inout)) {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/select_k.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/select_k.cuh
index e40fc57e76..9a1a14fd73 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/select_k.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/select_k.cuh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "detail/select_k.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/nvtx.hpp>
 
 #include <optional>
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  *   whether to select k smallest (true) or largest (false) keys.
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void select_k(const handle_t& handle,
+void select_k(const device_resources& handle,
               raft::device_matrix_view<const T, size_t, row_major> in_val,
               std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<const IdxT, size_t, row_major>> in_idx,
               raft::device_matrix_view<T, size_t, row_major> out_val,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sign_flip.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sign_flip.cuh
index 8cabfb37a2..d069c55880 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sign_flip.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sign_flip.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[inout] inout: input matrix. Result also stored in this parameter
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t>
-void sign_flip(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sign_flip(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, col_major> inout)
 {
   detail::signFlip(inout.data_handle(), inout.extent(0), inout.extent(1), handle.get_stream());
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/slice.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/slice.cuh
index 016f762a70..bb92b2b86f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/slice.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/slice.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ struct slice_coordinates {
  * example: Slice the 2nd and 3rd columns of a 4x3 matrix: slice(handle, in, out, {0, 1, 4, 3});
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t>
-void slice(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void slice(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, col_major> in,
            raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, col_major> out,
            slice_coordinates<idx_t> coords)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sqrt.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sqrt.cuh
index ca9b280773..9729f9b3d5 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sqrt.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/sqrt.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[out] out: output matrix. The result is stored in the out matrix
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sqrt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, idx_t, layout> in,
           raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> out)
 {
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ void sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[inout] inout: input matrix with in-place results
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout)
+void sqrt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+          raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout)
 {
   detail::seqRoot(inout.data_handle(), inout.size(), handle.get_stream());
 }
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ void sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t,
  * @param[in] set_neg_zero whether to set negative numbers to zero
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void weighted_sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void weighted_sqrt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, idx_t, layout> in,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> out,
                    raft::host_scalar_view<math_t> scalar,
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ void weighted_sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] set_neg_zero whether to set negative numbers to zero
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void weighted_sqrt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void weighted_sqrt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout,
                    raft::host_scalar_view<math_t> scalar,
                    bool set_neg_zero = false)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/threshold.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/threshold.cuh
index 5ac7136a26..7dfb264d34 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/threshold.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/threshold.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[in] thres threshold to set values to zero
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void zero_small_values(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void zero_small_values(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<const math_t, idx_t, layout> in,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> out,
                        math_t thres = 1e-15)
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ void zero_small_values(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param thres: threshold
  */
 template <typename math_t, typename idx_t, typename layout>
-void zero_small_values(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void zero_small_values(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<math_t, idx_t, layout> inout,
                        math_t thres = 1e-15)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/triangular.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/triangular.cuh
index 7820af8b16..3c60cc362f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/matrix/triangular.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/matrix/triangular.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace raft::matrix {
  * @param[out] dst: output matrix with a size of kxk, k = min(n_rows, n_cols)
  */
 template <typename m_t, typename idx_t>
-void upper_triangular(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void upper_triangular(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<const m_t, idx_t, col_major> src,
                       raft::device_matrix_view<m_t, idx_t, col_major> dst)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover.cuh
index 3818399e5f..619c57a35a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ namespace raft::neighbors::ball_cover {
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
  *
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/neighbors/ball_cover.cuh>
  *  #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
  *  using namespace raft::neighbors;
  *
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  auto metric = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded;
  *  BallCoverIndex index(handle, X, metric);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ namespace raft::neighbors::ball_cover {
  * @param[inout] index an empty (and not previous built) instance of BallCoverIndex
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void build_index(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void build_index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t, matrix_idx_t>& index)
 {
   ASSERT(index.n <= 3, "only 2d and 3d vectors are supported in current implementation");
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void build_index(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *               looking in the closest landmark.
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void all_knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t, matrix_idx_t>& index,
                    int_t k,
                    idx_t* inds,
@@ -163,12 +163,12 @@ void all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
  *
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/neighbors/ball_cover.cuh>
  *  #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
  *  using namespace raft::neighbors;
  *
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  auto metric = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded;
  *
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ void all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *               looking in the closest landmark.
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void all_knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t, matrix_idx_t>& index,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<idx_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> inds,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<value_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> dists,
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ void all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] n_query_pts number of query points
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t>
-void knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t>& index,
                int_t k,
                const value_t* query,
@@ -311,12 +311,12 @@ void knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
  *
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/neighbors/ball_cover.cuh>
  *  #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
  *  using namespace raft::neighbors;
  *
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  auto metric = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded;
  *
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ void knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *               looking in the closest landmark.
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t, matrix_idx_t>& index,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> query,
                raft::device_matrix_view<idx_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> inds,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover_types.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover_types.hpp
index 1c5babbc4e..8cab1469fc 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover_types.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ball_cover_types.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ template <typename value_idx,
           typename matrix_idx = std::uint32_t>
 class BallCoverIndex {
  public:
-  explicit BallCoverIndex(const raft::handle_t& handle_,
+  explicit BallCoverIndex(raft::device_resources const& handle_,
                           const value_t* X_,
                           value_int m_,
                           value_int n_,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class BallCoverIndex {
   {
   }
 
-  explicit BallCoverIndex(const raft::handle_t& handle_,
+  explicit BallCoverIndex(raft::device_resources const& handle_,
                           raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, matrix_idx, row_major> X_,
                           raft::distance::DistanceType metric_)
     : handle(handle_),
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class BallCoverIndex {
   // This should only be set by internal functions
   void set_index_trained() { index_trained = true; }
 
-  const raft::handle_t& handle;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle;
 
   value_int m;
   value_int n;
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/brute_force.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/brute_force.cuh
index 8d94ffd9a7..ac9d14ce17 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/brute_force.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/brute_force.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ namespace raft::neighbors::brute_force {
  *
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/neighbors/brute_force.cuh>
  *  using namespace raft::neighbors;
  *
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  compute multiple knn graphs and aggregate row-wise
  *  (see detailed description above)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ namespace raft::neighbors::brute_force {
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
 inline void knn_merge_parts(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, row_major> in_keys,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const idx_t, idx_t, row_major> in_values,
   raft::device_matrix_view<value_t, idx_t, row_major> out_keys,
@@ -116,12 +116,12 @@ inline void knn_merge_parts(
  *
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/neighbors/brute_force.cuh>
  *  #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
  *  using namespace raft::neighbors;
  *
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  int k = 10;
  *  auto metric = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2SqrtExpanded;
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ template <typename idx_t,
           typename matrix_idx,
           typename index_layout,
           typename search_layout>
-void knn(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void knn(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          std::vector<raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, matrix_idx, index_layout>> index,
          raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, matrix_idx, search_layout> search,
          raft::device_matrix_view<idx_t, matrix_idx, row_major> indices,
@@ -207,12 +207,12 @@ void knn(raft::handle_t const& handle,
  *
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/neighbors/brute_force.cuh>
  *  #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
  *  using namespace raft::neighbors;
  *
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  auto metric = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2SqrtExpanded;
  *  brute_force::fused_l2_knn(handle, index, search, indices, distances, metric);
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ void knn(raft::handle_t const& handle,
  * @param[in] metric type of distance computation to perform (must be a variant of L2)
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename idx_layout, typename query_layout>
-void fused_l2_knn(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void fused_l2_knn(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, idx_layout> index,
                   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, query_layout> query,
                   raft::device_matrix_view<idx_t, idx_t, row_major> out_inds,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/detail/refine.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/detail/refine.cuh
index 86aef8fad8..b264643584 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/detail/refine.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/detail/refine.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/nvtx.hpp>
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_utils.cuh>
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ void check_input(extents_t dataset,
  * See raft::neighbors::refine for docs.
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename data_t, typename distance_t, typename matrix_idx>
-void refine_device(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void refine_device(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<const data_t, matrix_idx, row_major> dataset,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<const data_t, matrix_idx, row_major> queries,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<const idx_t, matrix_idx, row_major> neighbor_candidates,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cuh
index ee92222066..7db5ef6877 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/epsilon_neighborhood.cuh>
 
 namespace raft::neighbors::epsilon_neighborhood {
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ void epsUnexpL2SqNeighborhood(bool* adj,
  *
  * @code{.cpp}
  *  #include <raft/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cuh>
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
  *  using namespace raft::neighbors;
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  auto adj = raft::make_device_matrix<bool>(handle, m * n);
  *  auto vd = raft::make_device_vector<int>(handle, m+1);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void epsUnexpL2SqNeighborhood(bool* adj,
  *                    squared as we compute L2-squared distance in this method)
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void eps_neighbors_l2sq(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void eps_neighbors_l2sq(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> x,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, matrix_idx_t, row_major> y,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<bool, matrix_idx_t, row_major> adj,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat.cuh
index e05f63ef61..f18611b9f1 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_build.cuh>
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_search.cuh>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
 #include <rmm/cuda_stream_view.hpp>
@@ -61,9 +61,11 @@ namespace raft::neighbors::ivf_flat {
  * @return the constructed ivf-flat index
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-auto build(
-  const handle_t& handle, const index_params& params, const T* dataset, IdxT n_rows, uint32_t dim)
-  -> index<T, IdxT>
+auto build(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+           const index_params& params,
+           const T* dataset,
+           IdxT n_rows,
+           uint32_t dim) -> index<T, IdxT>
 {
   return raft::spatial::knn::ivf_flat::detail::build(handle, params, dataset, n_rows, dim);
 }
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ auto build(
  * @return the constructed ivf-flat index
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-auto build(const handle_t& handle,
+auto build(raft::device_resources const& handle,
            raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, row_major> dataset,
            const index_params& params) -> index<value_t, idx_t>
 {
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ auto build(const handle_t& handle,
  * @return the constructed extended ivf-flat index
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
+auto extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             const index<T, IdxT>& orig_index,
             const T* new_vectors,
             const IdxT* new_indices,
@@ -201,7 +203,7 @@ auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
  * @return the constructed extended ivf-flat index
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
+auto extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             const index<value_t, idx_t>& orig_index,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, row_major> new_vectors,
             std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const idx_t, idx_t>> new_indices = std::nullopt)
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] n_rows the number of samples
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void extend(const handle_t& handle,
+void extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             index<T, IdxT>* index,
             const T* new_vectors,
             const IdxT* new_indices,
@@ -286,7 +288,7 @@ void extend(const handle_t& handle,
  *    here to imply a continuous range `[0...n_rows)`.
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-void extend(const handle_t& handle,
+void extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             index<value_t, idx_t>* index,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, row_major> new_vectors,
             std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const idx_t, idx_t>> new_indices = std::nullopt)
@@ -343,7 +345,7 @@ void extend(const handle_t& handle,
  * enough memory pool here to avoid memory allocations within search).
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void search(const handle_t& handle,
+void search(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             const search_params& params,
             const index<T, IdxT>& index,
             const T* queries,
@@ -398,7 +400,7 @@ void search(const handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] k the number of neighbors to find for each query.
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename int_t>
-void search(const handle_t& handle,
+void search(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             const index<value_t, idx_t>& index,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, row_major> queries,
             raft::device_matrix_view<idx_t, idx_t, row_major> neighbors,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat_types.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat_types.hpp
index fc5a8116ab..d234822a23 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat_types.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_flat_types.hpp
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ struct index : ann::index {
   ~index()                          = default;
 
   /** Construct an empty index. It needs to be trained and then populated. */
-  index(const handle_t& handle,
+  index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
         raft::distance::DistanceType metric,
         uint32_t n_lists,
         bool adaptive_centers,
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ struct index : ann::index {
   }
 
   /** Construct an empty index. It needs to be trained and then populated. */
-  index(const handle_t& handle, const index_params& params, uint32_t dim)
+  index(raft::device_resources const& handle, const index_params& params, uint32_t dim)
     : index(handle, params.metric, params.n_lists, params.adaptive_centers, dim)
   {
   }
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ struct index : ann::index {
    * Replace the content of the index with new uninitialized mdarrays to hold the indicated amount
    * of data.
    */
-  void allocate(const handle_t& handle, IdxT index_size)
+  void allocate(raft::device_resources const& handle, IdxT index_size)
   {
     data_    = make_device_mdarray<T>(handle, make_extents<IdxT>(index_size, dim()));
     indices_ = make_device_mdarray<IdxT>(handle, make_extents<IdxT>(index_size));
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq.cuh
index 2296339a2a..287f0bc5f4 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_build.cuh>
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #include <rmm/cuda_stream_view.hpp>
 #include <rmm/mr/device/per_device_resource.hpp>
@@ -65,9 +65,11 @@ namespace raft::neighbors::ivf_pq {
  * @return the constructed ivf-pq index
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT = uint32_t>
-inline auto build(
-  const handle_t& handle, const index_params& params, const T* dataset, IdxT n_rows, uint32_t dim)
-  -> index<IdxT>
+inline auto build(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+                  const index_params& params,
+                  const T* dataset,
+                  IdxT n_rows,
+                  uint32_t dim) -> index<IdxT>
 {
   return raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::detail::build(handle, params, dataset, n_rows, dim);
 }
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ inline auto build(
  * @return the constructed extended ivf-pq index
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
+inline auto extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const index<IdxT>& orig_index,
                    const T* new_vectors,
                    const IdxT* new_indices,
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ inline auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
  * @param n_rows the number of samples
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline void extend(const handle_t& handle,
+inline void extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    index<IdxT>* index,
                    const T* new_vectors,
                    const IdxT* new_indices,
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ inline void extend(const handle_t& handle,
  *           memory pool here to avoid memory allocations within search).
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline void search(const handle_t& handle,
+inline void search(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const search_params& params,
                    const index<IdxT>& index,
                    const T* queries,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq_types.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq_types.hpp
index 51364e1ee6..a6f71877f3 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq_types.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/ivf_pq_types.hpp
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ struct index : ann::index {
   ~index()                          = default;
 
   /** Construct an empty index. It needs to be trained and then populated. */
-  index(const handle_t& handle,
+  index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
         raft::distance::DistanceType metric,
         codebook_gen codebook_kind,
         uint32_t n_lists,
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ struct index : ann::index {
   }
 
   /** Construct an empty index. It needs to be trained and then populated. */
-  index(const handle_t& handle,
+  index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
         const index_params& params,
         uint32_t dim,
         uint32_t n_nonempty_lists = 0)
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ struct index : ann::index {
    * Replace the content of the index with new uninitialized mdarrays to hold the indicated amount
    * of data.
    */
-  void allocate(const handle_t& handle, IdxT index_size)
+  void allocate(raft::device_resources const& handle, IdxT index_size)
   {
     try {
       pq_dataset_ = make_device_mdarray<uint8_t>(handle, make_pq_dataset_extents(index_size));
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/refine.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/refine.cuh
index 6f373c0a2f..4243d7e723 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/refine.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/refine.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 #include <raft/matrix/matrix.cuh>
 #include <raft/neighbors/detail/refine.cuh>
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ namespace raft::neighbors {
  * @param[in] metric distance metric to use. Euclidean (L2) is used by default
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename data_t, typename distance_t, typename matrix_idx>
-void refine(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void refine(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const data_t, matrix_idx, row_major> dataset,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const data_t, matrix_idx, row_major> queries,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const idx_t, matrix_idx, row_major> neighbor_candidates,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ void refine(raft::handle_t const& handle,
  * @param[in] metric distance metric to use. Euclidean (L2) is used by default
  */
 template <typename idx_t, typename data_t, typename distance_t, typename matrix_idx>
-void refine(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void refine(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::host_matrix_view<const data_t, matrix_idx, row_major> dataset,
             raft::host_matrix_view<const data_t, matrix_idx, row_major> queries,
             raft::host_matrix_view<const idx_t, matrix_idx, row_major> neighbor_candidates,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/ball_cover.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/ball_cover.cuh
index f20d1adc35..d44cb7064f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/ball_cover.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/ball_cover.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ extern template class BallCoverIndex<int, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>;
 extern template class BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>;
 
 extern template void build_index<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>& index);
 
 extern template void knn_query<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>& index,
   std::uint32_t k,
   const float* query,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ extern template void knn_query<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>(
   float weight);
 
 extern template void all_knn_query<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>& index,
   std::uint32_t k,
   std::int64_t* inds,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim.hpp
index 31df566b3f..c558ab8b56 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace knn {
 namespace detail {
 
 extern template void rbc_low_dim_pass_one<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 2>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ extern template void rbc_low_dim_pass_one<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 2>
   std::uint32_t* dists_counter);
 
 extern template void rbc_low_dim_pass_two<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 2>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ extern template void rbc_low_dim_pass_two<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 2>
   std::uint32_t* post_dists_counter);
 
 extern template void rbc_low_dim_pass_one<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 3>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ extern template void rbc_low_dim_pass_one<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 3>
   std::uint32_t* dists_counter);
 
 extern template void rbc_low_dim_pass_two<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 3>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh
index 768a8739c3..ca5e4ac761 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ RAFT_INST_ALL_OUT_T(fp8u_t)
 #undef RAFT_INST_ALL_IDX_T
 #undef RAFT_INST_ALL_OUT_T
 
-#define RAFT_INST(T, IdxT)                                   \
-  extern template void search<T, IdxT>(const handle_t&,      \
-                                       const search_params&, \
-                                       const index<IdxT>&,   \
-                                       const T*,             \
-                                       uint32_t,             \
-                                       uint32_t,             \
-                                       IdxT*,                \
-                                       float*,               \
+#define RAFT_INST(T, IdxT)                                            \
+  extern template void search<T, IdxT>(raft::device_resources const&, \
+                                       const search_params&,          \
+                                       const index<IdxT>&,            \
+                                       const T*,                      \
+                                       uint32_t,                      \
+                                       uint32_t,                      \
+                                       IdxT*,                         \
+                                       float*,                        \
                                        rmm::mr::device_memory_resource*);
 
 RAFT_INST(float, int64_t);
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/knn.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/knn.cuh
index bbbbf67d71..b1cfa278d6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/knn.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/neighbors/specializations/knn.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 namespace raft {
 namespace spatial {
 namespace knn {
-extern template void brute_force_knn<long, float, int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+extern template void brute_force_knn<long, float, int>(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                        std::vector<float*>& input,
                                                        std::vector<int>& sizes,
                                                        int D,
@@ -36,22 +36,23 @@ extern template void brute_force_knn<long, float, int>(raft::handle_t const& han
                                                        distance::DistanceType metric,
                                                        float metric_arg);
 
-extern template void brute_force_knn<long, float, unsigned int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
-                                                                std::vector<float*>& input,
-                                                                std::vector<unsigned int>& sizes,
-                                                                unsigned int D,
-                                                                float* search_items,
-                                                                unsigned int n,
-                                                                long* res_I,
-                                                                float* res_D,
-                                                                unsigned int k,
-                                                                bool rowMajorIndex,
-                                                                bool rowMajorQuery,
-                                                                std::vector<long>* translations,
-                                                                distance::DistanceType metric,
-                                                                float metric_arg);
+extern template void brute_force_knn<long, float, unsigned int>(
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
+  std::vector<float*>& input,
+  std::vector<unsigned int>& sizes,
+  unsigned int D,
+  float* search_items,
+  unsigned int n,
+  long* res_I,
+  float* res_D,
+  unsigned int k,
+  bool rowMajorIndex,
+  bool rowMajorQuery,
+  std::vector<long>* translations,
+  distance::DistanceType metric,
+  float metric_arg);
 
-extern template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+extern template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, int>(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                            std::vector<float*>& input,
                                                            std::vector<int>& sizes,
                                                            int D,
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ extern template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, int>(raft::handle_t const&
                                                            float metric_arg);
 
 extern template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, unsigned int>(
-  raft::handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   std::vector<float*>& input,
   std::vector<unsigned int>& sizes,
   unsigned int D,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_blobs.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_blobs.cuh
index fb4db5184e..b37dabb366 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_blobs.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_blobs.cuh
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "permute.cuh"
+#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/map.cuh>
 #include <raft/random/rng.cuh>
 #include <raft/random/rng_device.cuh>
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_regression.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_regression.cuh
index 057196cd74..01d97d496d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_regression.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/make_regression.cuh
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/add.cuh>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/init.cuh>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ static __global__ void _singular_profile_kernel(DataT* out, IdxT n, DataT tail_s
 
 /* Internal auxiliary function to generate a low-rank matrix */
 template <typename DataT, typename IdxT>
-static void _make_low_rank_matrix(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+static void _make_low_rank_matrix(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                   DataT* out,
                                   IdxT n_rows,
                                   IdxT n_cols,
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ static __global__ void _gather2d_kernel(
 }
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IdxT>
-void make_regression_caller(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void make_regression_caller(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             DataT* out,
                             DataT* values,
                             IdxT n_rows,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh
index 750ebf2ef1..8b77608e62 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cusolver_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cuh>
@@ -139,13 +139,15 @@ class multi_variable_gaussian_impl {
   int *info, Lwork, info_h;
   syevjInfo_t syevj_params = NULL;
   curandGenerator_t gen;
-  const raft::handle_t& handle;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle;
   cusolverEigMode_t jobz = CUSOLVER_EIG_MODE_VECTOR;
   bool deinitilized      = false;
 
  public:  // functions
   multi_variable_gaussian_impl() = delete;
-  multi_variable_gaussian_impl(const raft::handle_t& handle, const int dim, Decomposer method)
+  multi_variable_gaussian_impl(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+                               const int dim,
+                               Decomposer method)
     : handle(handle), dim(dim), method(method)
   {
     auto cusolverHandle = handle.get_cusolver_dn_handle();
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ class multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token;
 
 template <typename ValueType>
 multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token<ValueType> build_multi_variable_gaussian_token_impl(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   rmm::mr::device_memory_resource& mem_resource,
   const int dim,
   const multi_variable_gaussian_decomposition_method method);
@@ -313,7 +315,7 @@ template <typename ValueType>
 class multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token {
   template <typename T>
   friend multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token<T> build_multi_variable_gaussian_token_impl(
-    const raft::handle_t& handle,
+    raft::device_resources const& handle,
     rmm::mr::device_memory_resource& mem_resource,
     const int dim,
     const multi_variable_gaussian_decomposition_method method);
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ class multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token {
 
   // Constructor, only for use by friend functions.
   // Hiding this will let us change the implementation in the future.
-  multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                       rmm::mr::device_memory_resource& mem_resource,
                                       const int dim,
                                       const multi_variable_gaussian_decomposition_method method)
@@ -397,7 +399,7 @@ class multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token {
 
  private:
   std::unique_ptr<multi_variable_gaussian_impl<ValueType>> impl_;
-  const raft::handle_t& handle_;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle_;
   rmm::mr::device_memory_resource& mem_resource_;
   int dim_ = 0;
 
@@ -412,7 +414,7 @@ class multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token {
 
 template <typename ValueType>
 multi_variable_gaussian_setup_token<ValueType> build_multi_variable_gaussian_token_impl(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   rmm::mr::device_memory_resource& mem_resource,
   const int dim,
   const multi_variable_gaussian_decomposition_method method)
@@ -432,7 +434,7 @@ void compute_multi_variable_gaussian_impl(
 
 template <typename ValueType>
 void compute_multi_variable_gaussian_impl(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   rmm::mr::device_memory_resource& mem_resource,
   std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, int>> x,
   raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, int, raft::col_major> P,
@@ -453,7 +455,7 @@ class multi_variable_gaussian : public detail::multi_variable_gaussian_impl<T> {
   // using detail::multi_variable_gaussian_impl<T>::Decomposer::qr;
 
   multi_variable_gaussian() = delete;
-  multi_variable_gaussian(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  multi_variable_gaussian(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           const int dim,
                           typename detail::multi_variable_gaussian_impl<T>::Decomposer method)
     : detail::multi_variable_gaussian_impl<T>{handle, dim, method}
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh
index 5ce7e909ee..b5e0610405 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "rmat_rectangular_generator_types.cuh"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/random/rng_device.cuh>
 #include <raft/random/rng_state.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ void rmat_rectangular_gen_caller(IdxT* out,
  * @param[in]  c_scale 2^c_scale represents the number of destination nodes
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
-void rmat_rectangular_gen_impl(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rmat_rectangular_gen_impl(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                raft::random::RngState& r,
                                raft::device_vector_view<const ProbT, IdxT> theta,
                                raft::random::detail::rmat_rectangular_gen_output<IdxT> output,
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ void rmat_rectangular_gen_impl(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * `theta` parameter.
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
-void rmat_rectangular_gen_impl(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rmat_rectangular_gen_impl(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                raft::random::RngState& r,
                                raft::random::detail::rmat_rectangular_gen_output<IdxT> output,
                                ProbT a,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rng_impl_deprecated.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rng_impl_deprecated.cuh
index f9b55dd9d0..362c844fb3 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rng_impl_deprecated.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/detail/rng_impl_deprecated.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "rng_device.cuh"
 
 #include <curand_kernel.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/random/rng_state.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/detail/cub_wrappers.cuh>
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class RngImpl {
 
   template <typename DataT, typename WeightsT, typename IdxT = int>
   METHOD_DEPR(sampleWithoutReplacement)
-  void sampleWithoutReplacement(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  void sampleWithoutReplacement(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                 DataT* out,
                                 IdxT* outIdx,
                                 const DataT* in,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/make_blobs.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/make_blobs.cuh
index 4f6ddaa2b2..7aa0362f6d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/make_blobs.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/make_blobs.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ void make_blobs(DataT* out,
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IdxT, typename layout>
 void make_blobs(
-  raft::handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IdxT, layout> out,
   raft::device_vector_view<IdxT, IdxT> labels,
   IdxT n_clusters                                                        = 5,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/make_regression.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/make_regression.cuh
index e203de4ade..df7dea3156 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/make_regression.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/make_regression.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ namespace raft::random {
  * @param[in]   type            Random generator type
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IdxT>
-void make_regression(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void make_regression(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      DataT* out,
                      DataT* values,
                      IdxT n_rows,
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ void make_regression(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in]   type            Random generator type
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IdxT>
-void make_regression(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void make_regression(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IdxT, raft::row_major> out,
                      raft::device_matrix_view<DataT, IdxT, raft::row_major> values,
                      IdxT n_informative,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh
index 37ea58c0fb..91a7695f2c 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace raft::random {
  */
 
 template <typename ValueType>
-void multi_variable_gaussian(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void multi_variable_gaussian(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              rmm::mr::device_memory_resource& mem_resource,
                              std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, int>> x,
                              raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, int, raft::col_major> P,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ void multi_variable_gaussian(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename ValueType>
-void multi_variable_gaussian(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void multi_variable_gaussian(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const ValueType, int>> x,
                              raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, int, raft::col_major> P,
                              raft::device_matrix_view<ValueType, int, raft::col_major> X,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/permute.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/permute.cuh
index b532cb584d..f84b603549 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/permute.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/permute.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 #include <optional>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <type_traits>
 
 namespace raft::random {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ using perms_out_view_t = typename perms_out_view<T, InputOutputValueType, IdxTyp
  *   then we recommend Knuth Shuffle.
  */
 template <typename InputOutputValueType, typename IntType, typename IdxType, typename Layout>
-void permute(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void permute(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              raft::device_matrix_view<const InputOutputValueType, IdxType, Layout> in,
              std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<IntType, IdxType>> permsOut,
              std::optional<raft::device_matrix_view<InputOutputValueType, IdxType, Layout>> out)
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ template <typename InputOutputValueType,
           typename Layout,
           typename PermsOutType,
           typename OutType>
-void permute(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void permute(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              raft::device_matrix_view<const InputOutputValueType, IdxType, Layout> in,
              PermsOutType&& permsOut,
              OutType&& out)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh
index cd9acda999..d578794d31 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ namespace raft::random {
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
 void rmat_rectangular_gen(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::random::RngState& r,
   raft::device_vector_view<const ProbT, IdxT> theta,
   raft::device_mdspan<IdxT, raft::extents<IdxT, raft::dynamic_extent, 2>, raft::row_major> out,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void rmat_rectangular_gen(
  * @pre `out_src.extent(0) == out_dst.extent(0)` is `true`
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
-void rmat_rectangular_gen(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rmat_rectangular_gen(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           raft::random::RngState& r,
                           raft::device_vector_view<const ProbT, IdxT> theta,
                           raft::device_vector_view<IdxT, IdxT> out_src,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void rmat_rectangular_gen(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
 void rmat_rectangular_gen(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::random::RngState& r,
   raft::device_vector_view<const ProbT, IdxT> theta,
   raft::device_mdspan<IdxT, raft::extents<IdxT, raft::dynamic_extent, 2>, raft::row_major> out,
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ void rmat_rectangular_gen(
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
 void rmat_rectangular_gen(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::random::RngState& r,
   raft::device_mdspan<IdxT, raft::extents<IdxT, raft::dynamic_extent, 2>, raft::row_major> out,
   raft::device_vector_view<IdxT, IdxT> out_src,
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ void rmat_rectangular_gen(
  * @pre `out_src.extent(0) == out_dst.extent(0)` is `true`
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
-void rmat_rectangular_gen(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rmat_rectangular_gen(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           raft::random::RngState& r,
                           raft::device_vector_view<IdxT, IdxT> out_src,
                           raft::device_vector_view<IdxT, IdxT> out_dst,
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ void rmat_rectangular_gen(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename ProbT>
 void rmat_rectangular_gen(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::random::RngState& r,
   raft::device_mdspan<IdxT, raft::extents<IdxT, raft::dynamic_extent, 2>, raft::row_major> out,
   ProbT a,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/rng.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/rng.cuh
index 9469c393f1..d03975d0db 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/rng.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/rng.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <optional>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <variant>
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace raft::random {
  * @param[in] end end of the range
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void uniform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void uniform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              RngState& rng_state,
              raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
              OutputValueType start,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void uniform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] end end of the range
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void uniform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void uniform(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              RngState& rng_state,
              OutType* ptr,
              LenType len,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ void uniform(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] end end of the range
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void uniformInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void uniformInt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 RngState& rng_state,
                 raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
                 OutputValueType start,
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ void uniformInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] end end of the range
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void uniformInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void uniformInt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 RngState& rng_state,
                 OutType* ptr,
                 LenType len,
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ void uniformInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] sigma std-dev of the distribution
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void normal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void normal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             RngState& rng_state,
             raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
             OutputValueType mu,
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ void normal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] sigma std-dev of the distribution
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void normal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void normal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             RngState& rng_state,
             OutType* ptr,
             LenType len,
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ void normal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] sigma standard deviation of the distribution
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void normalInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void normalInt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                RngState& rng_state,
                raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
                OutputValueType mu,
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ void normalInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] sigma std-dev of the distribution
  */
 template <typename IntType, typename LenType = int>
-void normalInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void normalInt(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                RngState& rng_state,
                IntType* ptr,
                LenType len,
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ void normalInt(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
 void normalTable(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   RngState& rng_state,
   raft::device_vector_view<const OutputValueType, IndexType> mu_vec,
   std::variant<raft::device_vector_view<const OutputValueType, IndexType>, OutputValueType> sigma,
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ void normalTable(
  * @param[in] sigma scalar sigma to be used if 'sigma_vec' is nullptr
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void normalTable(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void normalTable(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  RngState& rng_state,
                  OutType* ptr,
                  LenType n_rows,
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ void normalTable(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] out the output vector
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void fill(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void fill(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           RngState& rng_state,
           OutputValueType val,
           raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out)
@@ -352,7 +352,8 @@ void fill(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] val value to be filled
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void fill(const raft::handle_t& handle, RngState& rng_state, OutType* ptr, LenType len, OutType val)
+void fill(
+  raft::device_resources const& handle, RngState& rng_state, OutType* ptr, LenType len, OutType val)
 {
   detail::fill(rng_state, ptr, len, val, handle.get_stream());
 }
@@ -371,7 +372,7 @@ void fill(const raft::handle_t& handle, RngState& rng_state, OutType* ptr, LenTy
  * @param[in] prob coin-toss probability for heads
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType, typename Type>
-void bernoulli(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void bernoulli(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                RngState& rng_state,
                raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
                Type prob)
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ void bernoulli(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename Type, typename OutType = bool, typename LenType = int>
 void bernoulli(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, RngState& rng_state, OutType* ptr, LenType len, Type prob)
+  raft::device_resources const& handle, RngState& rng_state, OutType* ptr, LenType len, Type prob)
 {
   detail::bernoulli(rng_state, ptr, len, prob, handle.get_stream());
 }
@@ -412,7 +413,7 @@ void bernoulli(
  * @param[in] scale scaling factor
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void scaled_bernoulli(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void scaled_bernoulli(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       RngState& rng_state,
                       raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
                       OutputValueType prob,
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ void scaled_bernoulli(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] scale scaling factor
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void scaled_bernoulli(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void scaled_bernoulli(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       RngState& rng_state,
                       OutType* ptr,
                       LenType len,
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ void scaled_bernoulli(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @note https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbel_distribution
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType = int>
-void gumbel(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gumbel(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             RngState& rng_state,
             raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
             OutputValueType mu,
@@ -482,7 +483,7 @@ void gumbel(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @note https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbel_distribution
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void gumbel(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void gumbel(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             RngState& rng_state,
             OutType* ptr,
             LenType len,
@@ -505,7 +506,7 @@ void gumbel(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] sigma standard deviation of the distribution
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void lognormal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lognormal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                RngState& rng_state,
                raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
                OutputValueType mu,
@@ -527,7 +528,7 @@ void lognormal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] sigma standard deviation of the distribution
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void lognormal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void lognormal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                RngState& rng_state,
                OutType* ptr,
                LenType len,
@@ -550,7 +551,7 @@ void lognormal(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] scale scale value
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType = int>
-void logistic(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void logistic(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               RngState& rng_state,
               raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
               OutputValueType mu,
@@ -572,7 +573,7 @@ void logistic(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] scale scale value
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void logistic(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void logistic(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               RngState& rng_state,
               OutType* ptr,
               LenType len,
@@ -594,7 +595,7 @@ void logistic(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] lambda the exponential distribution's lambda parameter
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void exponential(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void exponential(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  RngState& rng_state,
                  raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
                  OutputValueType lambda)
@@ -614,8 +615,11 @@ void exponential(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] lambda the exponential distribution's lambda parameter
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void exponential(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, RngState& rng_state, OutType* ptr, LenType len, OutType lambda)
+void exponential(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+                 RngState& rng_state,
+                 OutType* ptr,
+                 LenType len,
+                 OutType lambda)
 {
   detail::exponential(rng_state, ptr, len, lambda, handle.get_stream());
 }
@@ -632,7 +636,7 @@ void exponential(
  * @param[in] sigma the distribution's sigma parameter
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void rayleigh(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rayleigh(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               RngState& rng_state,
               raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
               OutputValueType sigma)
@@ -652,8 +656,11 @@ void rayleigh(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] sigma the distribution's sigma parameter
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void rayleigh(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, RngState& rng_state, OutType* ptr, LenType len, OutType sigma)
+void rayleigh(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+              RngState& rng_state,
+              OutType* ptr,
+              LenType len,
+              OutType sigma)
 {
   detail::rayleigh(rng_state, ptr, len, sigma, handle.get_stream());
 }
@@ -671,7 +678,7 @@ void rayleigh(
  * @param[in] scale the scale
  */
 template <typename OutputValueType, typename IndexType>
-void laplace(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void laplace(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              RngState& rng_state,
              raft::device_vector_view<OutputValueType, IndexType> out,
              OutputValueType mu,
@@ -693,7 +700,7 @@ void laplace(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] scale the scale
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename LenType = int>
-void laplace(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void laplace(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              RngState& rng_state,
              OutType* ptr,
              LenType len,
@@ -709,10 +716,10 @@ void laplace(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * Usage example:
  * @code{.cpp}
  *  #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
- *  #include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+ *  #include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
  *  #include <raft/random/rng.cuh>
  *
- *  raft::handle_t handle;
+ *  raft::raft::device_resources handle;
  *  ...
  *  raft::random::RngState rng(seed);
  *  auto indices = raft::make_device_vector<int>(handle, n_samples);
@@ -730,7 +737,7 @@ void laplace(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename OutType, typename WeightType, typename IndexType>
 std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<OutType>> discrete(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   RngState& rng_state,
   raft::device_vector_view<OutType, IndexType> out,
   raft::device_vector_view<const WeightType, IndexType> weights)
@@ -763,7 +770,7 @@ std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<OutType>> discrete(
  * @param[in] len input array length
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename WeightsT, typename IdxT = int>
-void sampleWithoutReplacement(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sampleWithoutReplacement(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                               RngState& rng_state,
                               DataT* out,
                               IdxT* outIdx,
@@ -1099,7 +1106,7 @@ class DEPR Rng : public detail::RngImpl {
    * @param stream cuda stream
    */
   template <typename DataT, typename WeightsT, typename IdxT = int>
-  void sampleWithoutReplacement(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  void sampleWithoutReplacement(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                 DataT* out,
                                 IdxT* outIdx,
                                 const DataT* in,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/random/sample_without_replacement.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/random/sample_without_replacement.cuh
index e4428c28d6..8998db98ae 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/random/sample_without_replacement.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/random/sample_without_replacement.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <optional>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <variant>
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ using weight_t = typename weight_alias<T>::type;
  *   equals the number of inputs `in.extent(0)`.
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename IdxT, typename WeightsVectorType, class OutIndexVectorType>
-void sample_without_replacement(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sample_without_replacement(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                 RngState& rng_state,
                                 raft::device_vector_view<const DataT, IdxT> in,
                                 WeightsVectorType&& weights_opt,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_functions.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_functions.cuh
index cbfe12fd23..440e6901c6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_functions.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_functions.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  * Copyright 2020 KETAN DATE & RAKESH NAGI
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include <raft/solver/linear_assignment_types.hpp>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/solver/detail/lap_kernels.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_scalar.hpp>
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ inline void calculateRectangularDims(
 }
 
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void initialReduction(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void initialReduction(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              weight_t const* d_costs,
                              Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices_dev,
                              int SP,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ inline void initialReduction(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void computeInitialAssignments(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void computeInitialAssignments(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                       weight_t const* d_costs,
                                       Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices,
                                       int SP,
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ inline void computeInitialAssignments(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 
 // Function for finding row cover on individual devices.
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline int computeRowCovers(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline int computeRowCovers(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices,
                             VertexData<vertex_t>& d_row_data,
                             VertexData<vertex_t>& d_col_data,
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ inline int computeRowCovers(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 
 // Function for covering the zeros in uncovered rows and expanding the frontier.
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void coverZeroAndExpand(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void coverZeroAndExpand(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                weight_t const* d_costs_dev,
                                vertex_t const* d_rows_csr_neighbors,
                                vertex_t const* d_rows_csr_ptrs,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ inline void coverZeroAndExpand(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline vertex_t zeroCoverIteration(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline vertex_t zeroCoverIteration(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                    weight_t const* d_costs_dev,
                                    Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices_dev,
                                    VertexData<vertex_t>& d_row_data_dev,
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ inline vertex_t zeroCoverIteration(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 // Function for executing recursive zero cover. Returns the next step (Step 4 or Step 5) depending
 // on the presence of uncovered zeros.
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void executeZeroCover(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void executeZeroCover(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              weight_t const* d_costs_dev,
                              Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices_dev,
                              VertexData<vertex_t>& d_row_data_dev,
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ inline void executeZeroCover(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 
 // Function for executing reverse pass of the maximum matching.
 template <typename vertex_t>
-inline void reversePass(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void reversePass(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         VertexData<vertex_t>& d_row_data_dev,
                         VertexData<vertex_t>& d_col_data_dev,
                         int SP,
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ inline void reversePass(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 
 // Function for executing augmentation pass of the maximum matching.
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void augmentationPass(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void augmentationPass(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices_dev,
                              VertexData<vertex_t>& d_row_data_dev,
                              VertexData<vertex_t>& d_col_data_dev,
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ inline void augmentationPass(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void dualUpdate(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void dualUpdate(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices_dev,
                        VertexData<vertex_t>& d_row_data_dev,
                        VertexData<vertex_t>& d_col_data_dev,
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ inline void dualUpdate(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 
 // Function for calculating optimal objective function value using dual variables.
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void calcObjValDual(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void calcObjValDual(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            weight_t* d_obj_val,
                            Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t>& d_vertices_dev,
                            int SP,
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ inline void calcObjValDual(raft::handle_t const& handle,
 
 // Function for calculating optimal objective function value using dual variables.
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-inline void calcObjValPrimal(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+inline void calcObjValPrimal(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              weight_t* d_obj_val,
                              weight_t const* d_costs,
                              vertex_t const* d_row_assignments,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_kernels.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_kernels.cuh
index d66a9d72d5..69930a1460 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_kernels.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/solver/detail/lap_kernels.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  * Copyright 2020 KETAN DATE & RAKESH NAGI
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "../linear_assignment_types.hpp"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
 #include <thrust/execution_policy.h>
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/solver/linear_assignment.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/solver/linear_assignment.cuh
index 3e17b557f2..7904c04ede 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/solver/linear_assignment.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/solver/linear_assignment.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  * Copyright 2020 KETAN DATE & RAKESH NAGI
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 
 #include <thrust/execution_policy.h>
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class LinearAssignmentProblem {
   Vertices<vertex_t, weight_t> d_vertices_dev;
   VertexData<vertex_t> d_row_data_dev, d_col_data_dev;
 
-  raft::handle_t const& handle_;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle_;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> row_covers_v;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> col_covers_v;
   rmm::device_uvector<weight_t> row_duals_v;
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class LinearAssignmentProblem {
    * @param batchsize
    * @param epsilon
    */
-  LinearAssignmentProblem(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+  LinearAssignmentProblem(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           vertex_t size,
                           vertex_t batchsize,
                           weight_t epsilon)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/csr.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/csr.cuh
index abdacdc426..09f4135a51 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/csr.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/csr.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ namespace sparse {
 namespace convert {
 
 template <typename value_t>
-void coo_to_csr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void coo_to_csr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const int* srcRows,
                 const int* srcCols,
                 const value_t* srcVals,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ void sorted_coo_to_csr(COO<T>* coo, int* row_ind, cudaStream_t stream)
  *                         number of non-zeros in adj.
  */
 template <typename index_t = int>
-void adj_to_csr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void adj_to_csr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const bool* adj,         // Row-major adjacency matrix
                 const index_t* row_ind,  // Precomputed row indices
                 index_t num_rows,        // # rows of adj
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/adj_to_csr.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/adj_to_csr.cuh
index 4549fbe343..87c534d7b8 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/adj_to_csr.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/adj_to_csr.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <cooperative_groups.h>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/device_atomics.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/vectorized.cuh>
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ __global__ void __launch_bounds__(adj_to_csr_tpb)
  *                         number of non-zeros in adj.
  */
 template <typename index_t = int>
-void adj_to_csr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void adj_to_csr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const bool* adj,         // row-major adjacency matrix
                 const index_t* row_ind,  // precomputed row indices
                 index_t num_rows,        // # rows of adj
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/csr.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/csr.cuh
index acb77de358..3f155854c0 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/csr.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/convert/detail/csr.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <cusparse_v2.h>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace convert {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename value_t>
-void coo_to_csr(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void coo_to_csr(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const int* srcRows,
                 const int* srcCols,
                 const value_t* srcVals,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h
index 3bb2db7902..6ae6874466 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ cusparseStatus_t cusparsegemmi(  // NOLINT
   auto return_value =
     cusparsespmm(handle, opB, opA, alpha, matB, matA, beta, matC, alg, ext_buf, stream);
 
-  raft::handle_t rhandle;
+  raft::device_resources rhandle;
   raft::linalg::transpose(rhandle, CT.data(), C, n, m, stream);
   // destroy matrix/vector descriptors
   CUSPARSE_CHECK(cusparseDestroyDnMat(matA));
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/distance/common.h b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/distance/common.h
index a69352d74b..1e5aeb5210 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/distance/common.h
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/distance/common.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft {
 namespace sparse {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace distance {
 
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
 struct distances_config_t {
-  distances_config_t(const raft::handle_t& handle_) : handle(handle_) {}
+  distances_config_t(raft::device_resources const& handle_) : handle(handle_) {}
 
   // left side
   value_idx a_nrows;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ struct distances_config_t {
   value_idx* b_indices;
   value_t* b_data;
 
-  const raft::handle_t& handle;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle;
 };
 
 template <typename value_t>
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/spectral.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/spectral.cuh
index cdc0e62130..3be33820cc 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/spectral.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/spectral.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace spectral {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename T>
-void fit_embedding(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void fit_embedding(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    int* rows,
                    int* cols,
                    T* vals,
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ void fit_embedding(const raft::handle_t& handle,
     using size_type_t  = index_type;
     using value_type_t = value_type;
 
-    std::pair<value_type_t, index_type_t> solve(handle_t const& handle,
+    std::pair<value_type_t, index_type_t> solve(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                 size_type_t n_obs_vecs,
                                                 size_type_t dim,
                                                 value_type_t const* __restrict__ obs,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/symmetrize.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/symmetrize.cuh
index 358e7d6d29..4ecd447cc4 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/symmetrize.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/detail/symmetrize.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ void from_knn_symmetrize_matrix(const value_idx* __restrict__ knn_indices,
  * Symmetrizes a COO matrix
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
-void symmetrize(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void symmetrize(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const value_idx* rows,
                 const value_idx* cols,
                 const value_t* vals,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/spectral.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/spectral.cuh
index 0a97619e87..35d85e893f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/spectral.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/spectral.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #ifndef __SPARSE_SPECTRAL_H
 #define __SPARSE_SPECTRAL_H
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/linalg/detail/spectral.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace sparse {
 namespace spectral {
 
 template <typename T>
-void fit_embedding(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void fit_embedding(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    int* rows,
                    int* cols,
                    T* vals,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/symmetrize.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/symmetrize.cuh
index a01145376a..f34ba4dbd0 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/symmetrize.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/symmetrize.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ void from_knn_symmetrize_matrix(const value_idx* __restrict__ knn_indices,
  * Symmetrizes a COO matrix
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
-void symmetrize(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void symmetrize(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                 const value_idx* rows,
                 const value_idx* cols,
                 const value_t* vals,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/transpose.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/transpose.cuh
index ae527fe34c..dd5a56bed1 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/transpose.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/linalg/transpose.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/linalg/detail/transpose.h>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ namespace linalg {
  * @param[in] stream : Cuda stream for ordering events
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
-void csr_transpose(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void csr_transpose(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const value_idx* csr_indptr,
                    const value_idx* csr_indices,
                    const value_t* csr_data,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cuh
index 9639ddc24c..515213d250 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn.cuh>
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ void knn(const value_idx* idxIndptr,
          value_idx* output_indices,
          value_t* output_dists,
          int k,
-         const raft::handle_t& handle,
+         raft::device_resources const& handle,
          size_t batch_size_index             = 2 << 14,  // approx 1M
          size_t batch_size_query             = 2 << 14,
          raft::distance::DistanceType metric = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cuh
index e468643518..90343c1215 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/coo.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/connect_components.cuh>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ value_idx get_n_components(value_idx* colors, size_t n_rows, cudaStream_t stream
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename red_op>
 void connect_components(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::sparse::COO<value_t, value_idx>& out,
   const value_t* X,
   const value_idx* orig_colors,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/connect_components.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/connect_components.cuh
index 38ba1137ac..583ff4dfdc 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/connect_components.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/connect_components.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ void min_components_by_color(raft::sparse::COO<value_t, value_idx>& coo,
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename red_op>
 void connect_components(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::sparse::COO<value_t, value_idx>& out,
   const value_t* X,
   const value_idx* orig_colors,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn.cuh
index 38e67036fe..7bedec9830 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class sparse_knn_t {
                value_idx* output_indices_,
                value_t* output_dists_,
                int k_,
-               const raft::handle_t& handle_,
+               raft::device_resources const& handle_,
                size_t batch_size_index_             = 2 << 14,  // approx 1M
                size_t batch_size_query_             = 2 << 14,
                raft::distance::DistanceType metric_ = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded,
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ class sparse_knn_t {
 
   int n_idx_rows, n_idx_cols, n_query_rows, n_query_cols, k;
 
-  const raft::handle_t& handle;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle;
 };
 
 };  // namespace raft::sparse::neighbors::detail
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn_graph.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn_graph.cuh
index ffd742f080..d53f2f8df3 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn_graph.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/detail/knn_graph.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ void conv_indices(in_t* inds, out_t* out, size_t size, cudaStream_t stream)
  * @param c
  */
 template <typename value_idx = int, typename value_t = float>
-void knn_graph(const handle_t& handle,
+void knn_graph(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const value_t* X,
                size_t m,
                size_t n,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn.cuh
index 14404adcb4..d5714fbbd1 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ void brute_force_knn(const value_idx* idxIndptr,
                      value_idx* output_indices,
                      value_t* output_dists,
                      int k,
-                     const raft::handle_t& handle,
+                     raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      size_t batch_size_index             = 2 << 14,  // approx 1M
                      size_t batch_size_query             = 2 << 14,
                      raft::distance::DistanceType metric = raft::distance::DistanceType::L2Expanded,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cuh
index 582df703db..dab4b53482 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace raft::sparse::neighbors {
  * @param c
  */
 template <typename value_idx = int, typename value_t = float>
-void knn_graph(const handle_t& handle,
+void knn_graph(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                const value_t* X,
                std::size_t m,
                std::size_t n,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/detail/reduce.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/detail/reduce.cuh
index 2b2566f107..8cdfa49c45 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/detail/reduce.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/detail/reduce.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ void compute_duplicates_mask(
  * @param[in] stream cuda ops will be ordered wrt this stream
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
-void max_duplicates(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void max_duplicates(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     raft::sparse::COO<value_t, value_idx>& out,
                     const value_idx* rows,
                     const value_idx* cols,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/filter.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/filter.cuh
index 488d926fe9..7418b26ec8 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/filter.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/filter.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/coo.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/op/detail/filter.cuh>
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/reduce.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/reduce.cuh
index 80b479f98d..5223100b2a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/reduce.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/reduce.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/coo.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/op/detail/reduce.cuh>
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ void compute_duplicates_mask(
  * @param[in] n number of columns in COO input matrix
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t>
-void max_duplicates(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void max_duplicates(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     raft::sparse::COO<value_t, value_idx>& out,
                     const value_idx* rows,
                     const value_idx* cols,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/row_op.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/row_op.cuh
index d73d05785d..17e3659355 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/row_op.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/row_op.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #define __SPARSE_ROW_OP_H
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/op/detail/row_op.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/slice.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/slice.cuh
index 30f7a97ffc..22d3f0168d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/slice.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/slice.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/op/detail/slice.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/sort.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/sort.cuh
index ddb4b2830c..e4e69a93c7 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/sort.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/op/sort.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/op/detail/sort.h>
 
 namespace raft {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/lanczos.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/lanczos.cuh
index 49f4e01362..63bc98b404 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/lanczos.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/lanczos.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include <cuda.h>
 #include <curand.h>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/detail/lapack.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/detail/warn_dbg.hpp>
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ inline curandStatus_t curandGenerateNormalX(
  *  @return Zero if successful. Otherwise non-zero.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-int performLanczosIteration(handle_t const& handle,
+int performLanczosIteration(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const* A,
                             index_type_t* iter,
                             index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ static int francisQRIteration(index_type_t n,
  *  @return error flag.
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
-static int lanczosRestart(handle_t const& handle,
+static int lanczosRestart(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           index_type_t n,
                           index_type_t iter,
                           index_type_t iter_new,
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ static int lanczosRestart(handle_t const& handle,
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const* A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
 
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeLargestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const* A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -1338,7 +1338,7 @@ int computeLargestEigenvectors(
 
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeLargestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/mst_solver_inl.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/mst_solver_inl.cuh
index d68d9f68b0..3ed58ea4ef 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/mst_solver_inl.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/detail/mst_solver_inl.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -60,17 +60,18 @@ inline curandStatus_t curand_generate_uniformX(curandGenerator_t generator,
 }
 
 template <typename vertex_t, typename edge_t, typename weight_t, typename alteration_t>
-MST_solver<vertex_t, edge_t, weight_t, alteration_t>::MST_solver(const raft::handle_t& handle_,
-                                                                 const edge_t* offsets_,
-                                                                 const vertex_t* indices_,
-                                                                 const weight_t* weights_,
-                                                                 const vertex_t v_,
-                                                                 const edge_t e_,
-                                                                 vertex_t* color_,
-                                                                 cudaStream_t stream_,
-                                                                 bool symmetrize_output_,
-                                                                 bool initialize_colors_,
-                                                                 int iterations_)
+MST_solver<vertex_t, edge_t, weight_t, alteration_t>::MST_solver(
+  raft::device_resources const& handle_,
+  const edge_t* offsets_,
+  const vertex_t* indices_,
+  const weight_t* weights_,
+  const vertex_t v_,
+  const edge_t e_,
+  vertex_t* color_,
+  cudaStream_t stream_,
+  bool symmetrize_output_,
+  bool initialize_colors_,
+  int iterations_)
   : handle(handle_),
     offsets(offsets_),
     indices(indices_),
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/lanczos.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/lanczos.cuh
index 9b5301988a..cdfaaa97f2 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/lanczos.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/lanczos.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ namespace raft::sparse::solver {
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ int computeSmallestEigenvectors(
  */
 template <typename index_type_t, typename value_type_t>
 int computeLargestEigenvectors(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
   index_type_t nEigVecs,
   index_type_t maxIter,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst.cuh
index a941ce7c80..4f7600824a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst.cuh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace raft::sparse::solver {
  * when an msf is encountered)
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename edge_t, typename weight_t, typename alteration_t = weight_t>
-Graph_COO<vertex_t, edge_t, weight_t> mst(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+Graph_COO<vertex_t, edge_t, weight_t> mst(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                           edge_t const* offsets,
                                           vertex_t const* indices,
                                           weight_t const* weights,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst_solver.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst_solver.cuh
index a10b74d77b..c10d7caf59 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst_solver.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/sparse/solver/mst_solver.cuh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_scalar.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct Graph_COO {
 template <typename vertex_t, typename edge_t, typename weight_t, typename alteration_t>
 class MST_solver {
  public:
-  MST_solver(const raft::handle_t& handle_,
+  MST_solver(raft::device_resources const& handle_,
              const edge_t* offsets_,
              const vertex_t* indices_,
              const weight_t* weights_,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class MST_solver {
   ~MST_solver() {}
 
  private:
-  const raft::handle_t& handle;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
   bool symmetrize_output, initialize_colors;
   int iterations;
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ann.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ann.cuh
index befb5524ac..3d11ffbef4 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ann.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ann.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace raft::spatial::knn {
  */
 template <typename T = float, typename value_idx = int>
 [[deprecated("Consider using new-style raft::spatial::knn::*::build functions")]] inline void
-approx_knn_build_index(raft::handle_t& handle,
+approx_knn_build_index(raft::device_resources& handle,
                        raft::spatial::knn::knnIndex* index,
                        knnIndexParam* params,
                        raft::distance::DistanceType metric,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ approx_knn_build_index(raft::handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename T = float, typename value_idx = int>
 [[deprecated("Consider using new-style raft::spatial::knn::*::search functions")]] inline void
-approx_knn_search(raft::handle_t& handle,
+approx_knn_search(raft::device_resources& handle,
                   float* distances,
                   int64_t* indices,
                   raft::spatial::knn::knnIndex* index,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ball_cover.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ball_cover.cuh
index fdc2d41161..dda353e1c6 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ball_cover.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/ball_cover.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@
 namespace raft::spatial::knn {
 
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void rbc_build_index(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_build_index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t, matrix_idx_t>& index)
 {
   raft::neighbors::ball_cover::build_index(handle, index);
 }
 
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t, typename matrix_idx_t>
-void rbc_all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_all_knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t, matrix_idx_t>& index,
                        int_t k,
                        idx_t* inds,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void rbc_all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename idx_t, typename value_t, typename int_t>
-void rbc_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const BallCoverIndex<idx_t, value_t, int_t>& index,
                    int_t k,
                    const value_t* query,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_kmeans_balanced.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_kmeans_balanced.cuh
index ba88924da5..87818f49cf 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_kmeans_balanced.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_kmeans_balanced.cuh
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ constexpr static inline const float kAdjustCentersWeight = 7.0f;
  * @param mr (optional) memory resource to use for temporary allocations
  */
 template <typename IdxT, typename LabelT>
-inline void predict_float_core(const handle_t& handle,
+inline void predict_float_core(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                const float* centers,
                                uint32_t n_clusters,
                                uint32_t dim,
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ constexpr auto calc_minibatch_size(
  * @param mr (optional) memory resource to use for temporary allocations on the device
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT, typename LabelT>
-void calc_centers_and_sizes(const handle_t& handle,
+void calc_centers_and_sizes(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             float* centers,
                             uint32_t* cluster_sizes,
                             uint32_t n_clusters,
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ void compute_norm(float* dataset_norm,
  * @param mr (optional) memory resource to use for temporary allocations
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT, typename LabelT>
-void predict(const handle_t& handle,
+void predict(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              const float* centers,
              uint32_t n_clusters,
              uint32_t dim,
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ auto adjust_centers(float* centers,
  *   a memory resource for device allocations (makes sense to provide a memory pool here)
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT, typename LabelT>
-void balancing_em_iters(const handle_t& handle,
+void balancing_em_iters(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         uint32_t n_iters,
                         uint32_t dim,
                         const T* dataset,
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ void balancing_em_iters(const handle_t& handle,
 
 /** Randomly initialize cluster centers and then call `balancing_em_iters`. */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT, typename LabelT>
-void build_clusters(const handle_t& handle,
+void build_clusters(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                     uint32_t n_iters,
                     uint32_t dim,
                     const T* dataset,
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ inline auto arrange_fine_clusters(uint32_t n_clusters,
  *  is ignored and a warning is reported.
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT, typename LabelT>
-auto build_fine_clusters(const handle_t& handle,
+auto build_fine_clusters(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          uint32_t n_iters,
                          uint32_t dim,
                          const T* dataset_mptr,
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ auto build_fine_clusters(const handle_t& handle,
  * @param stream
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void build_hierarchical(const handle_t& handle,
+void build_hierarchical(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         uint32_t n_iters,
                         uint32_t dim,
                         const T* dataset,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_quantized.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_quantized.cuh
index f651e943e3..427e812cda 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_quantized.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_quantized.cuh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 namespace raft::spatial::knn::detail {
 
 template <typename T = float, typename IntType = int>
-void approx_knn_build_index(const handle_t& handle,
+void approx_knn_build_index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             knnIndex* index,
                             knnIndexParam* params,
                             raft::distance::DistanceType metric,
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ void approx_knn_build_index(const handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename T = float, typename IntType = int>
-void approx_knn_search(const handle_t& handle,
+void approx_knn_search(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        float* distances,
                        int64_t* indices,
                        knnIndex* index,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_serialization.h b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_serialization.h
index cf2aeedcfc..34dc3cf00f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_serialization.h
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ann_serialization.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ T read_scalar(std::ifstream& file)
 
 template <typename ElementType, typename Extents, typename LayoutPolicy, typename AccessorPolicy>
 void write_mdspan(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   std::ofstream& of,
   const raft::device_mdspan<ElementType, Extents, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy>& obj)
 {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void write_mdspan(
 }
 
 template <typename ElementType, typename Extents, typename LayoutPolicy, typename AccessorPolicy>
-void read_mdspan(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void read_mdspan(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  std::ifstream& file,
                  raft::device_mdspan<ElementType, Extents, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy>& obj)
 {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ void read_mdspan(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename ElementType, typename Extents, typename LayoutPolicy, typename AccessorPolicy>
-void read_mdspan(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void read_mdspan(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  std::ifstream& file,
                  raft::device_mdspan<ElementType, Extents, LayoutPolicy, AccessorPolicy>&& obj)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover.cuh
index fd0314dbcc..7b3cf2d8f7 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover.cuh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #include "../ball_cover_types.hpp"
 #include "ball_cover/common.cuh"
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ namespace detail {
  * @param index
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename value_int = std::uint32_t>
-void sample_landmarks(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sample_landmarks(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index)
 {
   rmm::device_uvector<value_idx> R_1nn_cols2(index.n_landmarks, handle.get_stream());
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ void sample_landmarks(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param index
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename value_int = std::uint32_t>
-void construct_landmark_1nn(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void construct_landmark_1nn(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             const value_idx* R_knn_inds_ptr,
                             const value_t* R_knn_dists_ptr,
                             value_int k,
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ void construct_landmark_1nn(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param R_knn_dists
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename value_int = std::uint32_t>
-void k_closest_landmarks(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void k_closest_landmarks(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          const BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index,
                          const value_t* query_pts,
                          value_int n_query_pts,
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ void k_closest_landmarks(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param index
  */
 template <typename value_idx, typename value_t, typename value_int = std::uint32_t>
-void compute_landmark_radii(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void compute_landmark_radii(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index)
 {
   auto entries = thrust::make_counting_iterator<value_idx>(0);
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ template <typename value_idx,
           typename value_t,
           typename value_int = std::uint32_t,
           typename dist_func>
-void perform_rbc_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void perform_rbc_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        const BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index,
                        const value_t* query,
                        value_int n_query_pts,
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ template <typename value_idx = std::int64_t,
           typename value_t,
           typename value_int = std::uint32_t,
           typename distance_func>
-void rbc_build_index(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_build_index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index,
                      distance_func dfunc)
 {
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ template <typename value_idx = std::int64_t,
           typename value_t,
           typename value_int = std::uint32_t,
           typename distance_func>
-void rbc_all_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_all_knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index,
                        value_int k,
                        value_idx* inds,
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ template <typename value_idx = std::int64_t,
           typename value_t,
           typename value_int = std::uint32_t,
           typename distance_func>
-void rbc_knn_query(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_knn_query(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index,
                    value_int k,
                    const value_t* query,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover/registers.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover/registers.cuh
index 530b0d3d04..394d27235b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover/registers.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ball_cover/registers.cuh
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ template <typename value_idx,
           typename value_int = std::uint32_t,
           int dims           = 2,
           typename dist_func>
-void rbc_low_dim_pass_one(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_low_dim_pass_one(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           const BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index,
                           const value_t* query,
                           const value_int n_query_rows,
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ template <typename value_idx,
           typename value_int = std::uint32_t,
           int dims           = 2,
           typename dist_func>
-void rbc_low_dim_pass_two(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void rbc_low_dim_pass_two(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           const BallCoverIndex<value_idx, value_t, value_int>& index,
                           const value_t* query,
                           const value_int n_query_rows,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/haversine_distance.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/haversine_distance.cuh
index 9cecc0adf4..7d361ba4fb 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/haversine_distance.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/haversine_distance.cuh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/pow2_utils.cuh>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/faiss_select/Select.cuh>
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_build.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_build.cuh
index 6e038db68f..b15acfe914 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_build.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_build.cuh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "ann_serialization.h"
 #include "ann_utils.cuh"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/logger.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/mdarray.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/nvtx.hpp>
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ __global__ void build_index_kernel(const LabelT* labels,
 
 /** See raft::spatial::knn::ivf_flat::extend docs */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
+inline auto extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const index<T, IdxT>& orig_index,
                    const T* new_vectors,
                    const IdxT* new_indices,
@@ -256,9 +256,11 @@ inline auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
 
 /** See raft::spatial::knn::ivf_flat::build docs */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline auto build(
-  const handle_t& handle, const index_params& params, const T* dataset, IdxT n_rows, uint32_t dim)
-  -> index<T, IdxT>
+inline auto build(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+                  const index_params& params,
+                  const T* dataset,
+                  IdxT n_rows,
+                  uint32_t dim) -> index<T, IdxT>
 {
   auto stream = handle.get_stream();
   common::nvtx::range<common::nvtx::domain::raft> fun_scope(
@@ -323,7 +325,7 @@ inline auto build(
  * @param[in] n_candidates  of neighbor_candidates
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline void fill_refinement_index(const handle_t& handle,
+inline void fill_refinement_index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                   index<T, IdxT>* refinement_index,
                                   const T* dataset,
                                   const IdxT* candidate_idx,
@@ -391,7 +393,9 @@ static const int serialization_version = 1;
  *
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void save(const handle_t& handle, const std::string& filename, const index<T, IdxT>& index_)
+void save(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+          const std::string& filename,
+          const index<T, IdxT>& index_)
 {
   std::ofstream of(filename, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
   if (!of) { RAFT_FAIL("Cannot open %s", filename.c_str()); }
@@ -432,7 +436,7 @@ void save(const handle_t& handle, const std::string& filename, const index<T, Id
  *
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-auto load(const handle_t& handle, const std::string& filename) -> index<T, IdxT>
+auto load(raft::device_resources const& handle, const std::string& filename) -> index<T, IdxT>
 {
   std::ifstream infile(filename, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_search.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_search.cuh
index 82b7bcf81e..7f70d4b8a5 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_search.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_flat_search.cuh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "ann_utils.cuh"
 
 #include <raft/core/cudart_utils.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/logger.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/mdarray.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/operators.hpp>
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ void ivfflat_interleaved_scan(const ivf_flat::index<T, IdxT>& index,
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename AccT, typename IdxT>
-void search_impl(const handle_t& handle,
+void search_impl(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  const index<T, IdxT>& index,
                  const T* queries,
                  uint32_t n_queries,
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ inline bool is_min_close(distance::DistanceType metric)
 
 /** See raft::spatial::knn::ivf_flat::search docs */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline void search(const handle_t& handle,
+inline void search(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const search_params& params,
                    const index<T, IdxT>& index,
                    const T* queries,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_build.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_build.cuh
index adbedf854f..6922499445 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_build.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_build.cuh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include <raft/neighbors/ivf_pq_types.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/logger.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/nvtx.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/operators.hpp>
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ void copy_warped(T* out,
  * @param[out] rotation_matrix device pointer to a row-major matrix of size [n_rows, n_cols].
  * @param rng random number generator state
  */
-inline void make_rotation_matrix(const handle_t& handle,
+inline void make_rotation_matrix(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                  bool force_random_rotation,
                                  uint32_t n_rows,
                                  uint32_t n_cols,
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ inline void make_rotation_matrix(const handle_t& handle,
  *
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void select_residuals(const handle_t& handle,
+void select_residuals(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       float* residuals,
                       IdxT n_rows,
                       uint32_t dim,
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ void select_residuals(const handle_t& handle,
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
 void flat_compute_residuals(
-  const handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   float* residuals,  // [n_rows, rot_dim]
   IdxT n_rows,
   device_mdspan<const float, extent_2d<uint32_t>, row_major> rotation_matrix,  // [rot_dim, dim]
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ auto calculate_offsets_and_indices(IdxT n_rows,
 }
 
 template <typename IdxT>
-void transpose_pq_centers(const handle_t& handle,
+void transpose_pq_centers(const device_resources& handle,
                           index<IdxT>& index,
                           const float* pq_centers_source)
 {
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ void transpose_pq_centers(const handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename IdxT>
-void train_per_subset(const handle_t& handle,
+void train_per_subset(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       index<IdxT>& index,
                       size_t n_rows,
                       const float* trainset,   // [n_rows, dim]
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ void train_per_subset(const handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename IdxT>
-void train_per_cluster(const handle_t& handle,
+void train_per_cluster(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        index<IdxT>& index,
                        size_t n_rows,
                        const float* trainset,   // [n_rows, dim]
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ void train_per_cluster(const handle_t& handle,
  *
  * @return Number of non-empty clusters
  */
-inline auto reorder_clusters_by_size_desc(const handle_t& handle,
+inline auto reorder_clusters_by_size_desc(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                           uint32_t* ordering,
                                           uint32_t* cluster_sizes_out,
                                           const uint32_t* cluster_sizes_in,
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ __launch_bounds__(BlockSize) __global__ void process_and_fill_codes_kernel(
  *    a memory resource to use for device allocations
  */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void process_and_fill_codes(const handle_t& handle,
+void process_and_fill_codes(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                             index<IdxT>& index,
                             const T* new_vectors,
                             std::variant<IdxT, const IdxT*> src_offset_or_indices,
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ void copy_index_data(index<IdxT>& target,
 
 /** See raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::extend docs */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
+auto extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             const index<IdxT>& orig_index,
             const T* new_vectors,
             const IdxT* new_indices,
@@ -1148,9 +1148,11 @@ auto extend(const handle_t& handle,
 
 /** See raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::build docs */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-auto build(
-  const handle_t& handle, const index_params& params, const T* dataset, IdxT n_rows, uint32_t dim)
-  -> index<IdxT>
+auto build(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+           const index_params& params,
+           const T* dataset,
+           IdxT n_rows,
+           uint32_t dim) -> index<IdxT>
 {
   common::nvtx::range<common::nvtx::domain::raft> fun_scope(
     "ivf_pq::build(%zu, %u)", size_t(n_rows), dim);
@@ -1376,7 +1378,9 @@ static const int serialization_version = 1;
  *
  */
 template <typename IdxT>
-void save(const handle_t& handle_, const std::string& filename, const index<IdxT>& index_)
+void save(raft::device_resources const& handle_,
+          const std::string& filename,
+          const index<IdxT>& index_)
 {
   std::ofstream of(filename, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
   if (!of) { RAFT_FAIL("Cannot open file %s", filename.c_str()); }
@@ -1423,7 +1427,7 @@ void save(const handle_t& handle_, const std::string& filename, const index<IdxT
  *
  */
 template <typename IdxT>
-auto load(const handle_t& handle_, const std::string& filename) -> index<IdxT>
+auto load(raft::device_resources const& handle_, const std::string& filename) -> index<IdxT>
 {
   std::ifstream infile(filename, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh
index b47ba32c58..c3326f8fac 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/ivf_pq_search.cuh
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <raft/core/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/logger.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/nvtx.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/operators.hpp>
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ struct fp_8bit {
  * scores here.
  */
 template <typename T>
-void select_clusters(const handle_t& handle,
+void select_clusters(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      uint32_t* clusters_to_probe,  // [n_queries, n_probes]
                      float* float_queries,         // [n_queries, dim_ext]
                      uint32_t n_queries,
@@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@ inline auto is_local_topk_feasible(uint32_t k, uint32_t n_probes, uint32_t n_que
  *      is guaranteed to fit into GPU memory.
  */
 template <typename ScoreT, typename LutT, typename IdxT>
-void ivfpq_search_worker(const handle_t& handle,
+void ivfpq_search_worker(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          const index<IdxT>& index,
                          uint32_t max_samples,
                          uint32_t n_probes,
@@ -1540,7 +1540,7 @@ inline auto get_max_batch_size(uint32_t k,
 
 /** See raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::search docs */
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-inline void search(const handle_t& handle,
+inline void search(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    const search_params& params,
                    const index<IdxT>& index,
                    const T* queries,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/knn_brute_force_faiss.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/knn_brute_force_faiss.cuh
index b246121958..2b2b5cee0c 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/knn_brute_force_faiss.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/detail/knn_brute_force_faiss.cuh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/detail/faiss_select/Select.cuh>
 #include <raft/spatial/knn/faiss_mr.hpp>
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ inline void knn_merge_parts(value_t* inK,
  */
 template <typename IntType = int, typename IdxType = std::int64_t, typename value_t = float>
 void brute_force_knn_impl(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   std::vector<value_t*>& input,
   std::vector<IntType>& sizes,
   IntType D,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/knn.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/knn.cuh
index f4b664fa16..ca2c248392 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/knn.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spatial/knn/knn.cuh
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ template <typename idx_t = int, typename value_t = float>
  *            as input vector.
  */
 template <typename idx_t = std::int64_t, typename value_t = float, typename value_int = int>
-void brute_force_knn(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void brute_force_knn(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                      std::vector<value_t*>& input,
                      std::vector<value_int>& sizes,
                      value_int D,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers.cuh
index 6f9ebcd6af..1cb7aefd13 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ struct kmeans_solver_t {
   {
   }
 
-  std::pair<value_type_t, index_type_t> solve(handle_t const& handle,
+  std::pair<value_type_t, index_type_t> solve(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                               size_type_t n_obs_vecs,
                                               size_type_t dim,
                                               value_type_t const* __restrict__ obs,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cuh
index 0beb1e5836..17dcf6b07c 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ struct kmeans_solver_deprecated_t {
   {
   }
 
-  std::pair<value_type_t, index_type_t> solve(handle_t const& handle,
+  std::pair<value_type_t, index_type_t> solve(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                               size_type_t n_obs_vecs,
                                               size_type_t dim,
                                               value_type_t const* __restrict__ obs,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/matrix_wrappers.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/matrix_wrappers.hpp
index f225438841..e32b718117 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/matrix_wrappers.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/matrix_wrappers.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ struct vector_view_t {
 template <typename value_type>
 class vector_t {
  public:
-  vector_t(handle_t const& raft_handle, size_type sz)
+  vector_t(device_resources const& raft_handle, size_type sz)
     : buffer_(sz, raft_handle.get_stream()), thrust_policy(raft_handle.get_thrust_policy())
   {
   }
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class vector_t {
 
 template <typename index_type, typename value_type>
 struct sparse_matrix_t {
-  sparse_matrix_t(handle_t const& raft_handle,
+  sparse_matrix_t(device_resources const& raft_handle,
                   index_type const* row_offsets,
                   index_type const* col_indices,
                   value_type const* values,
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ struct sparse_matrix_t {
   {
   }
 
-  sparse_matrix_t(handle_t const& raft_handle,
+  sparse_matrix_t(device_resources const& raft_handle,
                   index_type const* row_offsets,
                   index_type const* col_indices,
                   value_type const* values,
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ struct sparse_matrix_t {
   }
 
   template <typename CSRView>
-  sparse_matrix_t(handle_t const& raft_handle, CSRView const& csr_view)
+  sparse_matrix_t(device_resources const& raft_handle, CSRView const& csr_view)
     : handle_(raft_handle),
       row_offsets_(csr_view.offsets),
       col_indices_(csr_view.indices),
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ struct sparse_matrix_t {
 #endif
   }
 
-  handle_t const& get_handle(void) const { return handle_; }
+  device_resources const& get_handle(void) const { return handle_; }
 
 #if not defined CUDA_ENFORCE_LOWER and CUDA_VER_10_1_UP
   cusparseSpMVAlg_t translate_algorithm(sparse_mv_alg_t alg) const
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ struct sparse_matrix_t {
   // private: // maybe not, keep this ASAPBNS ("as simple as possible, but not simpler"); hence,
   // aggregate
 
-  handle_t const& handle_;
+  raft::device_resources const& handle_;
   index_type const* row_offsets_;
   index_type const* col_indices_;
   value_type const* values_;
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ struct sparse_matrix_t {
 
 template <typename index_type, typename value_type>
 struct laplacian_matrix_t : sparse_matrix_t<index_type, value_type> {
-  laplacian_matrix_t(handle_t const& raft_handle,
+  laplacian_matrix_t(device_resources const& raft_handle,
                      index_type const* row_offsets,
                      index_type const* col_indices,
                      value_type const* values,
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ struct laplacian_matrix_t : sparse_matrix_t<index_type, value_type> {
     sparse_matrix_t<index_type, value_type>::mv(1, ones.raw(), 0, diagonal_.raw());
   }
 
-  laplacian_matrix_t(handle_t const& raft_handle,
+  laplacian_matrix_t(device_resources const& raft_handle,
                      sparse_matrix_t<index_type, value_type> const& csr_m)
     : sparse_matrix_t<index_type, value_type>(raft_handle,
                                               csr_m.row_offsets_,
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ struct laplacian_matrix_t : sparse_matrix_t<index_type, value_type> {
 
 template <typename index_type, typename value_type>
 struct modularity_matrix_t : laplacian_matrix_t<index_type, value_type> {
-  modularity_matrix_t(handle_t const& raft_handle,
+  modularity_matrix_t(device_resources const& raft_handle,
                       index_type const* row_offsets,
                       index_type const* col_indices,
                       value_type const* values,
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ struct modularity_matrix_t : laplacian_matrix_t<index_type, value_type> {
     edge_sum_ = laplacian_matrix_t<index_type, value_type>::diagonal_.nrm1();
   }
 
-  modularity_matrix_t(handle_t const& raft_handle,
+  modularity_matrix_t(device_resources const& raft_handle,
                       sparse_matrix_t<index_type, value_type> const& csr_m)
     : laplacian_matrix_t<index_type, value_type>(raft_handle, csr_m)
   {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/modularity_maximization.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/modularity_maximization.hpp
index b60ca719fb..160664bae8 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/modularity_maximization.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/modularity_maximization.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ namespace detail {
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t, typename EigenSolver, typename ClusterSolver>
 std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> modularity_maximization(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
   EigenSolver const& eigen_solver,
   ClusterSolver const& cluster_solver,
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> modularity_maximization(
  *  @param modularity On exit, modularity
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-void analyzeModularity(handle_t const& handle,
+void analyzeModularity(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
                        vertex_t nClusters,
                        vertex_t const* __restrict__ clusters,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/partition.hpp b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/partition.hpp
index 1e0cc78826..6750f5d93f 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/partition.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/partition.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace detail {
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t, typename EigenSolver, typename ClusterSolver>
 std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> partition(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
   EigenSolver const& eigen_solver,
   ClusterSolver const& cluster_solver,
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> partition(
  *  @return error flag.
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-void analyzePartition(handle_t const& handle,
+void analyzePartition(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       spectral::matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
                       vertex_t nClusters,
                       const vertex_t* __restrict__ clusters,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/spectral_util.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/spectral_util.cuh
index 5991e71ec6..ae75031522 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/spectral_util.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/detail/spectral_util.cuh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cublas_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/matrix_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -116,7 +116,10 @@ cudaError_t scale_obs(index_type_t m, index_type_t n, value_type_t* obs)
 }
 
 template <typename vertex_t, typename edge_t, typename weight_t>
-void transform_eigen_matrix(handle_t const& handle, edge_t n, vertex_t nEigVecs, weight_t* eigVecs)
+void transform_eigen_matrix(raft::device_resources const& handle,
+                            edge_t n,
+                            vertex_t nEigVecs,
+                            weight_t* eigVecs)
 {
   auto stream             = handle.get_stream();
   auto cublas_h           = handle.get_cublas_handle();
@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ struct equal_to_i_op {
 // Construct indicator vector for ith partition
 //
 template <typename vertex_t, typename edge_t, typename weight_t>
-bool construct_indicator(handle_t const& handle,
+bool construct_indicator(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          edge_t index,
                          edge_t n,
                          weight_t& clustersize,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/eigen_solvers.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/eigen_solvers.cuh
index 88e4abe513..3f6959d2e2 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/eigen_solvers.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/eigen_solvers.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ struct lanczos_solver_t {
   }
 
   index_type_t solve_smallest_eigenvectors(
-    handle_t const& handle,
+    raft::device_resources const& handle,
     matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
     value_type_t* __restrict__ eigVals,
     value_type_t* __restrict__ eigVecs) const
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ struct lanczos_solver_t {
   }
 
   index_type_t solve_largest_eigenvectors(
-    handle_t const& handle,
+    raft::device_resources const& handle,
     matrix::sparse_matrix_t<index_type_t, value_type_t> const& A,
     value_type_t* __restrict__ eigVals,
     value_type_t* __restrict__ eigVecs) const
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/modularity_maximization.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/modularity_maximization.cuh
index 61d85aefaa..29d432c042 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/modularity_maximization.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/modularity_maximization.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ namespace spectral {
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t, typename EigenSolver, typename ClusterSolver>
 std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> modularity_maximization(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
   EigenSolver const& eigen_solver,
   ClusterSolver const& cluster_solver,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> modularity_maximization(
  *  @param modularity On exit, modularity
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-void analyzeModularity(handle_t const& handle,
+void analyzeModularity(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
                        vertex_t nClusters,
                        vertex_t const* __restrict__ clusters,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/partition.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/partition.cuh
index 2d21f2223c..0dec230752 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/spectral/partition.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/spectral/partition.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace spectral {
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t, typename EigenSolver, typename ClusterSolver>
 std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> partition(
-  handle_t const& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
   EigenSolver const& eigen_solver,
   ClusterSolver const& cluster_solver,
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ std::tuple<vertex_t, weight_t, vertex_t> partition(
  *  @param cost On exit, partition cost function.
  */
 template <typename vertex_t, typename weight_t>
-void analyzePartition(handle_t const& handle,
+void analyzePartition(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       matrix::sparse_matrix_t<vertex_t, weight_t> const& csr_m,
                       vertex_t nClusters,
                       const vertex_t* __restrict__ clusters,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/accuracy.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/accuracy.cuh
index 3bd0d40091..7a5780fbc9 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/accuracy.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/accuracy.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ float accuracy(const math_t* predictions, const math_t* ref_predictions, int n,
  * @return: Accuracy score in [0, 1]; higher is better.
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-float accuracy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+float accuracy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> predictions,
                raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> ref_predictions)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cuh
index 402071f498..d2815fe753 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ double adjusted_rand_index(const T* firstClusterArray,
  * @return the Adjusted RandIndex
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename math_t, typename idx_t>
-double adjusted_rand_index(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+double adjusted_rand_index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                            raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> first_cluster_array,
                            raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> second_cluster_array)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/completeness_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/completeness_score.cuh
index a39315dc7a..17ff658ac8 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/completeness_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/completeness_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ double completeness_score(const T* truthClusterArray,
  * @return the cluster completeness score
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-double completeness_score(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+double completeness_score(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                           raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> truth_cluster_array,
                           raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> pred_cluster_array,
                           value_t lower_label_range,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/contingency_matrix.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/contingency_matrix.cuh
index ecf9c744ee..e309e8b4b9 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/contingency_matrix.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/contingency_matrix.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/contingencyMatrix.cuh>
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ void contingencyMatrix(const T* groundTruth,
  * @param[out] maxLabel: calculated max value in input array
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-void get_input_class_cardinality(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void get_input_class_cardinality(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                  raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> groundTruth,
                                  raft::host_scalar_view<value_t> minLabel,
                                  raft::host_scalar_view<value_t> maxLabel)
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ template <typename value_t,
           typename layout_t,
           typename opt_min_label_t,
           typename opt_max_label_t>
-void contingency_matrix(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void contingency_matrix(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> ground_truth,
                         raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> predicted_label,
                         raft::device_matrix_view<out_t, idx_t, layout_t> out_mat,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/cov.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/cov.cuh
index 9829564a5a..c0c387e067 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/cov.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/cov.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ namespace stats {
  * function returns!
  */
 template <typename Type>
-void cov(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void cov(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          Type* covar,
          Type* data,
          const Type* mu,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void cov(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * function returns!
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void cov(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void cov(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          raft::device_matrix_view<value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
          raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> mu,
          raft::device_matrix_view<value_t, idx_t, layout_t> covar,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/batched/silhouette_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/batched/silhouette_score.cuh
index 5bd8c4a7ab..a184fe22ef 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/batched/silhouette_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/batched/silhouette_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ __global__ void compute_chunked_a_b_kernel(value_t* a,
 }
 
 template <typename value_idx, typename label_idx>
-rmm::device_uvector<value_idx> get_cluster_counts(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+rmm::device_uvector<value_idx> get_cluster_counts(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                   const label_idx* y,
                                                   value_idx& n_rows,
                                                   label_idx& n_labels)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ rmm::device_uvector<value_idx> get_cluster_counts(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename value_t, typename value_idx>
-rmm::device_uvector<value_t> get_pairwise_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+rmm::device_uvector<value_t> get_pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                    const value_t* left_begin,
                                                    const value_t* right_begin,
                                                    value_idx& n_left_rows,
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ rmm::device_uvector<value_t> get_pairwise_distance(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename value_t, typename value_idx, typename label_idx>
-void compute_chunked_a_b(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void compute_chunked_a_b(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          value_t* a,
                          value_t* b,
                          value_idx& row_offset,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ void compute_chunked_a_b(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 
 template <typename value_t, typename value_idx, typename label_idx>
 value_t silhouette_score(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const value_t* X,
   value_idx n_rows,
   value_idx n_cols,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/cov.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/cov.cuh
index 24de58dd91..0561ac269b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/cov.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/cov.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace detail {
  * function returns!
  */
 template <typename Type>
-void cov(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void cov(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          Type* covar,
          Type* data,
          const Type* mu,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/silhouette_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/silhouette_score.cuh
index 3cf95c3941..f3839b99c8 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/silhouette_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/silhouette_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ struct SilOp {
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename LabelT>
 DataT silhouette_score(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const DataT* X_in,
   int nRows,
   int nCols,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/trustworthiness_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/trustworthiness_score.cuh
index feb3fe607d..23f84754da 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/trustworthiness_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/detail/trustworthiness_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ __global__ void compute_rank(double* rank,
  * @param[out] distances KNN distances
  */
 template <raft::distance::DistanceType distance_type, typename math_t>
-void run_knn(const raft::handle_t& h,
+void run_knn(const raft::device_resources& h,
              math_t* input,
              int n,
              int d,
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ void run_knn(const raft::handle_t& h,
  * @return Trustworthiness score
  */
 template <typename math_t, raft::distance::DistanceType distance_type>
-double trustworthiness_score(const raft::handle_t& h,
+double trustworthiness_score(const raft::device_resources& h,
                              const math_t* X,
                              math_t* X_embedded,
                              int n,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/dispersion.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/dispersion.cuh
index 3e4b2d7d50..8600305d9e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/dispersion.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/dispersion.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ DataT dispersion(const DataT* centroids,
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
 value_t cluster_dispersion(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> centroids,
   raft::device_vector_view<const idx_t, idx_t> cluster_sizes,
   std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t>> global_centroid,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ value_t cluster_dispersion(
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
 value_t cluster_dispersion(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> centroids,
   raft::device_vector_view<const idx_t, idx_t> cluster_sizes,
   std::nullopt_t global_centroid,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/entropy.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/entropy.cuh
index 60836c8782..d59dc8e37a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/entropy.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/entropy.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ double entropy(const T* clusterArray,
  * @return the entropy score
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-double entropy(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+double entropy(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> cluster_array,
                const value_t lower_label_range,
                const value_t upper_label_range)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/histogram.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/histogram.cuh
index 79fa881070..f829b0317e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/histogram.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/histogram.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void histogram(HistType type,
  * @note signature of binner_op is `int func(value_t, IdxT);`
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename binner_op = IdentityBinner<value_t, idx_t>>
-void histogram(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void histogram(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                HistType type,
                raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::col_major> data,
                raft::device_matrix_view<int, idx_t, raft::col_major> bins,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/homogeneity_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/homogeneity_score.cuh
index e1b627f8f1..173d63e47e 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/homogeneity_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/homogeneity_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ double homogeneity_score(const T* truthClusterArray,
  * @return the homogeneity score
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-double homogeneity_score(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+double homogeneity_score(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> truth_cluster_array,
                          raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> pred_cluster_array,
                          value_t lower_label_range,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/information_criterion.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/information_criterion.cuh
index bddd603d01..b54f126859 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/information_criterion.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/information_criterion.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/batched/information_criterion.cuh>
 #include <raft/stats/stats_types.hpp>
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void information_criterion_batched(ScalarT* d_ic,
  * @param[in]  n_samples        Number of samples in each series
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-void information_criterion_batched(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void information_criterion_batched(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                    raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> d_loglikelihood,
                                    raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> d_ic,
                                    IC_Type ic_type,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/kl_divergence.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/kl_divergence.cuh
index e969af7633..d27f736255 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/kl_divergence.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/kl_divergence.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ DataT kl_divergence(const DataT* modelPDF, const DataT* candidatePDF, int size,
  * @return the KL Divergence value
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-value_t kl_divergence(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+value_t kl_divergence(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> modelPDF,
                       raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> candidatePDF)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean.cuh
index c944247b33..a576e63bee 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/mean.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ void mean(
  *   to normalize the output using N-1 or N, for true or false, respectively
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void mean(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void mean(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
           raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> mu,
           bool sample)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean_center.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean_center.cuh
index b33b1bf507..b333b3c8da 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean_center.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/mean_center.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ void meanAdd(Type* out,
  * @param[in]  bcast_along_rows whether to broadcast vector along rows or columns
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void mean_center(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void mean_center(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                  raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> mu,
                  raft::device_matrix_view<value_t, idx_t, layout_t> out,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ void mean_center(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in]  bcast_along_rows whether to broadcast vector along rows or columns
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void mean_add(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void mean_add(raft::device_resources const& handle,
               raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
               raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> mu,
               raft::device_matrix_view<value_t, idx_t, layout_t> out,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/meanvar.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/meanvar.cuh
index b839ae7b72..0ee21d1325 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/meanvar.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/meanvar.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ void meanvar(Type* mean,
  * normalize the variance using N-1 or N, for true or false respectively.
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void meanvar(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void meanvar(raft::device_resources const& handle,
              raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
              raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> mean,
              raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> var,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/minmax.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/minmax.cuh
index 24e432e8da..8af4f7a92c 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/minmax.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/minmax.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void minmax(const T* data,
  *    in shared memory
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-void minmax(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void minmax(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::col_major> data,
             std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const unsigned, idx_t>> rowids,
             std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const unsigned, idx_t>> colids,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/mutual_info_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/mutual_info_score.cuh
index 8158c4020a..ca7f33d398 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/mutual_info_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/mutual_info_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ double mutual_info_score(const T* firstClusterArray,
  * @return the mutual information score
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-double mutual_info_score(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+double mutual_info_score(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> first_cluster_array,
                          raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> second_cluster_array,
                          value_t lower_label_range,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/r2_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/r2_score.cuh
index 5e867b64a1..1048deb7f3 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/r2_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/r2_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ math_t r2_score(math_t* y, math_t* y_hat, int n, cudaStream_t stream)
  * @note The constness of y and y_hat is currently casted away.
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-value_t r2_score(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+value_t r2_score(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> y,
                  raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> y_hat)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/rand_index.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/rand_index.cuh
index 09dc874d93..25b92e4e10 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/rand_index.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/rand_index.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/rand_index.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ double rand_index(T* firstClusterArray, T* secondClusterArray, uint64_t size, cu
  * @return: The RandIndex value.
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-double rand_index(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+double rand_index(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> first_cluster_array,
                   raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> second_cluster_array)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/regression_metrics.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/regression_metrics.cuh
index c45e3be870..7c3ca7386b 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/regression_metrics.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/regression_metrics.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/scores.cuh>
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ void regression_metrics(const T* predictions,
  * ref_predictions[i]| for i in [0, n).
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-void regression_metrics(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void regression_metrics(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                         raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> predictions,
                         raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> ref_predictions,
                         raft::host_scalar_view<double> mean_abs_error,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/silhouette_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/silhouette_score.cuh
index 0763cdfe1c..db9db1f99a 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/silhouette_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/silhouette_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace stats {
  */
 template <typename DataT, typename LabelT>
 DataT silhouette_score(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   DataT* X_in,
   int nRows,
   int nCols,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ DataT silhouette_score(
 
 template <typename value_t, typename value_idx, typename label_idx>
 value_t silhouette_score_batched(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   value_t* X,
   value_idx n_rows,
   value_idx n_cols,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ value_t silhouette_score_batched(
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename label_t, typename idx_t>
 value_t silhouette_score(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> X_in,
   raft::device_vector_view<const label_t, idx_t> labels,
   std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t>> silhouette_score_per_sample,
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ value_t silhouette_score(
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename label_t, typename idx_t>
 value_t silhouette_score_batched(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> X,
   raft::device_vector_view<const label_t, idx_t> labels,
   std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t>> silhouette_score_per_sample,
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ value_t silhouette_score_batched(
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename label_t, typename idx_t>
 value_t silhouette_score(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> X_in,
   raft::device_vector_view<const label_t, idx_t> labels,
   std::nullopt_t silhouette_score_per_sample,
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ value_t silhouette_score(
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename label_t, typename idx_t>
 value_t silhouette_score_batched(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> X,
   raft::device_vector_view<const label_t, idx_t> labels,
   std::nullopt_t silhouette_score_per_sample,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/stddev.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/stddev.cuh
index 27bd95f0ad..0b038c85ea 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/stddev.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/stddev.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/stddev.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void vars(Type* var,
  *  to normalize the output using N-1 or N, for true or false, respectively
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void stddev(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void stddev(raft::device_resources const& handle,
             raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
             raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> mu,
             raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> std,
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ void stddev(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  *  to normalize the output using N-1 or N, for true or false, respectively
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void vars(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void vars(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
           raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> mu,
           raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> var,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/sum.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/sum.cuh
index c3aafe286a..5f169b3384 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/sum.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/sum.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ void sum(Type* output, const Type* input, IdxType D, IdxType N, bool rowMajor, c
  * @param[out] output the output mean vector
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void sum(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void sum(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> input,
          raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> output)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/trustworthiness_score.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/trustworthiness_score.cuh
index e8e60871d0..a79cda8dfc 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/trustworthiness_score.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/trustworthiness_score.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/trustworthiness_score.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace stats {
  * @return[out] Trustworthiness score
  */
 template <typename math_t, raft::distance::DistanceType distance_type>
-double trustworthiness_score(const raft::handle_t& h,
+double trustworthiness_score(const raft::device_resources& h,
                              const math_t* X,
                              math_t* X_embedded,
                              int n,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ double trustworthiness_score(const raft::handle_t& h,
  */
 template <raft::distance::DistanceType distance_type, typename value_t, typename idx_t>
 double trustworthiness_score(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> X,
   raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, raft::row_major> X_embedded,
   int n_neighbors,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/v_measure.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/v_measure.cuh
index a5f5b58365..be1d83d59d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/v_measure.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/v_measure.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/detail/v_measure.cuh>
 
 namespace raft {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ double v_measure(const T* truthClusterArray,
  * @return the v-measure between the two clusters
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-double v_measure(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+double v_measure(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                  raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> truth_cluster_array,
                  raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> pred_cluster_array,
                  value_t lower_label_range,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/stats/weighted_mean.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/stats/weighted_mean.cuh
index 8c7f1ca7b5..7f061e0b45 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/stats/weighted_mean.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/stats/weighted_mean.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ void colWeightedMean(
  * @param[in]  along_rows whether to reduce along rows or columns
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void weighted_mean(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void weighted_mean(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                    raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                    raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> weights,
                    raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> mu,
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ void weighted_mean(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] mu the output mean vector of size nrows
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void row_weighted_mean(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void row_weighted_mean(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                        raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> weights,
                        raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> mu)
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ void row_weighted_mean(const raft::handle_t& handle,
  * @param[out] mu the output mean vector of size ncols
  */
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t, typename layout_t>
-void col_weighted_mean(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void col_weighted_mean(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        raft::device_matrix_view<const value_t, idx_t, layout_t> data,
                        raft::device_vector_view<const value_t, idx_t> weights,
                        raft::device_vector_view<value_t, idx_t> mu)
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft/util/cache.cuh b/cpp/include/raft/util/cache.cuh
index ccd5d1ab86..77e3ed2d6d 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft/util/cache.cuh
+++ b/cpp/include/raft/util/cache.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ namespace raft::cache {
  * // We assume that our ML algo repeatedly calls calc, and the set of keys have
  * // an overlap. We will use the cache to avoid repeated calculations.
  *
- * // Assume we have raft::handle_t& h, and cudaStream_t stream
+ * // Assume we have raft::device_resources& h, and cudaStream_t stream
  * Cache<float> cache(h.get_device_allocator(), stream, m);
  *
  * // A buffer that we will reuse to store the cache indices.
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp
index 241f5758e8..3386774414 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
  * @{
  */
 
-void update_centroids(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void update_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const float* X,
                       int n_samples,
                       int n_features,
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ void update_centroids(raft::handle_t const& handle,
                       float* new_centroids,
                       float* weight_per_cluster);
 
-void update_centroids(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void update_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const double* X,
                       int n_samples,
                       int n_features,
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ void update_centroids(raft::handle_t const& handle,
                       double* new_centroids,
                       double* weight_per_cluster);
 
-void fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          const raft::cluster::kmeans::KMeansParams& params,
          raft::device_matrix_view<const float, int, row_major> X,
          std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const float, int>> sample_weight,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ void fit(handle_t const& handle,
          raft::host_scalar_view<float, int> inertia,
          raft::host_scalar_view<int, int> n_iter);
 
-void fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          const raft::cluster::kmeans::KMeansParams& params,
          raft::device_matrix_view<const double, int, row_major> X,
          std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const double, int>> sample_weight,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ void fit(handle_t const& handle,
          raft::host_scalar_view<double, int> inertia,
          raft::host_scalar_view<int, int> n_iter);
 
-void cluster_cost(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void cluster_cost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   const float* X,
                   int n_samples,
                   int n_features,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void cluster_cost(raft::handle_t const& handle,
                   const float* centroids,
                   float* cost);
 
-void cluster_cost(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void cluster_cost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   const double* X,
                   int n_samples,
                   int n_features,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/fused_l2_nn.hpp b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/fused_l2_nn.hpp
index 46c9aa0b43..bdac3723e2 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/fused_l2_nn.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/fused_l2_nn.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::distance {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::distance {
  * @param[in]  k             gemm k
  * @param[in]  sqrt          Whether the output `minDist` should contain L2-sqrt
  */
-void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          int* min,
                          const float* x,
                          const float* y,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
                          int k,
                          bool sqrt);
 
-void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          int* min,
                          const double* x,
                          const double* y,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/pairwise_distance.hpp b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/pairwise_distance.hpp
index 02dca87e43..751f821ffb 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/pairwise_distance.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/distance/pairwise_distance.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::distance {
  * @{
  */
 
-void pairwise_distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        float* x,
                        float* y,
                        float* dists,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ void pairwise_distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
                        bool isRowMajor,
                        float metric_arg);
 
-void pairwise_distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        double* x,
                        double* y,
                        double* dists,
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp
index 7956e41497..cae32c9530 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 namespace raft::runtime::neighbors::ivf_pq {
 
 #define RAFT_INST_SEARCH(T, IdxT)                            \
-  void search(const handle_t&,                               \
+  void search(raft::device_resources const&,                 \
               const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::search_params&, \
               const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>&,   \
               const T*,                                      \
@@ -41,28 +41,28 @@ RAFT_INST_SEARCH(uint8_t, uint64_t);
 // wrappers, where exception handling is not compatible with return type that has nontrivial
 // constructor.
 #define RAFT_INST_BUILD_EXTEND(T, IdxT)                               \
-  auto build(const handle_t& handle,                                  \
+  auto build(raft::device_resources const& handle,                    \
              const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index_params& params,     \
              const T* dataset,                                        \
              IdxT n_rows,                                             \
              uint32_t dim)                                            \
     ->raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>;                           \
                                                                       \
-  auto extend(const handle_t& handle,                                 \
+  auto extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,                   \
               const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>& orig_index, \
               const T* new_vectors,                                   \
               const IdxT* new_indices,                                \
               IdxT n_rows)                                            \
     ->raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>;                           \
                                                                       \
-  void build(const handle_t& handle,                                  \
+  void build(raft::device_resources const& handle,                    \
              const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index_params& params,     \
              const T* dataset,                                        \
              IdxT n_rows,                                             \
              uint32_t dim,                                            \
              raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>* idx);              \
                                                                       \
-  void extend(const handle_t& handle,                                 \
+  void extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,                   \
               raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>* idx,              \
               const T* new_vectors,                                   \
               const IdxT* new_indices,                                \
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ RAFT_INST_BUILD_EXTEND(uint8_t, uint64_t)
  * @param[in] index IVF-PQ index
  *
  */
-void save(const handle_t& handle,
+void save(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const std::string& filename,
           const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<uint64_t>& index);
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void save(const handle_t& handle,
  * @param[in] index IVF-PQ index
  *
  */
-void load(const handle_t& handle,
+void load(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const std::string& filename,
           raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<uint64_t>* index);
 
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp
index 2e08ae23c0..e779d17ded 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 //#include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::neighbors {
 
 #define RAFT_INST_REFINE(IDX_T, DATA_T)                                                       \
-  void refine(raft::handle_t const& handle,                                                   \
+  void refine(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                           \
               raft::device_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> dataset,            \
               raft::device_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> queries,            \
               raft::device_matrix_view<const IDX_T, uint64_t, row_major> neighbor_candidates, \
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::neighbors {
               raft::device_matrix_view<float, uint64_t, row_major> distances,                 \
               distance::DistanceType metric);                                                 \
                                                                                               \
-  void refine(raft::handle_t const& handle,                                                   \
+  void refine(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                           \
               raft::host_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> dataset,              \
               raft::host_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> queries,              \
               raft::host_matrix_view<const IDX_T, uint64_t, row_major> neighbor_candidates,   \
diff --git a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp
index 1dc1199864..8f18fd1388 100644
--- a/cpp/include/raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp
+++ b/cpp/include/raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/random/rng_state.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::random {
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ namespace raft::runtime::random {
  * @{
  */
 
-#define FUNC_DECL(IdxT, ProbT)                            \
-  void rmat_rectangular_gen(raft::handle_t const& handle, \
-                            IdxT* out,                    \
-                            IdxT* out_src,                \
-                            IdxT* out_dst,                \
-                            const ProbT* theta,           \
-                            IdxT r_scale,                 \
-                            IdxT c_scale,                 \
-                            IdxT n_edges,                 \
+#define FUNC_DECL(IdxT, ProbT)                                    \
+  void rmat_rectangular_gen(raft::device_resources const& handle, \
+                            IdxT* out,                            \
+                            IdxT* out_src,                        \
+                            IdxT* out_dst,                        \
+                            const ProbT* theta,                   \
+                            IdxT r_scale,                         \
+                            IdxT c_scale,                         \
+                            IdxT n_edges,                         \
                             raft::random::RngState& r)
 
 FUNC_DECL(int, float);
diff --git a/cpp/internal/raft_internal/matrix/select_k.cuh b/cpp/internal/raft_internal/matrix/select_k.cuh
index ee79b1ff80..205149b821 100644
--- a/cpp/internal/raft_internal/matrix/select_k.cuh
+++ b/cpp/internal/raft_internal/matrix/select_k.cuh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <raft/matrix/detail/select_warpsort.cuh>
 #include <raft/matrix/select_k.cuh>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::matrix::select {
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ inline auto operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Algo& algo) -> std::ostream&
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename IdxT>
-void select_k_impl(const handle_t& handle,
+void select_k_impl(const device_resources& handle,
                    const Algo& algo,
                    const T* in,
                    const IdxT* in_idx,
diff --git a/cpp/internal/raft_internal/neighbors/refine_helper.cuh b/cpp/internal/raft_internal/neighbors/refine_helper.cuh
index 1d8c5600bd..5e26222827 100644
--- a/cpp/internal/raft_internal/neighbors/refine_helper.cuh
+++ b/cpp/internal/raft_internal/neighbors/refine_helper.cuh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/device_mdspan.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdarray.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/host_mdspan.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ struct RefineInputs {
 template <typename DataT, typename DistanceT, typename IdxT>
 class RefineHelper {
  public:
-  RefineHelper(const raft::handle_t& handle, RefineInputs<IdxT> params)
+  RefineHelper(const raft::device_resources& handle, RefineInputs<IdxT> params)
     : handle_(handle), stream_(handle.get_stream()), p(params)
   {
     raft::random::Rng r(1234ULL);
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class RefineHelper {
 
  public:
   RefineInputs<IdxT> p;
-  const raft::handle_t& handle_;
+  const raft::device_resources& handle_;
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_;
 
   raft::device_matrix<DataT, IdxT, row_major> dataset;
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost.cuh b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost.cuh
index 4f208ab1cd..be7fa521aa 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost.cuh
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@
  */
 
 #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/operators.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/fused_l2_nn.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 template <typename ElementType, typename IndexType>
-void cluster_cost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void cluster_cost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   const ElementType* X,
                   IndexType n_samples,
                   IndexType n_features,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_double.cu b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_double.cu
index 8fffa4eee0..6feb3076dd 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_double.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_double.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 #include "cluster_cost.cuh"
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 
-void cluster_cost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void cluster_cost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   const double* X,
                   int n_samples,
                   int n_features,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_float.cu b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_float.cu
index 7f2cd9a485..24af5efb25 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_float.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/cluster_cost_float.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 #include "cluster_cost.cuh"
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 
-void cluster_cost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void cluster_cost(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                   const float* X,
                   int n_samples,
                   int n_features,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_double.cu b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_double.cu
index 2989941d85..cbc9fa45cb 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_double.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_double.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
  */
 
 #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 
-void fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          const raft::cluster::kmeans::KMeansParams& params,
          raft::device_matrix_view<const double, int> X,
          std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const double, int>> sample_weight,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_float.cu b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_float.cu
index 0e10ab30a4..6dcbd73b8d 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_float.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/kmeans_fit_float.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
  */
 
 #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 
-void fit(handle_t const& handle,
+void fit(raft::device_resources const& handle,
          const raft::cluster::kmeans::KMeansParams& params,
          raft::device_matrix_view<const float, int> X,
          std::optional<raft::device_vector_view<const float, int>> sample_weight,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids.cuh b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids.cuh
index 035f597523..e0d3bd8487 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids.cuh
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@
  */
 
 #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/norm.cuh>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void update_centroids(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void update_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const DataT* X,
                       int n_samples,
                       int n_features,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_double.cu b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_double.cu
index 85c4953150..cb63de2ca5 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_double.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_double.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 #include "update_centroids.cuh"
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 
-void update_centroids(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void update_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const double* X,
                       int n_samples,
                       int n_features,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_float.cu b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_float.cu
index aaad2bc3e4..7ce74b584c 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_float.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/cluster/update_centroids_float.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 #include "update_centroids.cuh"
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans {
 
-void update_centroids(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void update_centroids(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                       const float* X,
                       int n_samples,
                       int n_features,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/distance/fused_l2_min_arg.cu b/cpp/src/distance/distance/fused_l2_min_arg.cu
index f74b7c0e86..b682446cc2 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/distance/fused_l2_min_arg.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/distance/fused_l2_min_arg.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <raft/core/device_mdarray.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/kvp.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/fused_l2_nn.cuh>
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ struct KeyValueIndexOp {
 };
 
 template <typename value_t, typename idx_t>
-void compute_fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void compute_fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                  idx_t* min,
                                  const value_t* x,
                                  const value_t* y,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ void compute_fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
   handle.sync_stream();
 }
 
-void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          int* min,
                          const float* x,
                          const float* y,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
   compute_fused_l2_nn_min_arg<float, int>(handle, min, x, y, m, n, k, sqrt);
 }
 
-void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                          int* min,
                          const double* x,
                          const double* y,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/distance/pairwise_distance.cu b/cpp/src/distance/distance/pairwise_distance.cu
index cbdd5cd8f2..dfdfa553e9 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/distance/pairwise_distance.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/distance/pairwise_distance.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance.cuh>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/specializations.cuh>
-#include <raft/handle.hpp>
 
 namespace raft::runtime::distance {
 
-void pairwise_distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        float* x,
                        float* y,
                        float* dists,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void pairwise_distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
     handle, x, y, dists, m, n, k, metric, isRowMajor, metric_arg);
 }
 
-void pairwise_distance(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+void pairwise_distance(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                        double* x,
                        double* y,
                        double* dists,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_build.cu b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_build.cu
index bbcd0533f8..650767f918 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_build.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_build.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 namespace raft::runtime::neighbors::ivf_pq {
 
 #define RAFT_INST_BUILD_EXTEND(T, IdxT)                                                      \
-  auto build(const handle_t& handle,                                                         \
+  auto build(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                           \
              const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index_params& params,                            \
              const T* dataset,                                                               \
              IdxT n_rows,                                                                    \
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::neighbors::ivf_pq {
   {                                                                                          \
     return raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::build<T, IdxT>(handle, params, dataset, n_rows, dim);    \
   }                                                                                          \
-  auto extend(const handle_t& handle,                                                        \
+  auto extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                          \
               const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>& orig_index,                        \
               const T* new_vectors,                                                          \
               const IdxT* new_indices,                                                       \
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::neighbors::ivf_pq {
       handle, orig_index, new_vectors, new_indices, n_rows);                                 \
   }                                                                                          \
                                                                                              \
-  void build(const handle_t& handle,                                                         \
+  void build(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                           \
              const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index_params& params,                            \
              const T* dataset,                                                               \
              IdxT n_rows,                                                                    \
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::neighbors::ivf_pq {
   {                                                                                          \
     *idx = raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::build<T, IdxT>(handle, params, dataset, n_rows, dim);    \
   }                                                                                          \
-  void extend(const handle_t& handle,                                                        \
+  void extend(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                          \
               raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>* idx,                                     \
               const T* new_vectors,                                                          \
               const IdxT* new_indices,                                                       \
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ RAFT_INST_BUILD_EXTEND(uint8_t, uint64_t);
 
 #undef RAFT_INST_BUILD_EXTEND
 
-void save(const handle_t& handle,
+void save(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const std::string& filename,
           const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<uint64_t>& index)
 {
   raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::detail::save(handle, filename, index);
 };
 
-void load(const handle_t& handle,
+void load(raft::device_resources const& handle,
           const std::string& filename,
           raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<uint64_t>* index)
 {
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_search.cu b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_search.cu
index 3bd1f6ed68..05ab890ea5 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_search.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/ivfpq_search.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 namespace raft::runtime::neighbors::ivf_pq {
 
 #define RAFT_SEARCH_INST(T, IdxT)                                            \
-  void search(const handle_t& handle,                                        \
+  void search(raft::device_resources const& handle,                          \
               const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::search_params& params,          \
               const raft::neighbors::ivf_pq::index<IdxT>& idx,               \
               const T* queries,                                              \
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/refine.cu b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/refine.cu
index 82e7ebe5ff..83e3383cba 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/refine.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/refine.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 namespace raft::runtime::neighbors {
 
 #define RAFT_INST_REFINE(IDX_T, DATA_T)                                                       \
-  void refine(raft::handle_t const& handle,                                                   \
+  void refine(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                           \
               raft::device_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> dataset,            \
               raft::device_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> queries,            \
               raft::device_matrix_view<const IDX_T, uint64_t, row_major> neighbor_candidates, \
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace raft::runtime::neighbors {
       handle, dataset, queries, neighbor_candidates, indices, distances, metric);             \
   }                                                                                           \
                                                                                               \
-  void refine(raft::handle_t const& handle,                                                   \
+  void refine(raft::device_resources const& handle,                                           \
               raft::host_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> dataset,              \
               raft::host_matrix_view<const DATA_T, uint64_t, row_major> queries,              \
               raft::host_matrix_view<const IDX_T, uint64_t, row_major> neighbor_candidates,   \
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_int64_t.cu b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_int64_t.cu
index a32147b2b1..34825b253b 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_int64_t.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_int64_t.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::detail {
 
-template void search<float, int64_t>(const handle_t&,
+template void search<float, int64_t>(const raft::device_resources&,
                                      const search_params&,
                                      const index<int64_t>&,
                                      const float*,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint32_t.cu b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint32_t.cu
index f3e80206e4..ec746dc434 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint32_t.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint32_t.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::detail {
 
-template void search<float, uint32_t>(const handle_t&,
+template void search<float, uint32_t>(const raft::device_resources&,
                                       const search_params&,
                                       const index<uint32_t>&,
                                       const float*,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint64_t.cu b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint64_t.cu
index e732646f99..ea18fac24d 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint64_t.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/neighbors/specializations/detail/ivfpq_search_float_uint64_t.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace raft::spatial::knn::ivf_pq::detail {
 
-template void search<float, uint64_t>(const handle_t&,
+template void search<float, uint64_t>(const raft::device_resources&,
                                       const search_params&,
                                       const index<uint64_t>&,
                                       const float*,
diff --git a/cpp/src/distance/random/common.cuh b/cpp/src/distance/random/common.cuh
index 3bd57fc80d..69b507b07b 100644
--- a/cpp/src/distance/random/common.cuh
+++ b/cpp/src/distance/random/common.cuh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp>
 
 #define FUNC_DEF(IdxT, ProbT)                                                           \
-  void rmat_rectangular_gen(raft::handle_t const& handle,                               \
+  void rmat_rectangular_gen(raft::device_resources const& handle,                       \
                             IdxT* out,                                                  \
                             IdxT* out_src,                                              \
                             IdxT* out_dst,                                              \
diff --git a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/ball_cover.cu b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/ball_cover.cu
index b608a1a865..f37fda31af 100644
--- a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/ball_cover.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/ball_cover.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ template class BallCoverIndex<int, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>;
 template class BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>;
 
 template void build_index<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>& index);
 
 template void knn_query<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>& index,
   std::uint32_t k,
   const float* query,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ template void knn_query<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>(
   float weight);
 
 template void all_knn_query<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t>& index,
   std::uint32_t k,
   std::int64_t* inds,
diff --git a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_2d.cu b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_2d.cu
index 961af0b89c..cff83ad3cf 100644
--- a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_2d.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_2d.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace knn {
 namespace detail {
 
 template void rbc_low_dim_pass_one<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
diff --git a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_3d.cu b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_3d.cu
index daa509b5b1..a12d6548ed 100644
--- a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_3d.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_one_3d.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace knn {
 namespace detail {
 
 template void rbc_low_dim_pass_one<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 3>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ template void rbc_low_dim_pass_one<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 3>(
   std::uint32_t* dists_counter);
 
 template void rbc_low_dim_pass_two<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 3>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
diff --git a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_2d.cu b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_2d.cu
index 9487641945..7e784cb4d8 100644
--- a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_2d.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_2d.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace knn {
 namespace detail {
 
 template void rbc_low_dim_pass_two<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 2>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
diff --git a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_3d.cu b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_3d.cu
index c07ed45427..e650c7ed37 100644
--- a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_3d.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/detail/ball_cover_lowdim_pass_two_3d.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace knn {
 namespace detail {
 
 template void rbc_low_dim_pass_two<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t, 3>(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle,
+  raft::device_resources const& handle,
   const BallCoverIndex<std::int64_t, float, std::uint32_t>& index,
   const float* query,
   const std::uint32_t n_query_rows,
diff --git a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/knn.cu b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/knn.cu
index 4e0a821c24..d135610bfb 100644
--- a/cpp/src/nn/specializations/knn.cu
+++ b/cpp/src/nn/specializations/knn.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace raft {
 namespace spatial {
 namespace knn {
 
-template void brute_force_knn<long, float, int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+template void brute_force_knn<long, float, int>(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                 std::vector<float*>& input,
                                                 std::vector<int>& sizes,
                                                 int D,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ template void brute_force_knn<long, float, int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
                                                 distance::DistanceType metric,
                                                 float metric_arg);
 
-template void brute_force_knn<long, float, unsigned int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+template void brute_force_knn<long, float, unsigned int>(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                          std::vector<float*>& input,
                                                          std::vector<unsigned int>& sizes,
                                                          unsigned int D,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ template void brute_force_knn<long, float, unsigned int>(raft::handle_t const& h
                                                          distance::DistanceType metric,
                                                          float metric_arg);
 
-template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, int>(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                     std::vector<float*>& input,
                                                     std::vector<int>& sizes,
                                                     int D,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, int>(raft::handle_t const& handle
                                                     distance::DistanceType metric,
                                                     float metric_arg);
 
-template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, unsigned int>(raft::handle_t const& handle,
+template void brute_force_knn<uint32_t, float, unsigned int>(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                                                              std::vector<float*>& input,
                                                              std::vector<unsigned int>& sizes,
                                                              unsigned int D,
diff --git a/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers.cu b/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers.cu
index 9293c78294..5121cdf139 100644
--- a/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers.cu
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #if defined RAFT_DISTANCE_COMPILED && defined RAFT_NN_COMPILED
 #include <raft/spectral/specializations.cuh>
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ TEST(Raft, ClusterSolvers)
   using index_type = int;
   using value_type = double;
 
-  handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
 
   index_type maxiter{100};
   value_type tol{1.0e-10};
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ TEST(Raft, ModularitySolvers)
   using index_type = int;
   using value_type = double;
 
-  handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, h.get_device());
 
   index_type neigvs{10};
diff --git a/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cu b/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cu
index dbc7722485..dbafbd15d6 100644
--- a/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/cluster/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cu
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/spectral/cluster_solvers_deprecated.cuh>
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ TEST(Raft, ClusterSolvers)
   using index_type = int;
   using value_type = double;
 
-  handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
 
   index_type maxiter{100};
   value_type tol{1.0e-10};
diff --git a/cpp/test/cluster/kmeans.cu b/cpp/test/cluster/kmeans.cu
index abc4cd6e13..87d7665c92 100644
--- a/cpp/test/cluster/kmeans.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/cluster/kmeans.cu
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <raft/cluster/kmeans.cuh>
 #include <raft/core/cudart_utils.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/operators.hpp>
 #include <raft/random/make_blobs.cuh>
 #include <raft/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cuh>
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ struct KmeansInputs {
 };
 
 template <typename DataT, typename IndexT>
-void run_cluster_cost(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void run_cluster_cost(const raft::device_resources& handle,
                       raft::device_vector_view<DataT, IndexT> minClusterDistance,
                       rmm::device_uvector<char>& workspace,
                       raft::device_scalar_view<DataT> clusterCost)
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ class KmeansTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<KmeansInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   KmeansInputs<T> testparams;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> d_labels;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> d_labels_ref;
diff --git a/cpp/test/cluster/linkage.cu b/cpp/test/cluster/linkage.cu
index a36ad4abea..20f2952e7d 100644
--- a/cpp/test/cluster/linkage.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/cluster/linkage.cu
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ struct LinkageInputs {
 
   int n_clusters;
 
+  bool use_knn;
+
   int c;
 };
 
@@ -187,15 +189,28 @@ class LinkageTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<LinkageInputs<T, IdxT>> {
       raft::make_device_matrix_view<IdxT, IdxT, row_major>(out_children.data(), params.n_row, 2);
     auto labels_view = raft::make_device_vector_view<IdxT, IdxT>(labels.data(), params.n_row);
 
-    raft::cluster::hierarchy::
-      single_linkage<T, IdxT, raft::cluster::hierarchy::LinkageDistance::KNN_GRAPH>(
-        handle,
-        data_view,
-        dendrogram_view,
-        labels_view,
-        raft::distance::DistanceType::L2SqrtExpanded,
-        params.n_clusters,
-        std::make_optional<int>(params.c));
+    if (params.use_knn) {
+      raft::cluster::hierarchy::
+        single_linkage<T, IdxT, raft::cluster::hierarchy::LinkageDistance::KNN_GRAPH>(
+          handle,
+          data_view,
+          dendrogram_view,
+          labels_view,
+          raft::distance::DistanceType::L2SqrtExpanded,
+          params.n_clusters,
+          std::make_optional<int>(params.c));
+
+    } else {
+      raft::cluster::hierarchy::
+        single_linkage<T, IdxT, raft::cluster::hierarchy::LinkageDistance::PAIRWISE>(
+          handle,
+          data_view,
+          dendrogram_view,
+          labels_view,
+          raft::distance::DistanceType::L2SqrtExpanded,
+          params.n_clusters,
+          std::make_optional<int>(params.c));
+    }
 
     handle.sync_stream(stream);
 
@@ -205,7 +220,7 @@ class LinkageTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<LinkageInputs<T, IdxT>> {
   void SetUp() override { basicTest(); }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   LinkageInputs<T, IdxT> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<IdxT> labels, labels_ref;
@@ -225,6 +240,7 @@ const std::vector<LinkageInputs<float, int>> linkage_inputsf2 = {
     0.76166195, 0.66613745},
    {9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0},
    10,
+   true,
    -1},
   //  // Test outlier points
   {9,
@@ -232,6 +248,7 @@ const std::vector<LinkageInputs<float, int>> linkage_inputsf2 = {
    {-1, -50, 3, 4, 5000, 10000, 1, 3, 4, 5, 0.000005, 0.00002, 2000000, 500000, 10, 50, 30, 5},
    {6, 0, 5, 0, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1},
    7,
+   true,
    -1},
 
   // Test n_clusters == (n_points / 2)
@@ -246,6 +263,7 @@ const std::vector<LinkageInputs<float, int>> linkage_inputsf2 = {
     0.76166195, 0.66613745},
    {1, 0, 4, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 1},
    5,
+   true,
    -1},
 
   // Test n_points == 100
@@ -425,7 +443,224 @@ const std::vector<LinkageInputs<float, int>> linkage_inputsf2 = {
     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0,
     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
    10,
-   -4}};
+   true,
+   -4},
+  {10,
+   5,
+   {0.21390334, 0.50261639, 0.91036676, 0.59166485, 0.71162682, 0.10248392, 0.77782677, 0.43772379,
+    0.4035871,  0.3282796,  0.47544681, 0.59862974, 0.12319357, 0.06239463, 0.28200272, 0.1345717,
+    0.50498218, 0.5113505,  0.16233086, 0.62165332, 0.42281548, 0.933117,   0.41386077, 0.23264562,
+    0.73325968, 0.37537541, 0.70719873, 0.14522645, 0.73279625, 0.9126674,  0.84854131, 0.28890216,
+    0.85267903, 0.74703138, 0.83842071, 0.34942792, 0.27864171, 0.70911132, 0.21338564, 0.32035554,
+    0.73788331, 0.46926692, 0.57570162, 0.42559178, 0.87120209, 0.22734951, 0.01847905, 0.75549396,
+    0.76166195, 0.66613745},
+   {9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0},
+   10,
+   false,
+   5},
+  // Test outlier points
+  {9,
+   2,
+   {-1, -50, 3, 4, 5000, 10000, 1, 3, 4, 5, 0.000005, 0.00002, 2000000, 500000, 10, 50, 30, 5},
+   {6, 0, 5, 0, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1},
+   7,
+   false,
+   5},
+
+  // Test n_clusters == (n_points / 2)
+  {10,
+   5,
+   {0.21390334, 0.50261639, 0.91036676, 0.59166485, 0.71162682, 0.10248392, 0.77782677, 0.43772379,
+    0.4035871,  0.3282796,  0.47544681, 0.59862974, 0.12319357, 0.06239463, 0.28200272, 0.1345717,
+    0.50498218, 0.5113505,  0.16233086, 0.62165332, 0.42281548, 0.933117,   0.41386077, 0.23264562,
+    0.73325968, 0.37537541, 0.70719873, 0.14522645, 0.73279625, 0.9126674,  0.84854131, 0.28890216,
+    0.85267903, 0.74703138, 0.83842071, 0.34942792, 0.27864171, 0.70911132, 0.21338564, 0.32035554,
+    0.73788331, 0.46926692, 0.57570162, 0.42559178, 0.87120209, 0.22734951, 0.01847905, 0.75549396,
+    0.76166195, 0.66613745},
+   {1, 0, 4, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 1},
+   5,
+   false,
+   10},
+
+  // Test n_points == 100
+  {100,
+   10,
+   {6.26168372e-01, 9.30437651e-01, 6.02450208e-01, 2.73025296e-01, 9.53050619e-01, 3.32164396e-01,
+    6.88942598e-01, 5.79163537e-01, 6.70341547e-01, 2.70140602e-02, 9.30429671e-01, 7.17721157e-01,
+    9.89948537e-01, 7.75253347e-01, 1.34491522e-02, 2.48522428e-02, 3.51413378e-01, 7.64405834e-01,
+    7.86373507e-01, 7.18748577e-01, 8.66998621e-01, 6.80316582e-01, 2.51288712e-01, 4.91078420e-01,
+    3.76246281e-01, 4.86828710e-01, 5.67464772e-01, 5.30734742e-01, 8.99478296e-01, 7.66699088e-01,
+    9.49339111e-01, 3.55248484e-01, 9.06046929e-01, 4.48407772e-01, 6.96395305e-01, 2.44277335e-01,
+    7.74840000e-01, 5.21046603e-01, 4.66423971e-02, 5.12019638e-02, 8.95019614e-01, 5.28956953e-01,
+    4.31536306e-01, 5.83857744e-01, 4.41787364e-01, 4.68656523e-01, 5.73971433e-01, 6.79989654e-01,
+    3.19650588e-01, 6.12579596e-01, 6.49126442e-02, 8.39131142e-01, 2.85252117e-01, 5.84848929e-01,
+    9.46507115e-01, 8.58440748e-01, 3.61528940e-01, 2.44215959e-01, 3.80101125e-01, 4.57128957e-02,
+    8.82216988e-01, 8.31498633e-01, 7.23474381e-01, 7.75788607e-01, 1.40864146e-01, 6.62092382e-01,
+    5.13985168e-01, 3.00686418e-01, 8.70109949e-01, 2.43187753e-01, 2.89391938e-01, 2.84214238e-01,
+    8.70985521e-01, 8.77491176e-01, 6.72537226e-01, 3.30929686e-01, 1.85934324e-01, 9.16222614e-01,
+    6.18239142e-01, 2.64768597e-01, 5.76145451e-01, 8.62961369e-01, 6.84757925e-01, 7.60549082e-01,
+    1.27645356e-01, 4.51004673e-01, 3.92292980e-01, 4.63170803e-01, 4.35449330e-02, 2.17583404e-01,
+    5.71832605e-02, 2.06763039e-01, 3.70116249e-01, 2.09750028e-01, 6.17283019e-01, 8.62549231e-01,
+    9.84156240e-02, 2.66249156e-01, 3.87635103e-01, 2.85591012e-02, 4.24826068e-01, 4.45795088e-01,
+    6.86227676e-01, 1.08848960e-01, 5.96731841e-02, 3.71770228e-01, 1.91548833e-01, 6.95136078e-01,
+    9.00700636e-01, 8.76363105e-01, 2.67334632e-01, 1.80619709e-01, 7.94060419e-01, 1.42854171e-02,
+    1.09372387e-01, 8.74028108e-01, 6.46403232e-01, 4.86588834e-01, 5.93446175e-02, 6.11886291e-01,
+    8.83865057e-01, 3.15879821e-01, 2.27043992e-01, 9.76764951e-01, 6.15620336e-01, 9.76199360e-01,
+    2.40548962e-01, 3.21795663e-01, 8.75087904e-02, 8.11234663e-01, 6.96070480e-01, 8.12062321e-01,
+    1.21958818e-01, 3.44348628e-02, 8.72630414e-01, 3.06162776e-01, 1.76043529e-02, 9.45894971e-01,
+    5.33896401e-01, 6.21642973e-01, 4.93062535e-01, 4.48984262e-01, 2.24560379e-01, 4.24052195e-02,
+    4.43447610e-01, 8.95646149e-01, 6.05220676e-01, 1.81840491e-01, 9.70831206e-01, 2.12563586e-02,
+    6.92582693e-01, 7.55946922e-01, 7.95086143e-01, 6.05328941e-01, 3.99350764e-01, 4.32846636e-01,
+    9.81114529e-01, 4.98266428e-01, 6.37127930e-03, 1.59085889e-01, 6.34682067e-05, 5.59429440e-01,
+    7.38827633e-01, 8.93214770e-01, 2.16494306e-01, 9.35430573e-02, 4.75665868e-02, 7.80503518e-01,
+    7.86240041e-01, 7.06854594e-01, 2.13725879e-02, 7.68246091e-01, 4.50234808e-01, 5.21231104e-01,
+    5.01989826e-03, 4.22081572e-02, 1.65337732e-01, 8.54134740e-01, 4.99430262e-01, 8.94525601e-01,
+    1.14028379e-01, 3.69739861e-01, 1.32955599e-01, 2.65563824e-01, 2.52811151e-01, 1.44792843e-01,
+    6.88449594e-01, 4.44921417e-01, 8.23296587e-01, 1.93266317e-01, 1.19033309e-01, 1.36368966e-01,
+    3.42600285e-01, 5.64505195e-01, 5.57594559e-01, 7.44257892e-01, 8.38231569e-02, 4.11548847e-01,
+    3.21010077e-01, 8.55081359e-01, 4.30105779e-01, 1.16229135e-01, 9.87731964e-02, 3.14712335e-01,
+    4.50880592e-01, 2.72289598e-01, 6.31615256e-01, 8.97432958e-01, 4.44764250e-01, 8.03776440e-01,
+    2.68767748e-02, 2.43374608e-01, 4.02141103e-01, 4.98881209e-01, 5.33173003e-01, 8.82890436e-01,
+    7.16149148e-01, 4.19664401e-01, 2.29335357e-01, 2.88637806e-01, 3.44696803e-01, 6.78171906e-01,
+    5.69849716e-01, 5.86454477e-01, 3.54474989e-01, 9.03876540e-01, 6.45980000e-01, 6.34887593e-01,
+    7.88039746e-02, 2.04814126e-01, 7.82251754e-01, 2.43147074e-01, 7.50951808e-01, 1.72799092e-02,
+    2.95349590e-01, 6.57991826e-01, 8.81214312e-01, 5.73970708e-01, 2.77610881e-01, 1.82155097e-01,
+    7.69797417e-02, 6.44792402e-01, 9.46950998e-01, 7.73064845e-01, 6.04733624e-01, 5.80094567e-01,
+    1.67498426e-01, 2.66514296e-01, 6.50140368e-01, 1.91170299e-01, 2.08752199e-01, 3.01664091e-01,
+    9.85033484e-01, 2.92909152e-01, 8.65816607e-01, 1.85222119e-01, 2.28814559e-01, 1.34286382e-02,
+    2.89234322e-01, 8.18668708e-01, 4.71706924e-01, 9.23199803e-01, 2.80879188e-01, 1.47319284e-01,
+    4.13915748e-01, 9.31274932e-02, 6.66322195e-01, 9.66953974e-01, 3.19405786e-01, 6.69486551e-01,
+    5.03096313e-02, 6.95225201e-01, 5.78469859e-01, 6.29481655e-01, 1.39252534e-01, 1.22564968e-01,
+    6.80663678e-01, 6.34607157e-01, 6.42765834e-01, 1.57127410e-02, 2.92132086e-01, 5.24423878e-01,
+    4.68676824e-01, 2.86003928e-01, 7.18608322e-01, 8.95617933e-01, 5.48844309e-01, 1.74517278e-01,
+    5.24379196e-01, 2.13526524e-01, 5.88375435e-01, 9.88560185e-01, 4.17435771e-01, 6.14438688e-01,
+    9.53760881e-01, 5.27151288e-01, 7.03017278e-01, 3.44448559e-01, 4.47059676e-01, 2.83414901e-01,
+    1.98979011e-01, 4.24917361e-01, 5.73172761e-01, 2.32398853e-02, 1.65887230e-01, 4.05552785e-01,
+    9.29665524e-01, 2.26135696e-01, 9.20563384e-01, 7.65259963e-01, 4.54820075e-01, 8.97710267e-01,
+    3.78559302e-03, 9.15219382e-01, 3.55705698e-01, 6.94905124e-01, 8.58540202e-01, 3.89790666e-01,
+    2.49478206e-01, 7.93679304e-01, 4.75830027e-01, 4.40425353e-01, 3.70579459e-01, 1.40578049e-01,
+    1.70386675e-01, 7.04056121e-01, 4.85963102e-01, 9.68450060e-01, 6.77178001e-01, 2.65934654e-01,
+    2.58915007e-01, 6.70052890e-01, 2.61945109e-01, 8.46207759e-01, 1.01928951e-01, 2.85611334e-01,
+    2.45776933e-01, 2.66658783e-01, 3.71724077e-01, 4.34319025e-01, 4.24407347e-01, 7.15417683e-01,
+    8.07997684e-01, 1.64296275e-01, 6.01638065e-01, 8.60606804e-02, 2.68719187e-01, 5.11764101e-01,
+    9.75844338e-01, 7.81226782e-01, 2.20925515e-01, 7.18135040e-01, 9.82395577e-01, 8.39160243e-01,
+    9.08058083e-01, 6.88010677e-01, 8.14271847e-01, 5.12460821e-01, 1.17311345e-01, 5.96075228e-01,
+    9.17455497e-01, 2.12052706e-01, 7.04074603e-01, 8.72872565e-02, 8.76047818e-01, 6.96235046e-01,
+    8.54801557e-01, 2.49729159e-01, 9.76594604e-01, 2.87386363e-01, 2.36461559e-02, 9.94075254e-01,
+    4.25193986e-01, 7.61869994e-01, 5.13334255e-01, 6.44711165e-02, 8.92156689e-01, 3.55235167e-01,
+    1.08154647e-01, 8.78446825e-01, 2.43833016e-01, 9.23071293e-01, 2.72724115e-01, 9.46631338e-01,
+    3.74510294e-01, 4.08451278e-02, 9.78392777e-01, 3.65079221e-01, 6.37199516e-01, 5.51144906e-01,
+    5.25978080e-01, 1.42803678e-01, 4.05451674e-01, 7.79788219e-01, 6.26009784e-01, 3.35249497e-01,
+    1.43159543e-02, 1.80363779e-01, 5.05096904e-01, 2.82619947e-01, 5.83561392e-01, 3.10951324e-01,
+    8.73223968e-01, 4.38545619e-01, 4.81348800e-01, 6.68497085e-01, 3.79345401e-01, 9.58832501e-01,
+    1.89869550e-01, 2.34083070e-01, 2.94066207e-01, 5.74892667e-02, 6.92106828e-02, 9.61127686e-02,
+    6.72650672e-02, 8.47345378e-01, 2.80916761e-01, 7.32177357e-03, 9.80785961e-01, 5.73192225e-02,
+    8.48781331e-01, 8.83225408e-01, 7.34398275e-01, 7.70381941e-01, 6.20778343e-01, 8.96822048e-01,
+    5.40732486e-01, 3.69704071e-01, 5.77305837e-01, 2.08221827e-01, 7.34275341e-01, 1.06110900e-01,
+    3.49496706e-01, 8.34948910e-01, 1.56403291e-02, 6.78576376e-01, 8.96141268e-01, 5.94835119e-01,
+    1.43943153e-01, 3.49618530e-01, 2.10440392e-01, 3.46585620e-01, 1.05153093e-01, 3.45446174e-01,
+    2.72177079e-01, 7.07946300e-01, 4.33717726e-02, 3.31232203e-01, 3.91874320e-01, 4.76338141e-01,
+    6.22777789e-01, 2.95989228e-02, 4.32855769e-01, 7.61049310e-01, 3.63279149e-01, 9.47210350e-01,
+    6.43721247e-01, 6.58025802e-01, 1.05247633e-02, 5.29974442e-01, 7.30675767e-01, 4.30041079e-01,
+    6.62634841e-01, 8.25936616e-01, 9.91253704e-01, 6.79399281e-01, 5.44177006e-01, 7.52876048e-01,
+    3.32139049e-01, 7.98732398e-01, 7.38865223e-01, 9.16055132e-01, 6.11736493e-01, 9.63672879e-01,
+    1.83778839e-01, 7.27558919e-02, 5.91602822e-01, 3.25235484e-01, 2.34741217e-01, 9.52346277e-01,
+    9.18556407e-01, 9.35373324e-01, 6.89209070e-01, 2.56049054e-01, 6.17975395e-01, 7.82285691e-01,
+    9.84983432e-01, 6.62322741e-01, 2.04144457e-01, 3.98446577e-01, 1.38918297e-01, 3.05919921e-01,
+    3.14043787e-01, 5.91072666e-01, 7.44703771e-01, 8.92272567e-01, 9.78017873e-01, 9.01203161e-01,
+    1.41526372e-01, 4.14878484e-01, 6.80683651e-01, 5.01733152e-02, 8.14635389e-01, 2.27926375e-01,
+    9.03269815e-01, 8.68443745e-01, 9.86939190e-01, 7.40779486e-01, 2.61005311e-01, 3.19276232e-01,
+    9.69509248e-01, 1.11908818e-01, 4.49198556e-01, 1.27056715e-01, 3.84064823e-01, 5.14591811e-01,
+    2.10747488e-01, 9.53884090e-01, 8.43167950e-01, 4.51187972e-01, 3.75331782e-01, 6.23566461e-01,
+    3.55290379e-01, 2.95705968e-01, 1.69622690e-01, 1.42981830e-01, 2.72180991e-01, 9.46468040e-01,
+    3.70932500e-01, 9.94292830e-01, 4.62587505e-01, 7.14817405e-01, 2.45370540e-02, 3.00906377e-01,
+    5.75768304e-01, 9.71448393e-01, 6.95574827e-02, 3.93693854e-01, 5.29306116e-01, 5.04694554e-01,
+    6.73797120e-02, 6.76596969e-01, 5.50948898e-01, 3.24909641e-01, 7.70337719e-01, 6.51842631e-03,
+    3.03264879e-01, 7.61037886e-03, 2.72289601e-01, 1.50502041e-01, 6.71103888e-02, 7.41503703e-01,
+    1.92088941e-01, 2.19043977e-01, 9.09320161e-01, 2.37993569e-01, 6.18107973e-02, 8.31447852e-01,
+    2.23355609e-01, 1.84789435e-01, 4.16104518e-01, 4.21573859e-01, 8.72446305e-02, 2.97294197e-01,
+    4.50328256e-01, 8.72199917e-01, 2.51279916e-01, 4.86219272e-01, 7.57071329e-01, 4.85655942e-01,
+    1.06187277e-01, 4.92341327e-01, 1.46017513e-01, 5.25421017e-01, 4.22637906e-01, 2.24685018e-01,
+    8.72648431e-01, 5.54051490e-01, 1.80745062e-01, 2.12756336e-01, 5.20883169e-01, 7.60363654e-01,
+    8.30254678e-01, 5.00003328e-01, 4.69017439e-01, 6.38105527e-01, 3.50638261e-02, 5.22217353e-02,
+    9.06516882e-02, 8.52975842e-01, 1.19985883e-01, 3.74926753e-01, 6.50302066e-01, 1.98875727e-01,
+    6.28362507e-02, 4.32693501e-01, 3.10500685e-01, 6.20732833e-01, 4.58503272e-01, 3.20790034e-01,
+    7.91284868e-01, 7.93054570e-01, 2.93406765e-01, 8.95399023e-01, 1.06441034e-01, 7.53085241e-02,
+    8.67523104e-01, 1.47963482e-01, 1.25584706e-01, 3.81545040e-02, 6.34338619e-01, 1.76368938e-02,
+    5.75553531e-02, 5.31607516e-01, 2.63869588e-01, 9.41945823e-01, 9.24028838e-02, 5.21496463e-01,
+    7.74866558e-01, 5.65210610e-01, 7.28015327e-02, 6.51963790e-01, 8.94727453e-01, 4.49571590e-01,
+    1.29932405e-01, 8.64026259e-01, 9.92599934e-01, 7.43721560e-01, 8.87300215e-01, 1.06369925e-01,
+    8.11335531e-01, 7.87734900e-01, 9.87344678e-01, 5.32502820e-01, 4.42612382e-01, 9.64041183e-01,
+    1.66085871e-01, 1.12937664e-01, 5.24423470e-01, 6.54689333e-01, 4.59119726e-01, 5.22774091e-01,
+    3.08722276e-02, 6.26979315e-01, 4.49754105e-01, 8.07495757e-01, 2.34199499e-01, 1.67765675e-01,
+    9.22168418e-01, 3.73210378e-01, 8.04432575e-01, 5.61890354e-01, 4.47025593e-01, 6.43155678e-01,
+    2.40407640e-01, 5.91631279e-01, 1.59369206e-01, 7.75799090e-01, 8.32067212e-01, 5.59791576e-02,
+    6.39105224e-01, 4.85274738e-01, 2.12630838e-01, 2.81431312e-02, 7.16205363e-01, 6.83885011e-01,
+    5.23869697e-01, 9.99418314e-01, 8.35331599e-01, 4.69877463e-02, 6.74712562e-01, 7.99273684e-01,
+    2.77001890e-02, 5.75809742e-01, 2.78513031e-01, 8.36209905e-01, 7.25472379e-01, 4.87173943e-01,
+    7.88311357e-01, 9.64676177e-01, 1.75752651e-01, 4.98112580e-01, 8.08850418e-02, 6.40981131e-01,
+    4.06647450e-01, 8.46539387e-01, 2.12620694e-01, 9.11012851e-01, 8.25041445e-01, 8.90065575e-01,
+    9.63626055e-01, 5.96689242e-01, 1.63372670e-01, 4.51640148e-01, 3.43026542e-01, 5.80658851e-01,
+    2.82327625e-01, 4.75535418e-01, 6.27760926e-01, 8.46314115e-01, 9.61961932e-01, 3.19806094e-01,
+    5.05508062e-01, 5.28102944e-01, 6.13045057e-01, 7.44714938e-01, 1.50586073e-01, 7.91878033e-01,
+    4.89839179e-01, 3.10496849e-01, 8.82309038e-01, 2.86922314e-01, 4.84687559e-01, 5.20838630e-01,
+    4.62955493e-01, 2.38185305e-01, 5.47259907e-02, 7.10916137e-01, 7.31887202e-01, 6.25602317e-01,
+    8.77741168e-01, 4.19881322e-01, 4.81222328e-01, 1.28224501e-01, 2.46034010e-01, 3.34971854e-01,
+    7.37216484e-01, 5.62134821e-02, 7.14089724e-01, 9.85549393e-01, 4.66295827e-01, 3.08722434e-03,
+    4.70237690e-01, 2.66524167e-01, 7.93875484e-01, 4.54795911e-02, 8.09702944e-01, 1.47709735e-02,
+    1.70082405e-01, 6.35905179e-01, 3.75379109e-01, 4.30315011e-01, 3.15788760e-01, 5.58065230e-01,
+    2.24643800e-01, 2.42142981e-01, 6.57283636e-01, 3.34921891e-01, 1.26588975e-01, 7.68064155e-01,
+    9.43856291e-01, 4.47518596e-01, 5.44453573e-01, 9.95764932e-01, 7.16444391e-01, 8.51019765e-01,
+    1.01179183e-01, 4.45473958e-01, 4.60327322e-01, 4.96895844e-02, 4.72907738e-01, 5.58987444e-01,
+    3.41027487e-01, 1.56175026e-01, 7.58283148e-01, 6.83600909e-01, 2.14623396e-01, 3.27348880e-01,
+    3.92517893e-01, 6.70418431e-01, 5.16440832e-01, 8.63140348e-01, 5.73277464e-01, 3.46608058e-01,
+    7.39396341e-01, 7.20852434e-01, 2.35653246e-02, 3.89935659e-01, 7.53783745e-01, 6.34563528e-01,
+    8.79339335e-01, 7.41599159e-02, 5.62433904e-01, 6.15553852e-01, 4.56956324e-01, 5.20047447e-01,
+    5.26845015e-02, 5.58471266e-01, 1.63632233e-01, 5.38936665e-02, 6.49593683e-01, 2.56838748e-01,
+    8.99035326e-01, 7.20847756e-01, 5.68954684e-01, 7.43684755e-01, 5.70924238e-01, 3.82318724e-01,
+    4.89328290e-01, 5.62208561e-01, 4.97540804e-02, 4.18011085e-01, 6.88041565e-01, 2.16234653e-01,
+    7.89548214e-01, 8.46136387e-01, 8.46816189e-01, 1.73842353e-01, 6.11627842e-02, 8.44440559e-01,
+    4.50646654e-01, 3.74785037e-01, 4.87196697e-01, 4.56276448e-01, 9.13284391e-01, 4.15715464e-01,
+    7.13597697e-01, 1.23641270e-02, 5.10031271e-01, 4.74601930e-02, 2.55731159e-01, 3.22090006e-01,
+    1.91165703e-01, 4.51170940e-01, 7.50843157e-01, 4.42420576e-01, 4.25380660e-01, 4.50667257e-01,
+    6.55689206e-01, 9.68257670e-02, 1.96528793e-01, 8.97343028e-01, 4.99940904e-01, 6.65504083e-01,
+    9.41828079e-01, 4.54397338e-01, 5.61893331e-01, 5.09839880e-01, 4.53117514e-01, 8.96804127e-02,
+    1.74888861e-01, 6.65641378e-01, 2.81668336e-01, 1.89532742e-01, 5.61668382e-01, 8.68330157e-02,
+    8.25092797e-01, 5.18106324e-01, 1.71904024e-01, 3.68385523e-01, 1.62005436e-01, 7.48507399e-01,
+    9.30274827e-01, 2.38198517e-01, 9.52222901e-01, 5.23587800e-01, 6.94384557e-01, 1.09338652e-01,
+    4.83356794e-01, 2.73050402e-01, 3.68027050e-01, 5.92366466e-01, 1.83192289e-01, 8.60376029e-01,
+    7.13926203e-01, 8.16750052e-01, 1.57890291e-01, 6.25691951e-01, 5.24831646e-01, 1.73873797e-01,
+    1.02429784e-01, 9.17488471e-01, 4.03584434e-01, 9.31170884e-01, 2.79386137e-01, 8.77745206e-01,
+    2.45200576e-01, 1.28896951e-01, 3.15713052e-01, 5.27874291e-01, 2.16444335e-01, 7.03883817e-01,
+    7.74738919e-02, 8.42422142e-01, 3.75598924e-01, 3.51002411e-01, 6.22752776e-01, 4.82407943e-01,
+    7.43107867e-01, 9.46182666e-01, 9.44344819e-01, 3.28124763e-01, 1.06147431e-01, 1.65102684e-01,
+    3.84060507e-01, 2.91057722e-01, 7.68173662e-02, 1.03543651e-01, 6.76698940e-01, 1.43141994e-01,
+    7.21342202e-01, 6.69471294e-03, 9.07298311e-01, 5.57080171e-01, 8.10954489e-01, 4.11120526e-01,
+    2.06407453e-01, 2.59590556e-01, 7.58512718e-01, 5.79873897e-01, 2.92875650e-01, 2.83686529e-01,
+    2.42829343e-01, 9.19323719e-01, 3.46832864e-01, 3.58238858e-01, 7.42827585e-01, 2.05760059e-01,
+    9.58438860e-01, 5.66326411e-01, 6.60292846e-01, 5.61095078e-02, 6.79465531e-01, 7.05118513e-01,
+    4.44713264e-01, 2.09732933e-01, 5.22732436e-01, 1.74396512e-01, 5.29356748e-01, 4.38475687e-01,
+    4.94036404e-01, 4.09785794e-01, 6.40025507e-01, 5.79371821e-01, 1.57726118e-01, 6.04572263e-01,
+    5.41072639e-01, 5.18847173e-01, 1.97093284e-01, 8.91767002e-01, 4.29050835e-01, 8.25490570e-01,
+    3.87699807e-01, 4.50705808e-01, 2.49371643e-01, 3.36074898e-01, 9.29925118e-01, 6.65393649e-01,
+    9.07275994e-01, 3.73075859e-01, 4.14044139e-03, 2.37463702e-01, 2.25893784e-01, 2.46900245e-01,
+    4.50350196e-01, 3.48618117e-01, 5.07193932e-01, 5.23435142e-01, 8.13611417e-01, 8.92715622e-01,
+    1.02623450e-01, 3.06088345e-01, 7.80461650e-01, 2.21453645e-01, 2.01419652e-01, 2.84254457e-01,
+    3.68286735e-01, 7.39358243e-01, 8.97879394e-01, 9.81599566e-01, 7.56526442e-01, 7.37645545e-01,
+    4.23976657e-02, 8.25922012e-01, 2.60956996e-01, 2.90702065e-01, 8.98388344e-01, 3.03733299e-01,
+    8.49071471e-01, 3.45835425e-01, 7.65458276e-01, 5.68094872e-01, 8.93770930e-01, 9.93161641e-01,
+    5.63368667e-02, 4.26548945e-01, 5.46745780e-01, 5.75674571e-01, 7.94599487e-01, 7.18935553e-02,
+    4.46492976e-01, 6.40240123e-01, 2.73246969e-01, 2.00465968e-01, 1.30718835e-01, 1.92492005e-01,
+    1.96617189e-01, 6.61271644e-01, 8.12687657e-01, 8.66342445e-01
+
+   },
+   {0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+   10,
+   false,
+   5}};
 
 typedef LinkageTest<float, int> LinkageTestF_Int;
 TEST_P(LinkageTestF_Int, Result) { EXPECT_TRUE(score == 1.0); }
diff --git a/cpp/test/core/handle.cpp b/cpp/test/core/handle.cpp
index 8357c27f38..9f416d3ae8 100644
--- a/cpp/test/core/handle.cpp
+++ b/cpp/test/core/handle.cpp
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ void assert_handles_equal(raft::handle_t& handle_one, raft::handle_t& handle_two
 
 TEST(Raft, HandleDefault)
 {
-  handle_t h;
+  raft::handle_t h;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, h.get_device());
   ASSERT_EQ(rmm::cuda_stream_per_thread, h.get_stream());
   ASSERT_NE(nullptr, h.get_cublas_handle());
@@ -197,14 +197,14 @@ TEST(Raft, Handle)
   // test stream pool creation
   constexpr std::size_t n_streams = 4;
   auto stream_pool                = std::make_shared<rmm::cuda_stream_pool>(n_streams);
-  handle_t h(rmm::cuda_stream_default, stream_pool);
+  raft::handle_t h(rmm::cuda_stream_default, stream_pool);
   ASSERT_EQ(n_streams, h.get_stream_pool_size());
 
   // test non default stream handle
   cudaStream_t stream;
   RAFT_CUDA_TRY(cudaStreamCreate(&stream));
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_view(stream);
-  handle_t handle(stream_view);
+  raft::handle_t handle(stream_view);
   ASSERT_EQ(stream_view, handle.get_stream());
   handle.sync_stream(stream);
   RAFT_CUDA_TRY(cudaStreamDestroy(stream));
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ TEST(Raft, Handle)
 
 TEST(Raft, DefaultConstructor)
 {
-  handle_t handle;
+  raft::handle_t handle;
 
   // Make sure waiting on the default stream pool
   // does not fail.
@@ -232,11 +232,11 @@ TEST(Raft, GetHandleFromPool)
 {
   constexpr std::size_t n_streams = 4;
   auto stream_pool                = std::make_shared<rmm::cuda_stream_pool>(n_streams);
-  handle_t parent(rmm::cuda_stream_default, stream_pool);
+  raft::handle_t parent(rmm::cuda_stream_default, stream_pool);
 
   for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n_streams; i++) {
     auto worker_stream = parent.get_stream_from_stream_pool(i);
-    handle_t child(worker_stream);
+    raft::handle_t child(worker_stream);
     ASSERT_EQ(parent.get_stream_from_stream_pool(i), child.get_stream());
   }
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ TEST(Raft, GetHandleFromPool)
 
 TEST(Raft, Comms)
 {
-  handle_t handle;
+  raft::handle_t handle;
   auto comm1 = std::make_shared<comms_t>(std::unique_ptr<comms_iface>(new mock_comms(2)));
   handle.set_comms(comm1);
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ TEST(Raft, Comms)
 
 TEST(Raft, SubComms)
 {
-  handle_t handle;
+  raft::handle_t handle;
   auto comm1 = std::make_shared<comms_t>(std::unique_ptr<comms_iface>(new mock_comms(1)));
   handle.set_subcomm("key1", comm1);
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ TEST(Raft, SubComms)
 
 TEST(Raft, WorkspaceResource)
 {
-  handle_t handle;
+  raft::handle_t handle;
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(dynamic_cast<const rmm::mr::pool_memory_resource<rmm::mr::device_memory_resource>*>(
                 handle.get_workspace_resource()) == nullptr);
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ TEST(Raft, WorkspaceResource)
 
   auto pool_mr = new rmm::mr::pool_memory_resource(rmm::mr::get_current_device_resource());
   std::shared_ptr<rmm::cuda_stream_pool> pool = {nullptr};
-  handle_t handle2(rmm::cuda_stream_per_thread, pool, pool_mr);
+  raft::handle_t handle2(rmm::cuda_stream_per_thread, pool, pool_mr);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(dynamic_cast<const rmm::mr::pool_memory_resource<rmm::mr::device_memory_resource>*>(
                 handle2.get_workspace_resource()) != nullptr);
diff --git a/cpp/test/core/mdarray.cu b/cpp/test/core/mdarray.cu
index 8e455bebfe..018b8a4e5a 100644
--- a/cpp/test/core/mdarray.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/core/mdarray.cu
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ void test_factory_methods()
     ASSERT_EQ(h_vec.extent(0), n);
   }
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle{};
+    raft::device_resources handle{};
     // device mdarray
     auto d_matrix = make_device_matrix<float>(handle, n, n);
     ASSERT_EQ(d_matrix.extent(0), n);
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ void test_factory_methods()
   }
 
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle{};
+    raft::device_resources handle{};
     // device scalar
     auto d_scalar = make_device_scalar<double>(handle, 17.0);
     static_assert(d_scalar.rank() == 1);
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ void test_factory_methods()
 
   // managed
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle{};
+    raft::device_resources handle{};
     auto mda = make_device_vector<int>(handle, 10);
 
     auto mdv = make_managed_mdspan(mda.data_handle(), raft::vector_extent<int>{10});
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ void check_matrix_layout(device_matrix_view<T, Index, LayoutPolicy> in)
 
 TEST(MDArray, FuncArg)
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle{};
+  raft::device_resources handle{};
   {
     auto d_matrix = make_device_matrix<float>(handle, 10, 10);
     check_matrix_layout(d_matrix.view());
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ void test_mdarray_unravel()
   }
 
   {
-    handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
     auto m   = make_device_matrix<float, size_t>(handle, 7, 6);
     auto m_v = m.view();
     thrust::for_each_n(handle.get_thrust_policy(),
diff --git a/cpp/test/core/mdspan_utils.cu b/cpp/test/core/mdspan_utils.cu
index 6eaecf78b4..f428da4b31 100644
--- a/cpp/test/core/mdspan_utils.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/core/mdspan_utils.cu
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ TEST(MDArray, HostFlatten) { test_host_flatten(); }
 
 void test_device_flatten()
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle{};
+  raft::device_resources handle{};
   // flatten 3d device mdspan
   {
     using three_d_extents = extents<int, dynamic_extent, dynamic_extent, dynamic_extent>;
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ void test_reshape()
 
   // reshape 4d device array to 2d
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle{};
+    raft::device_resources handle{};
     using four_d_extents =
       extents<int, dynamic_extent, dynamic_extent, dynamic_extent, dynamic_extent>;
     using four_d_mdarray = device_mdarray<int, four_d_extents>;
diff --git a/cpp/test/distance/dist_adj.cu b/cpp/test/distance/dist_adj.cu
index 4f6dfaac24..bbd06042c3 100644
--- a/cpp/test/distance/dist_adj.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/distance/dist_adj.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class DistanceAdjTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<DistanceAdjInputs<DataTy
   // memory consumption if we use uint8_t instead of bool.
   rmm::device_uvector<uint8_t> dist_ref;
   rmm::device_uvector<uint8_t> dist;
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 };
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/distance/distance_base.cuh b/cpp/test/distance/distance_base.cuh
index fedbee919d..be7b2b1de8 100644
--- a/cpp/test/distance/distance_base.cuh
+++ b/cpp/test/distance/distance_base.cuh
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ void distanceLauncher(DataType* x,
                       cudaStream_t stream,
                       DataType metric_arg = 2.0f)
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle(stream);
+  raft::device_resources handle(stream);
 
   auto x_v    = make_device_matrix_view<DataType, int, layout>(x, m, k);
   auto y_v    = make_device_matrix_view<DataType, int, layout>(y, n, k);
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ class DistanceTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<DistanceInputs<DataType>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   DistanceInputs<DataType> params;
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ class BigMatrixDistanceTest : public ::testing::Test {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   int m = 48000;
   int n = 48000;
   int k = 1;
diff --git a/cpp/test/distance/fused_l2_nn.cu b/cpp/test/distance/fused_l2_nn.cu
index 54de12307a..8b9681b9d3 100644
--- a/cpp/test/distance/fused_l2_nn.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/distance/fused_l2_nn.cu
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class FusedL2NNTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<Inputs<DataT>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
   Inputs<DataT> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<DataT> x;
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ class FusedL2NNDetTest : public FusedL2NNTest<DataT, Sqrt> {
   void TearDown() override { FusedL2NNTest<DataT, Sqrt>::TearDown(); }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<raft::KeyValuePair<int, DataT>> min1;
diff --git a/cpp/test/distance/gram.cu b/cpp/test/distance/gram.cu
index 4366e023a0..a2f0e2385c 100644
--- a/cpp/test/distance/gram.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/distance/gram.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class GramMatrixTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<GramMatrixInputs> {
       gram_host.data(), gram.data(), gram.size(), raft::CompareApprox<math_t>(1e-6f)));
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   GramMatrixInputs params;
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/label/merge_labels.cu b/cpp/test/label/merge_labels.cu
index c3d2f82a84..5107015652 100644
--- a/cpp/test/label/merge_labels.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/label/merge_labels.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <raft/label/merge_labels.cuh>
 
 #include "../test_utils.cuh"
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_scalar.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class MergeLabelsTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MergeLabelsInputs<Index_
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MergeLabelsInputs<Index_> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/lap/lap.cu b/cpp/test/lap/lap.cu
index 58fd94f343..f26e41456f 100644
--- a/cpp/test/lap/lap.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/lap/lap.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  * Copyright 2020 KETAN DATE & RAKESH NAGI
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ void hungarian_test(int problemsize,
                     weight_t epsilon,
                     bool verbose = false)
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   weight_t* h_cost = new weight_t[batchsize * problemsize * problemsize];
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/add.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/add.cu
index 0e5fc40232..3836f714cb 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/add.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/add.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class AddTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<AddInputs<InT, OutT>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   AddInputs<InT, OutT> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/axpy.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/axpy.cu
index 2eb11f314d..5fd7676792 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/axpy.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/axpy.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ struct AxpyInputs {
 template <typename T, typename IndexType = int>
 class AxpyTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<AxpyInputs<T>> {
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   AxpyInputs<T, IndexType> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> refy;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> y_device_alpha;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/binary_op.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/binary_op.cu
index ac143842cb..9936e665ba 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/binary_op.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/binary_op.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -30,8 +30,11 @@ namespace linalg {
 // for an extended __device__ lambda cannot have private or protected access
 // within its class
 template <typename InType, typename IdxType, typename OutType>
-void binaryOpLaunch(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, OutType* out, const InType* in1, const InType* in2, IdxType len)
+void binaryOpLaunch(const raft::device_resources& handle,
+                    OutType* out,
+                    const InType* in1,
+                    const InType* in2,
+                    IdxType len)
 {
   auto out_view = raft::make_device_vector_view(out, len);
   auto in1_view = raft::make_device_vector_view(in1, len);
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ class BinaryOpTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<BinaryOpInputs<InType, IdxT
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   BinaryOpInputs<InType, IdxType, OutType> params;
@@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ class BinaryOpAlignment : public ::testing::Test {
       z.data() + 9, x.data() + 137, y.data() + 19, 256, raft::add_op{}, handle.get_stream());
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 };
 typedef ::testing::Types<float, double> FloatTypes;
 TYPED_TEST_CASE(BinaryOpAlignment, FloatTypes);
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/cholesky_r1.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/cholesky_r1.cu
index 9d90b03a6e..fba885957f 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/cholesky_r1.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/cholesky_r1.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/cholesky_r1_update.cuh>
 #include <raft/linalg/detail/cusolver_wrappers.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class CholeskyR1Test : public ::testing::Test {
     }
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   cusolverDnHandle_t solver_handle;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cu
index dc82ab9511..1309d4c9c1 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/coalesced_reduction.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -43,8 +43,12 @@ template <typename T>
 // for an extended __device__ lambda cannot have private or protected access
 // within its class
 template <typename T>
-void coalescedReductionLaunch(
-  const raft::handle_t& handle, T* dots, const T* data, int cols, int rows, bool inplace = false)
+void coalescedReductionLaunch(const raft::device_resources& handle,
+                              T* dots,
+                              const T* data,
+                              int cols,
+                              int rows,
+                              bool inplace = false)
 {
   auto dots_view = raft::make_device_vector_view(dots, rows);
   auto data_view = raft::make_device_matrix_view(data, rows, cols);
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ class coalescedReductionTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<coalescedReductio
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   coalescedReductionInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/divide.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/divide.cu
index 4b5ea0a2dc..6188e891d5 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/divide.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/divide.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class DivideTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<raft::linalg::UnaryOpInputs<T
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   UnaryOpInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/dot.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/dot.cu
index 80a9f24aba..8b8ca374d7 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/dot.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/dot.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class DotTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<DotInputs<T>> {
   {
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<DotInputs<T>>::GetParam();
 
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
     cudaStream_t stream = handle.get_stream();
 
     raft::random::RngState r(params.seed);
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/eig.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/eig.cu
index 4b834c1aa8..5229e99d20 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/eig.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/eig.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class EigTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<EigInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   EigInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/eig_sel.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/eig_sel.cu
index c2b12e5d4a..24e8e83832 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/eig_sel.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/eig_sel.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class EigSelTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<EigSelInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   EigSelInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/eigen_solvers.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/eigen_solvers.cu
index 3e7d923e2d..1f29d7e275 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/eigen_solvers.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/eigen_solvers.cu
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <raft/common/nvtx.hpp>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/spectral/eigen_solvers.cuh>
 #include <raft/spectral/partition.cuh>
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ TEST(Raft, EigenSolvers)
   using index_type = int;
   using value_type = double;
 
-  handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
   ASSERT_EQ(0,
             h.
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ TEST(Raft, SpectralSolvers)
   using index_type = int;
   using value_type = double;
 
-  handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
   ASSERT_EQ(0,
             h.
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/eltwise.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/eltwise.cu
index d9ab7e0984..d8c72991c3 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/eltwise.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/eltwise.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class ScalarMultiplyTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ScalarMultiplyInputs<
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   ScalarMultiplyInputs<T> params;
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class EltwiseAddTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<EltwiseAddInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   EltwiseAddInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/gemm_layout.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/gemm_layout.cu
index a992a32304..47b7e22d5d 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/gemm_layout.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/gemm_layout.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class GemmLayoutTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<GemmLayoutInputs<T>> {
   {
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<GemmLayoutInputs<T>>::GetParam();
 
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
     cudaStream_t stream = handle.get_stream();
 
     raft::random::RngState r(params.seed);
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/gemv.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/gemv.cu
index 594810bab2..b4f338fdd1 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/gemv.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/gemv.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class GemvTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<GemvInputs<T>> {
   {
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<GemvInputs<T>>::GetParam();
 
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
     cudaStream_t stream = handle.get_stream();
 
     raft::random::RngState r(params.seed);
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/map.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/map.cu
index 1add9f7828..5b52374789 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/map.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/map.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ void mapLaunch(OutType* out,
                IdxType len,
                cudaStream_t stream)
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle{stream};
+  raft::device_resources handle{stream};
   auto out_view = raft::make_device_vector_view(out, len);
   auto in1_view = raft::make_device_vector_view(in1, len);
   map(
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class MapTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MapInputs<InType, IdxType, OutTy
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MapInputs<InType, IdxType, OutType> params;
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class MapOffsetTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MapInputs<OutType, IdxType
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MapInputs<OutType, IdxType, OutType> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/map_then_reduce.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/map_then_reduce.cu
index 1e7f58ec38..ae5058ef3e 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/map_then_reduce.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/map_then_reduce.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class MapReduceTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MapReduceInputs<InType>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MapReduceInputs<InType> params;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class MapGenericReduceTest : public ::testing::Test {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   int n = 1237;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector.cu
index fb1e2235f9..602d01f60c 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector.cu
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ template <typename T, typename IdxType>
 // for an extended __device__ lambda cannot have private or protected access
 // within its class
 template <typename T, typename IdxType>
-void matrix_vector_op_launch(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void matrix_vector_op_launch(const raft::device_resources& handle,
                              T* in,
                              const T* vec1,
                              IdxType D,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void matrix_vector_op_launch(const raft::handle_t& handle,
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename IdxType>
-void naive_matrix_vector_op_launch(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void naive_matrix_vector_op_launch(const raft::device_resources& handle,
                                    T* in,
                                    const T* vec1,
                                    IdxType D,
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class MatrixVectorTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MatrixVectorInputs<T, I
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MatrixVectorInputs<T, IdxType> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cu
index e2775c168d..5ba178e212 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/matrix_vector_op.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ template <typename IdxType>
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename LenT>
-inline void gen_uniform(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::random::RngState& rng, T* ptr, LenT len)
+inline void gen_uniform(const raft::device_resources& handle,
+                        raft::random::RngState& rng,
+                        T* ptr,
+                        LenT len)
 {
   if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T>) {
     raft::random::uniformInt(handle, rng, ptr, len, (T)0, (T)100);
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ inline void gen_uniform(const raft::handle_t& handle, raft::random::RngState& rn
 // for an extended __device__ lambda cannot have private or protected access
 // within its class
 template <typename OpT, typename MatT, typename IdxType, typename Vec1T, typename Vec2T>
-void matrixVectorOpLaunch(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void matrixVectorOpLaunch(const raft::device_resources& handle,
                           MatT* out,
                           const MatT* in,
                           const Vec1T* vec1,
@@ -156,7 +159,7 @@ class MatVecOpTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MatVecOpInputs<IdxType>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MatVecOpInputs<IdxType> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/mean_squared_error.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/mean_squared_error.cu
index 18e7debcb1..aa1c314e68 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/mean_squared_error.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/mean_squared_error.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class MeanSquaredErrorTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MeanSquaredErrorInp
  protected:
   MeanSquaredErrorInputs<T> params;
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   rmm::device_scalar<T> output;
   rmm::device_scalar<T> refoutput;
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/multiply.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/multiply.cu
index c90fb93fd0..b8af7515e0 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/multiply.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/multiply.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class MultiplyTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<UnaryOpInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   UnaryOpInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/norm.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/norm.cu
index 90cfbd8f89..6dfeced6e0 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/norm.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/norm.cu
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class RowNormTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<NormInputs<T, IdxT>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   NormInputs<T, IdxT> params;
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class ColNormTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<NormInputs<T, IdxT>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   NormInputs<T, IdxT> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/normalize.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/normalize.cu
index 0a6786b1ee..24f83a0d0a 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/normalize.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/normalize.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class RowNormalizeTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RowNormalizeInputs<T, I
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RowNormalizeInputs<T, IdxT> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/power.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/power.cu
index 5cb63a5697..20b1fa0e45 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/power.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/power.cu
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class PowerTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<PowerInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   PowerInputs<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> in1, in2, out_ref, out;
   int device_count = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/reduce.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/reduce.cu
index 4ad382c4f7..8cdeab5a94 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/reduce.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/reduce.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void reduceLaunch(OutType* dots,
   auto input_view_col_major =
     raft::make_device_matrix_view<const InType, IdxType, raft::col_major>(data, rows, cols);
 
-  raft::handle_t handle{stream};
+  raft::device_resources handle{stream};
 
   if (rowMajor) {
     reduce(handle,
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class ReduceTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ReduceInputs<InType, OutType,
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   ReduceInputs<InType, OutType, IdxType> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cu
index 3870bfb830..037a6a86e0 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_cols_by_key.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class ReduceColsTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ReduceColsInputs<T, IdxT>
   {
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<ReduceColsInputs<T, IdxT>>::GetParam();
     raft::random::RngState r(params.seed);
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
     auto stream = handle.get_stream();
     auto nrows  = params.rows;
     auto ncols  = params.cols;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cu
index 81f1817f74..69bacb0631 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/reduce_rows_by_key.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class ReduceRowTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ReduceRowsInputs<T>> {
 
  protected:
   ReduceRowsInputs<T> params;
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
 
   int device_count = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/rsvd.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/rsvd.cu
index 04e17468c3..ba2572b5a9 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/rsvd.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/rsvd.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "../test_utils.cuh"
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/rsvd.cuh>
 #include <raft/random/rng.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cuda_utils.cuh>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class RsvdTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RsvdInputs<T>> {
 
   void SetUp() override
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
     stream = handle.get_stream();
 
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<RsvdInputs<T>>::GetParam();
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ TEST_P(RsvdSanityCheckRightVecD, Result)
 typedef RsvdTest<float> RsvdTestSquareMatrixNormF;
 TEST_P(RsvdTestSquareMatrixNormF, Result)
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(raft::linalg::evaluateSVDByL2Norm(handle,
                                                 A.data(),
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ TEST_P(RsvdTestSquareMatrixNormF, Result)
 typedef RsvdTest<double> RsvdTestSquareMatrixNormD;
 TEST_P(RsvdTestSquareMatrixNormD, Result)
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(raft::linalg::evaluateSVDByL2Norm(handle,
                                                 A.data(),
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/sqrt.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/sqrt.cu
index 93150ca77d..7ee31da874 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/sqrt.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/sqrt.cu
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class SqrtTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SqrtInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   SqrtInputs<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> in1, out_ref, out;
   int device_count = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/strided_reduction.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/strided_reduction.cu
index 6a8c43ad52..c9b32c3585 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/strided_reduction.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/strided_reduction.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ template <typename T>
 void stridedReductionLaunch(
   T* dots, const T* data, int cols, int rows, bool inplace, cudaStream_t stream)
 {
-  raft::handle_t handle{stream};
+  raft::device_resources handle{stream};
   auto dots_view = raft::make_device_vector_view(dots, cols);
   auto data_view = raft::make_device_matrix_view(data, rows, cols);
   strided_reduction(handle, data_view, dots_view, (T)0, inplace, raft::sq_op{});
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class stridedReductionTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<stridedReductionInp
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   stridedReductionInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/subtract.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/subtract.cu
index 426fc98f9f..222e64fc3c 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/subtract.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/subtract.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class SubtractTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SubtractInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   SubtractInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/svd.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/svd.cu
index 7918d481db..9eee0f538e 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/svd.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/svd.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class SvdTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SvdInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   SvdInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/ternary_op.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/ternary_op.cu
index c78df08820..3eadae95ae 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/ternary_op.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/ternary_op.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class ternaryOpTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<BinaryOpInputs<T>> {
 
  protected:
   BinaryOpInputs<T> params;
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<T> out_add_ref, out_add, out_mul_ref, out_mul;
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/transpose.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/transpose.cu
index 110dc527d3..9644ee53db 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/transpose.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/transpose.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class TransposeTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<TranposeInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   TranposeInputs<T> params;
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ namespace {
  * @return The transposed matrix.
  */
 template <typename T, typename IndexType, typename LayoutPolicy>
-[[nodiscard]] auto transpose(handle_t const& handle,
+[[nodiscard]] auto transpose(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              device_matrix_view<T, IndexType, LayoutPolicy> in)
   -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T> &&
                         (std::is_same_v<LayoutPolicy, layout_c_contiguous> ||
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ template <typename T, typename IndexType, typename LayoutPolicy>
  * @return The transposed matrix.
  */
 template <typename T, typename IndexType>
-[[nodiscard]] auto transpose(handle_t const& handle,
+[[nodiscard]] auto transpose(raft::device_resources const& handle,
                              device_matrix_view<T, IndexType, layout_stride> in)
   -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>, device_matrix<T, IndexType, layout_stride>>
 {
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ template <typename T, typename IndexType>
 template <typename T, typename LayoutPolicy>
 void test_transpose_with_mdspan()
 {
-  handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   auto v = make_device_matrix<T, size_t, LayoutPolicy>(handle, 32, 3);
   T k{0};
   for (size_t i = 0; i < v.extent(0); ++i) {
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ namespace {
 template <typename T, typename LayoutPolicy>
 void test_transpose_submatrix()
 {
-  handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   auto v = make_device_matrix<T, size_t, LayoutPolicy>(handle, 32, 33);
   T k{0};
   size_t row_beg{3}, row_end{13}, col_beg{2}, col_end{11};
diff --git a/cpp/test/linalg/unary_op.cu b/cpp/test/linalg/unary_op.cu
index 341ae1a855..278eac348b 100644
--- a/cpp/test/linalg/unary_op.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/linalg/unary_op.cu
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "../test_utils.cuh"
 #include "unary_op.cuh"
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/unary_op.cuh>
 #include <raft/random/rng.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ class UnaryOpTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<UnaryOpInputs<InType, IdxTyp
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   UnaryOpInputs<InType, IdxType, OutType> params;
@@ -73,7 +74,10 @@ class UnaryOpTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<UnaryOpInputs<InType, IdxTyp
 // The enclosing parent function ("DoTest") for an extended __device__ lambda cannot have private or
 // protected access within its class
 template <typename InType, typename IdxType, typename OutType>
-void launchWriteOnlyUnaryOp(const raft::handle_t& handle, OutType* out, InType scalar, IdxType len)
+void launchWriteOnlyUnaryOp(const raft::device_resources& handle,
+                            OutType* out,
+                            InType scalar,
+                            IdxType len)
 {
   auto out_view = raft::make_device_vector_view(out, len);
   auto op       = [scalar] __device__(OutType * ptr, IdxType idx) {
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/argmax.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/argmax.cu
index 33af0ce5a4..ec27b530d7 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/argmax.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/argmax.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class ArgMaxTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ArgMaxInputs<T, IdxT>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   ArgMaxInputs<T, IdxT> params;
 
   raft::device_matrix<T, std::uint32_t, row_major> input;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/argmin.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/argmin.cu
index 22f0a6cac0..73f6123167 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/argmin.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/argmin.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class ArgMinTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ArgMinInputs<T, IdxT>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   ArgMinInputs<T, IdxT> params;
 
   raft::device_matrix<T, std::uint32_t, row_major> input;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/columnSort.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/columnSort.cu
index 00205830c4..2292772b1a 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/columnSort.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/columnSort.cu
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class ColumnSort : public ::testing::TestWithParam<columnSort<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   columnSort<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> keyIn, keySorted, keySortGolden;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> valueOut, goldenValOut;  // valueOut are indexes
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/diagonal.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/diagonal.cu
index f6cd178b23..118aa7988f 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/diagonal.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/diagonal.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class DiagonalTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<DiagonalInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   DiagonalInputs<T> params;
 
   int diag_size;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/gather.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/gather.cu
index 3659265e84..bba9046812 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/gather.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/gather.cu
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class GatherTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<GatherInputs<IdxT>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   GatherInputs<IdxT> params;
   std::vector<MatrixT> h_in, h_out, h_stencil;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/linewise_op.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/linewise_op.cu
index a791cbc0f0..04a8a91b01 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/linewise_op.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/linewise_op.cu
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ struct LinewiseTestParams {
 
 template <typename T, typename I, typename ParamsReader>
 struct LinewiseTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<typename ParamsReader::Params> {
-  const raft::handle_t handle;
+  const raft::device_resources handle;
   const LinewiseTestParams params;
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream;
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/math.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/math.cu
index 9dcbfc8899..cd3d865d80 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/math.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/math.cu
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class MathTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MathInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MathInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/matrix.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/matrix.cu
index 8cfbdac32b..10105203f7 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/matrix.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/matrix.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class MatrixTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MatrixInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MatrixInputs<T> params;
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class MatrixCopyRowsTest : public ::testing::Test {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   int n_rows     = 10;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/norm.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/norm.cu
index b1e10c9047..ed1c393c4f 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/norm.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/norm.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class NormTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<NormInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   NormInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/reverse.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/reverse.cu
index 49d501b6d0..f3929c582b 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/reverse.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/reverse.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class ReverseTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ReverseInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   ReverseInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/select_k.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/select_k.cu
index a8b5d60bb8..344e5b5748 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/select_k.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/select_k.cu
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <raft_internal/matrix/select_k.cuh>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/random/rng.cuh>
 #include <raft/sparse/detail/utils.h>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ struct io_computed {
       default: break;
     }
 
-    handle_t handle{};
+    device_resources handle{};
     auto stream = handle.get_stream();
 
     rmm::device_uvector<KeyT> in_dists_d(in_dists_.size(), stream);
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ struct with_ref {
       auto algo = std::get<1>(ps);
       std::vector<KeyT> dists(spec.len * spec.batch_size);
 
-      raft::handle_t handle;
+      raft::device_resources handle;
       {
         auto s = handle.get_stream();
         rmm::device_uvector<KeyT> dists_d(spec.len * spec.batch_size, s);
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/slice.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/slice.cu
index 9060357b3f..58f849a87c 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/slice.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/slice.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class SliceTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SliceInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   SliceInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/matrix/triangular.cu b/cpp/test/matrix/triangular.cu
index 9c6c49066b..82b01181f5 100644
--- a/cpp/test/matrix/triangular.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/matrix/triangular.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class TriangularTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<TriangularInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   TriangularInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_flat.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_flat.cu
index 232759a948..8ccbe39889 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_flat.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_flat.cu
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ class AnnIVFFlatTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<AnnIvfFlatInputs<IdxT>> {
   }
 
  private:
-  raft::handle_t handle_;
+  raft::device_resources handle_;
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_;
   AnnIvfFlatInputs<IdxT> ps;
   rmm::device_uvector<DataT> database;
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_pq.cuh b/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_pq.cuh
index 178078b297..488041f527 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_pq.cuh
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/ann_ivf_pq.cuh
@@ -116,8 +116,9 @@ inline auto operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ivf_pq_inputs& p) -> std::ostream
 }
 
 template <typename IdxT>
-auto min_output_size(const handle_t& handle, const ivf_pq::index<IdxT>& index, uint32_t n_probes)
-  -> IdxT
+auto min_output_size(const raft::device_resources& handle,
+                     const ivf_pq::index<IdxT>& index,
+                     uint32_t n_probes) -> IdxT
 {
   uint32_t skip = index.n_nonempty_lists() > n_probes ? index.n_nonempty_lists() - n_probes : 0;
   auto map_type = [] __device__(uint32_t x) { return IdxT(x); };
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ class ivf_pq_test : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ivf_pq_inputs> {
   }
 
  private:
-  raft::handle_t handle_;
+  raft::device_resources handle_;
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_;
   ivf_pq_inputs ps;                           // NOLINT
   rmm::device_uvector<DataT> database;        // NOLINT
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/ball_cover.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/ball_cover.cu
index 7405863b9f..a97df7df75 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/ball_cover.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/ball_cover.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ uint32_t count_discrepancies(value_idx* actual_idx,
 }
 
 template <typename value_t>
-void compute_bfknn(const raft::handle_t& handle,
+void compute_bfknn(const raft::device_resources& handle,
                    const value_t* X1,
                    const value_t* X2,
                    uint32_t n_rows,
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class BallCoverKNNQueryTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<BallCoverInputs<va
   void basicTest()
   {
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<BallCoverInputs<value_int>>::GetParam();
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
 
     uint32_t k         = params.k;
     uint32_t n_centers = 25;
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class BallCoverAllKNNTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<BallCoverInputs<valu
   void basicTest()
   {
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<BallCoverInputs<value_int>>::GetParam();
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
 
     uint32_t k         = params.k;
     uint32_t n_centers = 25;
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cu
index 36d7cb25ff..c78a15dd2d 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/epsilon_neighborhood.cu
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class EpsNeighTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<EpsInputs<T, IdxT>> {
                                 false);
   }
 
-  const raft::handle_t handle;
+  const raft::device_resources handle;
   EpsInputs<T, IdxT> param;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> data;
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/faiss_mr.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/faiss_mr.cu
index 38e793d120..5f0bcae933 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/faiss_mr.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/faiss_mr.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class FAISS_MR_Test : public ::testing::TestWithParam<AllocInputs> {
     ASSERT_TRUE(free_after_alloc <= free_before - params_.size);
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
   AllocInputs params_;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/fused_l2_knn.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/fused_l2_knn.cu
index ca20bebaf6..6ab0671229 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/fused_l2_knn.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/fused_l2_knn.cu
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class FusedL2KNNTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<FusedL2KNNInputs> {
   }
 
  private:
-  raft::handle_t handle_;
+  raft::device_resources handle_;
   cudaStream_t stream_ = 0;
   FusedL2KNNInputs params_;
   int num_queries;
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/haversine.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/haversine.cu
index 91a2ca07df..dc5c8afe18 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/haversine.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/haversine.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class HaversineKNNTest : public ::testing::Test {
   void SetUp() override { basicTest(); }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<value_t> d_train_inputs;
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/knn.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/knn.cu
index ff3a6a80b4..6814d47dcb 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/knn.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/knn.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class KNNTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<KNNInputs> {
   }
 
  private:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   KNNInputs params_;
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/refine.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/refine.cu
index e2575f0f4e..98933046b9 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/refine.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/refine.cu
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <raft_internal/neighbors/refine_helper.cuh>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/core/logger.hpp>
 #include <raft/distance/distance_types.hpp>
 #include <raft/neighbors/detail/refine.cuh>
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class RefineTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RefineInputs<IdxT>> {
   }
 
  public:
-  raft::handle_t handle_;
+  raft::device_resources handle_;
   rmm::cuda_stream_view stream_;
   RefineHelper<DataT, DistanceT, IdxT> data;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/test/neighbors/selection.cu b/cpp/test/neighbors/selection.cu
index 4b84c9b840..61a6345e5e 100644
--- a/cpp/test/neighbors/selection.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/neighbors/selection.cu
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const SelectTestSpec& ss)
 }
 
 template <typename IdxT>
-auto gen_simple_ids(int n_inputs, int input_len, const raft::handle_t& handle) -> std::vector<IdxT>
+auto gen_simple_ids(int n_inputs, int input_len, const raft::device_resources& handle)
+  -> std::vector<IdxT>
 {
   std::vector<IdxT> out(n_inputs * input_len);
   auto s = handle.get_stream();
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ struct SelectInOutSimple {
  public:
   bool not_supported = false;
 
-  SelectInOutSimple(std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t> handle,
+  SelectInOutSimple(std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources> handle,
                     const SelectTestSpec& spec,
                     const std::vector<KeyT>& in_dists,
                     const std::vector<KeyT>& out_dists,
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ struct SelectInOutSimple {
   auto get_out_ids() -> std::vector<IdxT>& { return out_ids_; }
 
  private:
-  std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t> handle_;
+  std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources> handle_;
   std::vector<KeyT> in_dists_;
   std::vector<IdxT> in_ids_;
   std::vector<KeyT> out_dists_;
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ struct SelectInOutComputed {
  public:
   bool not_supported = false;
 
-  SelectInOutComputed(std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t> handle,
+  SelectInOutComputed(std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources> handle,
                       const SelectTestSpec& spec,
                       knn::SelectKAlgo algo,
                       const std::vector<KeyT>& in_dists,
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ struct SelectInOutComputed {
   auto get_out_ids() -> std::vector<IdxT>& { return out_ids_; }
 
  private:
-  std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t> handle_;
+  std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources> handle_;
   std::vector<KeyT> in_dists_;
   std::vector<IdxT> in_ids_;
   std::vector<KeyT> out_dists_;
@@ -212,12 +213,13 @@ struct SelectInOutComputed {
 };
 
 template <typename InOut>
-using Params = std::tuple<SelectTestSpec, knn::SelectKAlgo, InOut, std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t>>;
+using Params =
+  std::tuple<SelectTestSpec, knn::SelectKAlgo, InOut, std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources>>;
 
 template <typename KeyT, typename IdxT, template <typename, typename> typename ParamsReader>
 class SelectionTest : public testing::TestWithParam<typename ParamsReader<KeyT, IdxT>::ParamsIn> {
  protected:
-  std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t> handle_;
+  std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources> handle_;
   const SelectTestSpec spec;
   const knn::SelectKAlgo algo;
 
@@ -275,7 +277,7 @@ struct params_simple {
   using InOut = SelectInOutSimple<KeyT, IdxT>;
   using Inputs =
     std::tuple<SelectTestSpec, std::vector<KeyT>, std::vector<KeyT>, std::vector<IdxT>>;
-  using Handle   = std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t>;
+  using Handle   = std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources>;
   using ParamsIn = std::tuple<Inputs, knn::SelectKAlgo, Handle>;
 
   static auto read(ParamsIn ps) -> Params<InOut>
@@ -352,21 +354,22 @@ auto inputs_simple_f = testing::Values(
 
 typedef SelectionTest<float, int, params_simple> SimpleFloatInt;
 TEST_P(SimpleFloatInt, Run) { run(); }
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(SelectionTest,
-                        SimpleFloatInt,
-                        testing::Combine(inputs_simple_f,
-                                         testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::FAISS,
-                                                         knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_8_BITS,
-                                                         knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_11_BITS,
-                                                         knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
-                                         testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::handle_t>())));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+  SelectionTest,
+  SimpleFloatInt,
+  testing::Combine(inputs_simple_f,
+                   testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::FAISS,
+                                   knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_8_BITS,
+                                   knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_11_BITS,
+                                   knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
+                   testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::device_resources>())));
 
 template <knn::SelectKAlgo RefAlgo>
 struct with_ref {
   template <typename KeyT, typename IdxT>
   struct params_random {
     using InOut    = SelectInOutComputed<KeyT, IdxT>;
-    using Handle   = std::shared_ptr<raft::handle_t>;
+    using Handle   = std::shared_ptr<raft::device_resources>;
     using ParamsIn = std::tuple<SelectTestSpec, knn::SelectKAlgo, Handle>;
 
     static auto read(ParamsIn ps) -> Params<InOut>
@@ -448,33 +451,36 @@ auto inputs_random_largek = testing::Values(SelectTestSpec{100, 100000, 1000, tr
 typedef SelectionTest<float, int, with_ref<knn::SelectKAlgo::FAISS>::params_random>
   ReferencedRandomFloatInt;
 TEST_P(ReferencedRandomFloatInt, Run) { run(); }
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(SelectionTest,
-                        ReferencedRandomFloatInt,
-                        testing::Combine(inputs_random_longlist,
-                                         testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_8_BITS,
-                                                         knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_11_BITS,
-                                                         knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
-                                         testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::handle_t>())));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+  SelectionTest,
+  ReferencedRandomFloatInt,
+  testing::Combine(inputs_random_longlist,
+                   testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_8_BITS,
+                                   knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_11_BITS,
+                                   knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
+                   testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::device_resources>())));
 
 typedef SelectionTest<double, size_t, with_ref<knn::SelectKAlgo::FAISS>::params_random>
   ReferencedRandomDoubleSizeT;
 TEST_P(ReferencedRandomDoubleSizeT, Run) { run(); }
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(SelectionTest,
-                        ReferencedRandomDoubleSizeT,
-                        testing::Combine(inputs_random_longlist,
-                                         testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_8_BITS,
-                                                         knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_11_BITS,
-                                                         knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
-                                         testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::handle_t>())));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+  SelectionTest,
+  ReferencedRandomDoubleSizeT,
+  testing::Combine(inputs_random_longlist,
+                   testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_8_BITS,
+                                   knn::SelectKAlgo::RADIX_11_BITS,
+                                   knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
+                   testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::device_resources>())));
 
 typedef SelectionTest<double, int, with_ref<knn::SelectKAlgo::FAISS>::params_random>
   ReferencedRandomDoubleInt;
 TEST_P(ReferencedRandomDoubleInt, LargeSize) { run(); }
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(SelectionTest,
-                        ReferencedRandomDoubleInt,
-                        testing::Combine(inputs_random_largesize,
-                                         testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
-                                         testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::handle_t>())));
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+  SelectionTest,
+  ReferencedRandomDoubleInt,
+  testing::Combine(inputs_random_largesize,
+                   testing::Values(knn::SelectKAlgo::WARP_SORT),
+                   testing::Values(std::make_shared<raft::device_resources>())));
 
 /** TODO: Fix test failure in RAFT CI
  *
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/make_blobs.cu b/cpp/test/random/make_blobs.cu
index ea7283977c..c2dbc5dc1c 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/make_blobs.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/make_blobs.cu
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class MakeBlobsTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MakeBlobsInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   MakeBlobsInputs<T> params;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/make_regression.cu b/cpp/test/random/make_regression.cu
index 960ecc11d9..7508b57bdd 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/make_regression.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/make_regression.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class MakeRegressionTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MakeRegressionInputs<
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
 
   MakeRegressionInputs<T> params;
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class MakeRegressionMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MakeRegressionI
 
  private:
   MakeRegressionInputs<T> params{::testing::TestWithParam<MakeRegressionInputs<T>>::GetParam()};
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> values_ret{params.n_samples * params.n_targets, handle.get_stream()};
   rmm::device_uvector<T> values_prod{params.n_samples * params.n_targets, handle.get_stream()};
   int zero_count = -1;
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cu b/cpp/test/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cu
index b2b99027d6..1aa8b6a555 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/multi_variable_gaussian.cu
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class MVGTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MVGInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   MVGInputs<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> workspace_d, P_d, x_d, X_d, Rand_cov, Rand_mean;
   std::vector<T> P, x, X;
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ class MVGMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MVGInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   MVGInputs<T> params;
   std::vector<T> P, x, X;
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/permute.cu b/cpp/test/random/permute.cu
index be4f2a005f..d5fcca270e 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/permute.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/permute.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class PermTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<PermInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   PermInputs<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> in, out;
   T* in_ptr  = nullptr;
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class PermMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<PermInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   PermInputs<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> in, out;
   T* in_ptr  = nullptr;
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cu b/cpp/test/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cu
index c1c4752453..aae3898389 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class RmatGenTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RmatInputs> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RmatInputs params;
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ class RmatGenMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RmatInputs> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RmatInputs params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/rng.cu b/cpp/test/random/rng.cu
index 0bf494b624..d3b8e44b05 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/rng.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/rng.cu
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class RngTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RngInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RngInputs<T> params;
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class RngMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RngInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RngInputs<T> params;
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ TEST(Rng, MeanError)
   int num_experiments = 1024;
   int len             = num_samples * num_experiments;
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   auto stream = handle.get_stream();
 
   rmm::device_uvector<float> data(len, stream);
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ class ScaledBernoulliTest : public ::testing::Test {
       h_data.get(), h_data.get() + len, [](const T& a) { return a < -scale || a > scale; }));
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<T> data;
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ class ScaledBernoulliMdspanTest : public ::testing::Test {
       h_data.get(), h_data.get() + len, [](const T& a) { return a < -scale || a > scale; }));
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<T> data;
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ class BernoulliTest : public ::testing::Test {
     delete[] h_data;
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<bool> data;
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ class BernoulliMdspanTest : public ::testing::Test {
     ASSERT_TRUE(std::any_of(h_data.get(), h_data.get() + len, [](bool a) { return !a; }));
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<bool> data;
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ class RngNormalTableTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RngNormalTableInputs<
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RngNormalTableInputs<T> params;
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ class RngNormalTableMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RngNormalTableI
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RngNormalTableInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/rng_discrete.cu b/cpp/test/random/rng_discrete.cu
index 2704bac885..741f7c65e0 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/rng_discrete.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/rng_discrete.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class RngDiscreteTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RngDiscreteInputs<IdxT>>
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RngDiscreteInputs<IdxT> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/rng_int.cu b/cpp/test/random/rng_int.cu
index 89d6d208a5..83300b3ecc 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/rng_int.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/rng_int.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class RngTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RngInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RngInputs<T> params;
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class RngMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RngInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   RngInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/random/sample_without_replacement.cu b/cpp/test/random/sample_without_replacement.cu
index c9b4dd0879..ae5a58da3d 100644
--- a/cpp/test/random/sample_without_replacement.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/random/sample_without_replacement.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class SWoRTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SWoRInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   SWoRInputs<T> params;
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class SWoRMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SWoRInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   SWoRInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/add.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/add.cu
index 692094a861..eb10432f3d 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/add.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/add.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/csr.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/linalg/add.cuh>
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class CSRAddTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRAddInputs<Type_f, Index_>>
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   CSRAddInputs<Type_f, Index_> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/convert_coo.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/convert_coo.cu
index 21f81bfa6a..ad91d0d284 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/convert_coo.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/convert_coo.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/convert/coo.cuh>
 #include <raft/sparse/csr.hpp>
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class CSRtoCOOTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRtoCOOInputs<Index_>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   CSRtoCOOInputs<Index_> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/convert_csr.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/convert_csr.cu
index bc81dcaba5..71d296f665 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/convert_csr.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/convert_csr.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class CSRAdjGraphTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRAdjGraphInputs<index_
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   CSRAdjGraphInputs<index_t> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/csr_row_slice.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/csr_row_slice.cu
index 6b10f8d798..73b8691774 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/csr_row_slice.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/csr_row_slice.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <cusparse_v2.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class CSRRowSliceTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRRowSliceInputs<value_
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   // input data
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/csr_to_dense.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/csr_to_dense.cu
index b99d6fa7fd..39a6cc4164 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/csr_to_dense.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/csr_to_dense.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <cusparse_v2.h>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class CSRToDenseTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRToDenseInputs<value_id
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t raft_handle;
+  raft::device_resources raft_handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   cusparseHandle_t handle;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/csr_transpose.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/csr_transpose.cu
index 2342f6e7ef..812c3defea 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/csr_transpose.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/csr_transpose.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h>
 #include <raft/sparse/linalg/transpose.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class CSRTransposeTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRTransposeInputs<valu
 
   void SetUp() override
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
 
     make_data();
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class CSRTransposeTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRTransposeInputs<valu
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t raft_handle;
+  raft::device_resources raft_handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   cusparseHandle_t handle;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/dist_coo_spmv.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/dist_coo_spmv.cu
index cf846440b3..e768e49f6c 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/dist_coo_spmv.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/dist_coo_spmv.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class SparseDistanceCOOSPMVTest
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   // input data
   rmm::device_uvector<value_idx> indptr, indices;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/distance.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/distance.cu
index 367bfddad1..2a973d675c 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/distance.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/distance.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class SparseDistanceTest
                   dist_config.handle.get_stream());
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   // input data
   rmm::device_uvector<value_idx> indptr, indices;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/filter.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/filter.cu
index 6ada5ddcad..8c106f8868 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/filter.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/filter.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const std::vector<SparseFilterInputs<float>> inputsf = {{5, 10, 5, 1234ULL}};
 typedef SparseFilterTests<float> COORemoveZeros;
 TEST_P(COORemoveZeros, Result)
 {
-  raft::handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
   auto stream = h.get_stream();
   params      = ::testing::TestWithParam<SparseFilterInputs<float>>::GetParam();
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/mst.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/mst.cu
index 7c7d264f3f..0a80846440 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/mst.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/mst.cu
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/mst/mst.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class MSTTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MSTTestInput<vertex_t, edge_t, w
   edge_t e;
   int iterations;
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 };
 
 // connected components tests
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cu
index 96ba3bc48f..49284a498b 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/brute_force.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class SparseKNNTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SparseKNNInputs<value_idx,
     out_indices.resize(n_rows * k, stream);
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   int n_rows, nnz, k;
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cu
index f469cc1aa2..d200744329 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/connect_components.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ConnectComponentsTest
  protected:
   void basicTest()
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
 
     auto stream = handle.get_stream();
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cu
index c3700a536c..3b025fc082 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/neighbors/knn_graph.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2021-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class KNNGraphTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<KNNGraphInputs<value_idx, v
   void TearDown() override { delete out; }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   // input data
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/norm.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/norm.cu
index 1a69acc535..91b7b09fcc 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/norm.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/norm.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "../test_utils.cuh"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/csr.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/linalg/norm.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class CSRRowNormalizeTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRRowNormalizeInput
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   CSRRowNormalizeInputs<Type_f, Index_> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/reduce.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/reduce.cu
index 5752624435..6dc67dbbd8 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/reduce.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/reduce.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "../test_utils.cuh"
 #include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/coo.hpp>
 #include <raft/sparse/op/reduce.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class SparseReduceTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SparseReduceInputs<valu
 
   void Run()
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
 
     auto stream = handle.get_stream();
 
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/row_op.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/row_op.cu
index 6393c5ee86..e09af0d9ff 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/row_op.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/row_op.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class CSRRowOpTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CSRRowOpInputs<Type_f, Inde
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   CSRRowOpInputs<Type_f, Index_> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/sort.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/sort.cu
index 23c2f5b67a..319c96bc02 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/sort.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/sort.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ TEST_P(COOSort, Result)
 {
   params = ::testing::TestWithParam<SparseSortInput<float>>::GetParam();
   raft::random::RngState r(params.seed);
-  raft::handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
   auto stream = h.get_stream();
 
   rmm::device_uvector<int> in_rows(params.nnz, stream);
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/spectral_matrix.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/spectral_matrix.cu
index 02856cb378..3b044e3974 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/spectral_matrix.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/spectral_matrix.cu
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 
 #include <raft/spectral/matrix_wrappers.hpp>
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ TEST(Raft, SpectralMatrices)
   using index_type = int;
   using value_type = double;
 
-  handle_t h;
+  raft::device_resources h;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, h.get_device());
 
   csr_view_t<index_type, value_type> csr_v{nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0};
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/spgemmi.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/spgemmi.cu
index 653c2fa29b..ec77b8e88b 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/spgemmi.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/spgemmi.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "../test_utils.cuh"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/transpose.cuh>
 #include <raft/sparse/detail/cusparse_wrappers.h>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SPGemmiTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SPGemmiInputs> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   SPGemmiInputs params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/sparse/symmetrize.cu b/cpp/test/sparse/symmetrize.cu
index 6f2f877304..80a512a019 100644
--- a/cpp/test/sparse/symmetrize.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/sparse/symmetrize.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class SparseSymmetrizeTest
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   // input data
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/accuracy.cu b/cpp/test/stats/accuracy.cu
index eaccdecab4..543b99bda0 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/accuracy.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/accuracy.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class AccuracyTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<AccuracyInputs<T>> {
 
  protected:
   AccuracyInputs<T> params;
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   T expectedVal, actualVal;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cu b/cpp/test/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cu
index 52bc72174a..4506a6730a 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/adjusted_rand_index.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class adjustedRandIndexTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<adjustedRandIndexP
     truth_adjusted_rand_index = 1.0;
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   adjustedRandIndexParam params;
   T lowerLabelRange, upperLabelRange;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/completeness_score.cu b/cpp/test/stats/completeness_score.cu
index a9d1748f88..a2a926d41d 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/completeness_score.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/completeness_score.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class completenessTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<completenessParam> {
   }
 
   // declaring the data values
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   completenessParam params;
   T lowerLabelRange, upperLabelRange;
   int nElements               = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/contingencyMatrix.cu b/cpp/test/stats/contingencyMatrix.cu
index d27114388e..f344b9ae71 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/contingencyMatrix.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/contingencyMatrix.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class ContingencyMatrixTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ContingencyMatrixP
                                   raft::Compare<T>()));
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   ContingencyMatrixParam params;
   int numUniqueClasses = -1;
   T minLabel, maxLabel;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/cov.cu b/cpp/test/stats/cov.cu
index 287bb85886..c8a90b2f7d 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/cov.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/cov.cu
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class CovTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<CovInputs<T>> {
 
   void SetUp() override
   {
-    raft::handle_t handle;
+    raft::device_resources handle;
     cudaStream_t stream = handle.get_stream();
 
     params = ::testing::TestWithParam<CovInputs<T>>::GetParam();
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/dispersion.cu b/cpp/test/stats/dispersion.cu
index e414fcf5f4..261e66af52 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/dispersion.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/dispersion.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class DispersionTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<DispersionInputs<T>> {
 
  protected:
   DispersionInputs<T> params;
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> exp_mean, act_mean;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   int npoints;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/entropy.cu b/cpp/test/stats/entropy.cu
index 96b2b9f590..f19da32bb0 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/entropy.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/entropy.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class entropyTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<entropyParam> {
                            upperLabelRange);
   }
 
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   // declaring the data values
   entropyParam params;
   T lowerLabelRange, upperLabelRange;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/histogram.cu b/cpp/test/stats/histogram.cu
index 76677ac27c..b3f9fe6782 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/histogram.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/histogram.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class HistTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<HistInputs> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   HistInputs params;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> in, bins, ref_bins;
 };
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class HistMdspanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<HistInputs> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   HistInputs params;
   rmm::device_uvector<int> in, bins, ref_bins;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/homogeneity_score.cu b/cpp/test/stats/homogeneity_score.cu
index ecbf160770..1b48bb1823 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/homogeneity_score.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/homogeneity_score.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class homogeneityTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<homogeneityParam> {
   }
 
   // declaring the data values
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   homogeneityParam params;
   T lowerLabelRange, upperLabelRange;
   int nElements              = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/information_criterion.cu b/cpp/test/stats/information_criterion.cu
index 2cfbd787c6..45804c6724 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/information_criterion.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/information_criterion.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <raft/stats/information_criterion.cuh>
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <rmm/device_uvector.hpp>
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class BatchedICTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<BatchedICInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   BatchedICInputs<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> res_d;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/kl_divergence.cu b/cpp/test/stats/kl_divergence.cu
index b5a6c393f3..15eac6428a 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/kl_divergence.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/kl_divergence.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class klDivergenceTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<klDivergenceParam> {
   }
 
   // declaring the data values
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   klDivergenceParam params;
   int nElements              = 0;
   DataT truthklDivergence    = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/mean.cu b/cpp/test/stats/mean.cu
index 19398d6d8e..4d011a2425 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/mean.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/mean.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class MeanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MeanInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MeanInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/mean_center.cu b/cpp/test/stats/mean_center.cu
index 31947ef527..e5e01a2b10 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/mean_center.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/mean_center.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class MeanCenterTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MeanCenterInputs<T, IdxTy
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MeanCenterInputs<T, IdxType> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/meanvar.cu b/cpp/test/stats/meanvar.cu
index fb9fc13dec..d21ec43bba 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/meanvar.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/meanvar.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class MeanVarTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MeanVarInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   MeanVarInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/minmax.cu b/cpp/test/stats/minmax.cu
index 1171995d5c..8b58f9692a 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/minmax.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/minmax.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class MinMaxTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<MinMaxInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   MinMaxInputs<T> params;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> minmax_act;
   rmm::device_uvector<T> minmax_ref;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/mutual_info_score.cu b/cpp/test/stats/mutual_info_score.cu
index 8b6e7b2095..1b4ce26746 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/mutual_info_score.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/mutual_info_score.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/mutual_info_score.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
 #include <random>
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class mutualInfoTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<mutualInfoParam> {
   }
 
   // declaring the data values
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   mutualInfoParam params;
   T lowerLabelRange, upperLabelRange;
   int nElements             = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/r2_score.cu b/cpp/test/stats/r2_score.cu
index 7fb15505ab..26a1920aae 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/r2_score.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/r2_score.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class R2_scoreTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<R2_scoreInputs<T>> {
 
  protected:
   R2_scoreInputs<T> params;
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream = 0;
   T expectedVal, actualVal;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/rand_index.cu b/cpp/test/stats/rand_index.cu
index 0010f3cbcd..10a31a27ca 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/rand_index.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/rand_index.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/stats/rand_index.cuh>
 #include <random>
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class randIndexTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<randIndexParam> {
   }
 
   // declaring the data values
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   randIndexParam params;
   int lowerLabelRange = 0, upperLabelRange = 2;
   uint64_t size            = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/regression_metrics.cu b/cpp/test/stats/regression_metrics.cu
index b3e0df32f8..9a8e4af6a4 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/regression_metrics.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/regression_metrics.cu
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class RegressionTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RegressionInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   RegressionInputs<T> params;
   cudaStream_t stream           = 0;
   double mean_abs_error         = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/silhouette_score.cu b/cpp/test/stats/silhouette_score.cu
index 354a9c29cc..80e60a4884 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/silhouette_score.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/silhouette_score.cu
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class silhouetteScoreTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<silhouetteScoreParam
   }
 
   // declaring the data values
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   silhouetteScoreParam params;
   int nLabels;
   rmm::device_uvector<DataT> d_X;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/stddev.cu b/cpp/test/stats/stddev.cu
index 7f54eee2ab..dfc31f31d2 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/stddev.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/stddev.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class StdDevTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<StdDevInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   StdDevInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/sum.cu b/cpp/test/stats/sum.cu
index c69bd04c6e..f6b6ffcc45 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/sum.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/sum.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2018-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "../test_utils.cuh"
 
-#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>
+#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>
 #include <raft/linalg/eltwise.cuh>
 #include <raft/stats/sum.cuh>
 #include <raft/util/cudart_utils.hpp>
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class SumTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SumInputs<T>> {
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   cudaStream_t stream;
 
   SumInputs<T> params;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/trustworthiness.cu b/cpp/test/stats/trustworthiness.cu
index e264f92db9..a2f72516eb 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/trustworthiness.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/trustworthiness.cu
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class TrustworthinessScoreTest : public ::testing::Test {
   void TearDown() override {}
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
 
   rmm::device_uvector<float> d_X;
   rmm::device_uvector<float> d_X_embedded;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/v_measure.cu b/cpp/test/stats/v_measure.cu
index 79899c1d75..9d1522a5c8 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/v_measure.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/v_measure.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class vMeasureTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<vMeasureParam> {
   }
 
   // declaring the data values
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   vMeasureParam params;
   T lowerLabelRange, upperLabelRange;
   int nElements           = 0;
diff --git a/cpp/test/stats/weighted_mean.cu b/cpp/test/stats/weighted_mean.cu
index 8b4af07898..7e28ca9aa3 100644
--- a/cpp/test/stats/weighted_mean.cu
+++ b/cpp/test/stats/weighted_mean.cu
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+ * Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class RowWeightedMeanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<WeightedMeanInputs<T
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   WeightedMeanInputs<T> params;
   thrust::host_vector<T> hin, hweights;
   thrust::device_vector<T> din, dweights, dexp, dact;
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class ColWeightedMeanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<WeightedMeanInputs<T
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   WeightedMeanInputs<T> params;
   thrust::host_vector<T> hin, hweights;
   thrust::device_vector<T> din, dweights, dexp, dact;
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class WeightedMeanTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<WeightedMeanInputs<T>>
   }
 
  protected:
-  raft::handle_t handle;
+  raft::device_resources handle;
   WeightedMeanInputs<T> params;
   thrust::host_vector<T> hin, hweights;
   thrust::device_vector<T> din, dweights, dexp, dact;
diff --git a/docs/source/cpp_api/core.rst b/docs/source/cpp_api/core.rst
index 98365d6485..c4728337a0 100644
--- a/docs/source/cpp_api/core.rst
+++ b/docs/source/cpp_api/core.rst
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ expose in public APIs.
    :maxdepth: 2
    :caption: Contents:
 
-   core_handle.rst
+   core_resources.rst
    core_logger.rst
    core_kvp.rst
    core_nvtx.rst
diff --git a/docs/source/cpp_api/core_handle.rst b/docs/source/cpp_api/core_handle.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 58fc80681e..0000000000
--- a/docs/source/cpp_api/core_handle.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-handle_t
-========
-
-.. role:: py(code)
-   :language: c++
-   :class: highlight
-
-
-``#include <raft/core/handle.hpp>``
-
-namespace *raft::core*
-
-.. doxygenclass:: raft::handle_t
-    :project: RAFT
-    :members:
diff --git a/docs/source/cpp_api/core_resources.rst b/docs/source/cpp_api/core_resources.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b148e38e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/source/cpp_api/core_resources.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+Resources
+=========
+
+.. role:: py(code)
+   :language: c++
+   :class: highlight
+
+All resources which are specific to a computing environment like host or device are contained within, and managed by,
+raft::resources. This design simplifies the APIs and eases user burden by making them opaque by default but allowing customization based on user preference.
+
+
+Vocabulary
+----------
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/resource_types.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_types
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+
+Device Resources
+----------------
+
+``#include <raft/core/device_resources.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::core*
+
+.. doxygenclass:: raft::device_resources
+    :project: RAFT
+    :members:
+
+
+Resource Functions
+------------------
+
+Comms
+~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/comms.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_comms
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+cuBLAS Handle
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/cublase_handle.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_cublas
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+CUDA Stream
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/cuda_stream.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_cuda_stream
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+
+CUDA Stream Pool
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/cuda_stream_pool.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+.. doxygengroup:: resource_cuda_stream_pool
+    :project: RAFT
+    :members:
+    :content-only:
+
+cuSolverDn Handle
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/cusolver_dn_handle.hpp>``
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_cusolver_dn
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+cuSolverSp Handle
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/cusolver_sp_handle.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_cusolver_sp
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+cuSparse Handle
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/cusparse_handle.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_cusparse
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+Device ID
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/device_id.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_device_id
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+
+Device Memory Resource
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/device_memory_resource.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_memory_resource
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+Device Properties
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/device_properties.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_device_props
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+Sub Communicators
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/sub_comms.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_sub_comms
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
+
+Thrust Exec Policy
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``#include <raft/core/resource/thrust_policy.hpp>``
+
+namespace *raft::resource*
+
+ .. doxygengroup:: resource_thrust_policy
+     :project: RAFT
+     :members:
+     :content-only:
diff --git a/docs/source/pylibraft_api/common.rst b/docs/source/pylibraft_api/common.rst
index 812543f868..527309aa69 100644
--- a/docs/source/pylibraft_api/common.rst
+++ b/docs/source/pylibraft_api/common.rst
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This page provides `pylibraft` class references for the publicly-exposed element
 Basic Vocabulary
 ################
 
-.. autoclass:: pylibraft.common.Handle
+.. autoclass:: pylibraft.common.DeviceResources
     :members:
 
 .. autoclass:: pylibraft.common.Stream
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/cpp/kmeans.pxd b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/cpp/kmeans.pxd
index 059512990e..c43f18ac3f 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/cpp/kmeans.pxd
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/cpp/kmeans.pxd
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ from libcpp cimport bool, nullptr
 from pylibraft.cluster.cpp.kmeans_types cimport KMeansParams
 from pylibraft.common.cpp.mdspan cimport *
 from pylibraft.common.cpp.optional cimport optional
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 
 
 cdef extern from "raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp" \
         namespace "raft::runtime::cluster::kmeans" nogil:
 
     cdef void update_centroids(
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         const double *X,
         int n_samples,
         int n_features,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp" \
         double *weight_per_cluster) except +
 
     cdef void update_centroids(
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         const float *X,
         int n_samples,
         int n_features,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp" \
         float *weight_per_cluster) except +
 
     cdef void cluster_cost(
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         const float* X,
         int n_samples,
         int n_features,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp" \
         float * cost) except +
 
     cdef void cluster_cost(
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         const double* X,
         int n_samples,
         int n_features,
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp" \
         double * cost) except +
 
     cdef void fit(
-        const handle_t & handle,
+        const device_resources & handle,
         const KMeansParams& params,
         device_matrix_view[float, int, row_major] X,
         optional[device_vector_view[float, int]] sample_weight,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/cluster/kmeans.hpp" \
         host_scalar_view[int, int] n_iter) except +
 
     cdef void fit(
-        const handle_t & handle,
+        const device_resources & handle,
         const KMeansParams& params,
         device_matrix_view[double, int, row_major] X,
         optional[device_vector_view[double, int]] sample_weight,
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/kmeans.pyx b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/kmeans.pyx
index f2e010f6a5..1d0b9ad241 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/kmeans.pyx
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/cluster/kmeans.pyx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from enum import IntEnum
 from pylibraft.common import Handle, cai_wrapper, device_ndarray
 from pylibraft.common.handle import auto_sync_handle
 
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 from pylibraft.random.cpp.rng_state cimport RngState
 
 from pylibraft.common.input_validation import *
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ from pylibraft.cluster.cpp.kmeans cimport (
 )
 from pylibraft.common.cpp.mdspan cimport *
 from pylibraft.common.cpp.optional cimport optional
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 
 from pylibraft.common import auto_convert_output
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ def compute_new_centroids(X,
         weight_per_cluster_ptr = <uintptr_t>nullptr
 
     handle = handle if handle is not None else Handle()
-    cdef handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources *h = <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     x_c_contiguous = is_c_contiguous(x_cai)
     centroids_c_contiguous = is_c_contiguous(centroids_cai)
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ def cluster_cost(X, centroids, handle=None):
     centroids_ptr = <uintptr_t>centroids_cai["data"][0]
 
     handle = handle if handle is not None else Handle()
-    cdef handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources *h = <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     x_c_contiguous = is_c_contiguous(x_cai)
     centroids_c_contiguous = is_c_contiguous(centroids_cai)
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ def fit(
     >>> params = KMeansParams(n_clusters=n_clusters)
     >>> centroids, inertia, n_iter = fit(params, X)
     """
-    cdef handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources *h = <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     cdef float f_inertia = 0.0
     cdef double d_inertia = 0.0
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/__init__.py b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/__init__.py
index f8f9b58426..0385ae0899 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/__init__.py
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/__init__.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from .cai_wrapper import cai_wrapper
 from .cuda import Stream
 from .device_ndarray import device_ndarray
-from .handle import Handle
+from .handle import DeviceResources, Handle
 from .outputs import auto_convert_output
 
-__all__ = ["Handle", "Stream"]
+__all__ = ["DeviceResources", "Handle", "Stream"]
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pxd b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pxd
index e763768eac..c090663547 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pxd
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pxd
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ from rmm._lib.cuda_stream_pool cimport cuda_stream_pool
 from rmm._lib.cuda_stream_view cimport cuda_stream_view
 
 
+# Keeping `handle_t` around for backwards compatibility at the
+# cython layer but users are encourage to switch to device_resources
 cdef extern from "raft/core/handle.hpp" namespace "raft" nogil:
     cdef cppclass handle_t:
         handle_t() except +
@@ -35,7 +37,17 @@ cdef extern from "raft/core/handle.hpp" namespace "raft" nogil:
         cuda_stream_view get_stream() except +
         void sync_stream() except +
 
-cdef class Handle:
-    cdef unique_ptr[handle_t] c_obj
+
+cdef extern from "raft/core/device_resources.hpp" namespace "raft" nogil:
+    cdef cppclass device_resources:
+        device_resources() except +
+        device_resources(cuda_stream_view stream_view) except +
+        device_resources(cuda_stream_view stream_view,
+                         shared_ptr[cuda_stream_pool] stream_pool) except +
+        cuda_stream_view get_stream() except +
+        void sync_stream() except +
+
+cdef class DeviceResources:
+    cdef unique_ptr[device_resources] c_obj
     cdef shared_ptr[cuda_stream_pool] stream_pool
     cdef int n_streams
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pyx b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pyx
index 2821cb7f8a..b4cdb9b0c1 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pyx
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/common/handle.pyx
@@ -31,11 +31,12 @@ from .cuda cimport Stream
 from .cuda import CudaRuntimeError
 
 
-cdef class Handle:
+cdef class DeviceResources:
     """
-    Handle is a lightweight python wrapper around the corresponding C++ class
-    of handle_t exposed by RAFT's C++ interface. Refer to the header file
-    raft/handle.hpp for interface level details of this struct
+    DeviceResources is a lightweight python wrapper around the corresponding
+    C++ class of device_resources exposed by RAFT's C++ interface. Refer to
+    the header file raft/core/device_resources.hpp for interface level
+    details of this struct
 
     Parameters
     ----------
@@ -46,26 +47,29 @@ cdef class Handle:
     --------
 
     Basic usage:
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream, Handle
+
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream, DeviceResources
     >>> stream = Stream()
-    >>> handle = Handle(stream)
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources(stream)
     >>>
     >>> # call algos here
     >>>
     >>> # final sync of all work launched in the stream of this handle
     >>> # this is same as `raft.cuda.Stream.sync()` call, but safer in case
-    >>> # the default stream inside the `handle_t` is being used
+    >>> # the default stream inside the `device_resources` is being used
     >>> handle.sync()
     >>> del handle  # optional!
 
-    Using a cuPy stream with RAFT handle:
+    Using a cuPy stream with RAFT device_resources:
+
     >>> import cupy
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream, Handle
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream, DeviceResources
     >>>
     >>> cupy_stream = cupy.cuda.Stream()
-    >>> handle = Handle(stream=cupy_stream.ptr)
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources(stream=cupy_stream.ptr)
 
     Using a RAFT stream with CuPy ExternalStream:
+
     >>> import cupy
     >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream
     >>>
@@ -108,16 +112,81 @@ cdef class Handle:
 
     def sync(self):
         """
-        Issues a sync on the stream set for this handle.
+        Issues a sync on the stream set for this instance.
         """
         self.c_obj.get()[0].sync_stream()
 
     def getHandle(self):
+        """
+        Return the pointer to the underlying raft::device_resources
+        instance as a size_t
+        """
         return <size_t> self.c_obj.get()
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         return self.n_streams
 
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.n_streams = state
+        if self.n_streams > 0:
+            self.stream_pool.reset(new cuda_stream_pool(self.n_streams))
+
+        self.c_obj.reset(new device_resources(cuda_stream_per_thread,
+                                              self.stream_pool))
+
+
+cdef class Handle(DeviceResources):
+    """
+    Handle is a lightweight python wrapper around the corresponding
+    C++ class of handle_t exposed by RAFT's C++ interface. Refer to
+    the header file raft/core/handle.hpp for interface level
+    details of this struct
+
+    Note: This API is officially deprecated in favor of DeviceResources
+    and will be removed in a future release.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    stream : Optional stream to use for ordering CUDA instructions
+            Accepts pylibraft.common.Stream() or uintptr_t (cudaStream_t)
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    Basic usage:
+
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream, Handle
+    >>> stream = Stream()
+    >>> handle = Handle(stream)
+    >>>
+    >>> # call algos here
+    >>>
+    >>> # final sync of all work launched in the stream of this handle
+    >>> # this is same as `raft.cuda.Stream.sync()` call, but safer in case
+    >>> # the default stream inside the `handle_t` is being used
+    >>> handle.sync()
+    >>> del handle  # optional!
+
+    Using a cuPy stream with RAFT device_resources:
+
+    >>> import cupy
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream, Handle
+    >>>
+    >>> cupy_stream = cupy.cuda.Stream()
+    >>> handle = Handle(stream=cupy_stream.ptr)
+
+    Using a RAFT stream with CuPy ExternalStream:
+
+    >>> import cupy
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import Stream
+    >>>
+    >>> raft_stream = Stream()
+    >>> cupy_stream = cupy.cuda.ExternalStream(raft_stream.get_ptr())
+
+    """
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return self.n_streams
+
     def __setstate__(self, state):
         self.n_streams = state
         if self.n_streams > 0:
@@ -128,11 +197,12 @@ cdef class Handle:
 
 
 _HANDLE_PARAM_DOCSTRING = """
-     handle : Optional RAFT handle for reusing expensive CUDA resources
-        If a handle isn't supplied, CUDA resources will be allocated
-        inside this function and synchronized before the function exits.
-        If a handle is supplied, you will need to explicitly synchronize
-        yourself by calling `handle.sync()` before accessing the output.
+     handle : Optional RAFT resource handle for reusing expensive CUDA
+        resources. If a handle isn't supplied, CUDA resources will be
+        allocated inside this function and synchronized before the
+        function exits. If a handle is supplied, you will need to
+        explicitly synchronize yourself by calling `handle.sync()`
+        before accessing the output.
 """.strip()
 
 
@@ -150,7 +220,7 @@ def auto_sync_handle(f):
     @functools.wraps(f)
     def wrapper(*args, handle=None, **kwargs):
         sync_handle = handle is None
-        handle = handle if handle is not None else Handle()
+        handle = handle if handle is not None else DeviceResources()
 
         ret_value = f(*args, handle=handle, **kwargs)
 
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/fused_l2_nn.pyx b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/fused_l2_nn.pyx
index ce8e656822..c8e7101ee0 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/fused_l2_nn.pyx
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/fused_l2_nn.pyx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ from pylibraft.common import (
 )
 from pylibraft.common.handle import auto_sync_handle
 
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 
 
 cdef extern from "raft_runtime/distance/fused_l2_nn.hpp" \
         namespace "raft::runtime::distance" nogil:
 
     void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(
-        const handle_t &handle,
+        const device_resources &handle,
         int* min,
         const float* x,
         const float* y,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/distance/fused_l2_nn.hpp" \
         bool sqrt) except +
 
     void fused_l2_nn_min_arg(
-        const handle_t &handle,
+        const device_resources &handle,
         int* min,
         const double* x,
         const double* y,
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def fused_l2_nn_argmin(X, Y, out=None, sqrt=True, handle=None):
     d_ptr = <uintptr_t>output_cai.data
 
     handle = handle if handle is not None else Handle()
-    cdef handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources *h = <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     d_dt = output_cai.dtype
 
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/pairwise_distance.pyx b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/pairwise_distance.pyx
index 2ed2b8ed57..9649531b61 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/pairwise_distance.pyx
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/distance/pairwise_distance.pyx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from .distance_type cimport DistanceType
 from pylibraft.common import Handle
 from pylibraft.common.handle import auto_sync_handle
 
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 
 from pylibraft.common import auto_convert_output, cai_wrapper, device_ndarray
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from pylibraft.common import auto_convert_output, cai_wrapper, device_ndarray
 cdef extern from "raft_runtime/distance/pairwise_distance.hpp" \
         namespace "raft::runtime::distance" nogil:
 
-    cdef void pairwise_distance(const handle_t &handle,
+    cdef void pairwise_distance(const device_resources &handle,
                                 float *x,
                                 float *y,
                                 float *dists,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/distance/pairwise_distance.hpp" \
                                 bool isRowMajor,
                                 float metric_arg) except +
 
-    cdef void pairwise_distance(const handle_t &handle,
+    cdef void pairwise_distance(const device_resources &handle,
                                 double *x,
                                 double *y,
                                 double *dists,
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ def distance(X, Y, out=None, metric="euclidean", p=2.0, handle=None):
     d_ptr = <uintptr_t>dists_cai.data
 
     handle = handle if handle is not None else Handle()
-    cdef handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources *h = <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     d_dt = dists_cai.dtype
 
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/cpp/c_ivf_pq.pxd b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/cpp/c_ivf_pq.pxd
index 1b8076487d..3a286868bf 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/cpp/c_ivf_pq.pxd
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/cpp/c_ivf_pq.pxd
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from libcpp.string cimport string
 
 from rmm._lib.memory_resource cimport device_memory_resource
 
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 from pylibraft.distance.distance_type cimport DistanceType
 
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft/neighbors/ivf_pq_types.hpp" \
         bool force_random_rotation
 
     cdef cppclass index[IdxT](ann_index):
-        index(const handle_t& handle,
+        index(const device_resources& handle,
               DistanceType metric,
               codebook_gen codebook_kind,
               uint32_t n_lists,
@@ -108,46 +108,46 @@ cdef extern from "raft/neighbors/ivf_pq_types.hpp" \
 cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp" \
         namespace "raft::runtime::neighbors::ivf_pq" nogil:
 
-    cdef void build(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void build(const device_resources& handle,
                     const index_params& params,
                     const float* dataset,
                     uint64_t n_rows,
                     uint32_t dim,
                     index[uint64_t]* index) except +
 
-    cdef void build(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void build(const device_resources& handle,
                     const index_params& params,
                     const int8_t* dataset,
                     uint64_t n_rows,
                     uint32_t dim,
                     index[uint64_t]* index) except +
 
-    cdef void build(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void build(const device_resources& handle,
                     const index_params& params,
                     const uint8_t* dataset,
                     uint64_t n_rows,
                     uint32_t dim,
                     index[uint64_t]* index) except +
 
-    cdef void extend(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void extend(const device_resources& handle,
                      index[uint64_t]* index,
                      const float* new_vectors,
                      const uint64_t* new_indices,
                      uint64_t n_rows) except +
 
-    cdef void extend(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void extend(const device_resources& handle,
                      index[uint64_t]* index,
                      const int8_t* new_vectors,
                      const uint64_t* new_indices,
                      uint64_t n_rows) except +
 
-    cdef void extend(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void extend(const device_resources& handle,
                      index[uint64_t]* index,
                      const uint8_t* new_vectors,
                      const uint64_t* new_indices,
                      uint64_t n_rows) except +
 
-    cdef void search(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void search(const device_resources& handle,
                      const search_params& params,
                      const index[uint64_t]& index,
                      const float* queries,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp" \
                      float* distances,
                      device_memory_resource* mr) except +
 
-    cdef void search(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void search(const device_resources& handle,
                      const search_params& params,
                      const index[uint64_t]& index,
                      const int8_t* queries,
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp" \
                      float* distances,
                      device_memory_resource* mr) except +
 
-    cdef void search(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void search(const device_resources& handle,
                      const search_params& params,
                      const index[uint64_t]& index,
                      const uint8_t* queries,
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/ivf_pq.hpp" \
                      float* distances,
                      device_memory_resource* mr) except +
 
-    cdef void save(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void save(const device_resources& handle,
                    const string& filename,
                    const index[uint64_t]& index) except +
 
-    cdef void load(const handle_t& handle,
+    cdef void load(const device_resources& handle,
                    const string& filename,
                    index[uint64_t]* index) except +
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/ivf_pq.pyx b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/ivf_pq.pyx
index 8f8a49fb63..42f508c969 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/ivf_pq.pyx
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/ivf_pq/ivf_pq.pyx
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from libcpp.string cimport string
 from pylibraft.distance.distance_type cimport DistanceType
 
 from pylibraft.common import (
-    Handle,
+    DeviceResources,
     ai_wrapper,
     auto_convert_output,
     cai_wrapper,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ from pylibraft.common import (
 from pylibraft.common.cai_wrapper import wrap_array
 from pylibraft.common.interruptible import cuda_interruptible
 
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 
 from pylibraft.common.handle import auto_sync_handle
 from pylibraft.common.input_validation import is_c_contiguous
@@ -252,8 +252,9 @@ cdef class Index:
         self.trained = False
         self.index = NULL
         if handle is None:
-            handle = Handle()
-        cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+            handle = DeviceResources()
+        cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+            <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
         # We create a placeholder object. The actual parameter values do
         # not matter, it will be replaced with a built index object later.
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ def build(IndexParams index_params, dataset, handle=None):
 
     >>> import cupy as cp
 
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Handle
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources
     >>> from pylibraft.neighbors import ivf_pq
 
     >>> n_samples = 50000
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@ def build(IndexParams index_params, dataset, handle=None):
 
     >>> dataset = cp.random.random_sample((n_samples, n_features),
     ...                                   dtype=cp.float32)
-    >>> handle = Handle()
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources()
     >>> index_params = ivf_pq.IndexParams(
     ...     n_lists=1024,
     ...     metric="sqeuclidean",
@@ -382,8 +383,9 @@ def build(IndexParams index_params, dataset, handle=None):
     cdef uint32_t dim = dataset_cai.shape[1]
 
     if handle is None:
-        handle = Handle()
-    cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+        handle = DeviceResources()
+    cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     idx = Index()
 
@@ -448,7 +450,7 @@ def extend(Index index, new_vectors, new_indices, handle=None):
 
     >>> import cupy as cp
 
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Handle
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources
     >>> from pylibraft.neighbors import ivf_pq
 
     >>> n_samples = 50000
@@ -457,7 +459,7 @@ def extend(Index index, new_vectors, new_indices, handle=None):
 
     >>> dataset = cp.random.random_sample((n_samples, n_features),
     ...                                   dtype=cp.float32)
-    >>> handle = Handle()
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources()
     >>> index = ivf_pq.build(ivf_pq.IndexParams(), dataset, handle=handle)
 
     >>> n_rows = 100
@@ -485,8 +487,9 @@ def extend(Index index, new_vectors, new_indices, handle=None):
         raise ValueError("Index need to be built before calling extend.")
 
     if handle is None:
-        handle = Handle()
-    cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+        handle = DeviceResources()
+    cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     vecs_cai = wrap_array(new_vectors)
     vecs_dt = vecs_cai.dtype
@@ -626,7 +629,7 @@ def search(SearchParams search_params,
     --------
     >>> import cupy as cp
 
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Handle
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources
     >>> from pylibraft.neighbors import ivf_pq
 
     >>> n_samples = 50000
@@ -636,7 +639,7 @@ def search(SearchParams search_params,
     ...                                   dtype=cp.float32)
 
     >>> # Build index
-    >>> handle = Handle()
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources()
     >>> index = ivf_pq.build(ivf_pq.IndexParams(), dataset, handle=handle)
 
     >>> # Search using the built index
@@ -674,8 +677,9 @@ def search(SearchParams search_params,
         raise ValueError("Index need to be built before calling search.")
 
     if handle is None:
-        handle = Handle()
-    cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+        handle = DeviceResources()
+    cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     queries_cai = cai_wrapper(queries)
     queries_dt = queries_cai.dtype
@@ -768,7 +772,7 @@ def save(filename, Index index, handle=None):
     --------
     >>> import cupy as cp
 
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Handle
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources
     >>> from pylibraft.neighbors import ivf_pq
 
     >>> n_samples = 50000
@@ -777,7 +781,7 @@ def save(filename, Index index, handle=None):
     ...                                   dtype=cp.float32)
 
     >>> # Build index
-    >>> handle = Handle()
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources()
     >>> index = ivf_pq.build(ivf_pq.IndexParams(), dataset, handle=handle)
     >>> ivf_pq.save("my_index.bin", index, handle=handle)
     """
@@ -785,8 +789,9 @@ def save(filename, Index index, handle=None):
         raise ValueError("Index need to be built before saving it.")
 
     if handle is None:
-        handle = Handle()
-    cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+        handle = DeviceResources()
+    cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     cdef string c_filename = filename.encode('utf-8')
 
@@ -816,7 +821,7 @@ def load(filename, handle=None):
     --------
     >>> import cupy as cp
 
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Handle
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources
     >>> from pylibraft.neighbors import ivf_pq
 
     >>> n_samples = 50000
@@ -825,7 +830,7 @@ def load(filename, handle=None):
     ...                                   dtype=cp.float32)
 
     >>> # Build and save index
-    >>> handle = Handle()
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources()
     >>> index = ivf_pq.build(ivf_pq.IndexParams(), dataset, handle=handle)
     >>> ivf_pq.save("my_index.bin", index, handle=handle)
     >>> del index
@@ -833,15 +838,16 @@ def load(filename, handle=None):
     >>> n_queries = 100
     >>> queries = cp.random.random_sample((n_queries, n_features),
     ...                                   dtype=cp.float32)
-    >>> handle = Handle()
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources()
     >>> index = ivf_pq.load("my_index.bin", handle=handle)
 
     >>> distances, neighbors = ivf_pq.search(ivf_pq.SearchParams(), index,
     ...                                      queries, k=10, handle=handle)
     """
     if handle is None:
-        handle = Handle()
-    cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+        handle = DeviceResources()
+    cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     cdef string c_filename = filename.encode('utf-8')
     index = Index()
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/refine.pyx b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/refine.pyx
index b8f1bd0caa..5c652f7c73 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/refine.pyx
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/neighbors/refine.pyx
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ from libcpp cimport bool, nullptr
 from pylibraft.distance.distance_type cimport DistanceType
 
 from pylibraft.common import (
-    Handle,
+    DeviceResources,
     auto_convert_output,
     cai_wrapper,
     device_ndarray,
 )
 
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 
 from pylibraft.common.handle import auto_sync_handle
 from pylibraft.common.input_validation import is_c_contiguous
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp" \
         namespace "raft::runtime::neighbors" nogil:
 
     cdef void c_refine "raft::runtime::neighbors::refine" (
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         device_matrix_view[float, uint64_t, row_major] dataset,
         device_matrix_view[float, uint64_t, row_major] queries,
         device_matrix_view[uint64_t, uint64_t, row_major] candidates,
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp" \
         DistanceType metric) except +
 
     cdef void c_refine "raft::runtime::neighbors::refine" (
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         device_matrix_view[uint8_t, uint64_t, row_major] dataset,
         device_matrix_view[uint8_t, uint64_t, row_major] queries,
         device_matrix_view[uint64_t, uint64_t, row_major] candidates,
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp" \
         DistanceType metric) except +
 
     cdef void c_refine "raft::runtime::neighbors::refine" (
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         device_matrix_view[int8_t, uint64_t, row_major] dataset,
         device_matrix_view[int8_t, uint64_t, row_major] queries,
         device_matrix_view[uint64_t, uint64_t, row_major] candidates,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp" \
         DistanceType metric) except +
 
     cdef void c_refine "raft::runtime::neighbors::refine" (
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         host_matrix_view[float, uint64_t, row_major] dataset,
         host_matrix_view[float, uint64_t, row_major] queries,
         host_matrix_view[uint64_t, uint64_t, row_major] candidates,
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp" \
         DistanceType metric) except +
 
     cdef void c_refine "raft::runtime::neighbors::refine" (
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         host_matrix_view[uint8_t, uint64_t, row_major] dataset,
         host_matrix_view[uint8_t, uint64_t, row_major] queries,
         host_matrix_view[uint64_t, uint64_t, row_major] candidates,
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/neighbors/refine.hpp" \
         DistanceType metric) except +
 
     cdef void c_refine "raft::runtime::neighbors::refine" (
-        const handle_t& handle,
+        const device_resources& handle,
         host_matrix_view[int8_t, uint64_t, row_major] dataset,
         host_matrix_view[int8_t, uint64_t, row_major] queries,
         host_matrix_view[uint64_t, uint64_t, row_major] candidates,
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def refine(dataset, queries, candidates, k=None, indices=None, distances=None,
 
     >>> import cupy as cp
 
-    >>> from pylibraft.common import Handle
+    >>> from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources
     >>> from pylibraft.neighbors import ivf_pq, refine
 
     >>> n_samples = 50000
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ def refine(dataset, queries, candidates, k=None, indices=None, distances=None,
 
     >>> dataset = cp.random.random_sample((n_samples, n_features),
     ...                                   dtype=cp.float32)
-    >>> handle = Handle()
+    >>> handle = DeviceResources()
     >>> index_params = ivf_pq.IndexParams(n_lists=1024, metric="sqeuclidean",
     ...                                   pq_dim=10)
     >>> index = ivf_pq.build(index_params, dataset, handle=handle)
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ def refine(dataset, queries, candidates, k=None, indices=None, distances=None,
     """
 
     if handle is None:
-        handle = Handle()
+        handle = DeviceResources()
 
     if hasattr(dataset, "__cuda_array_interface__"):
         return _refine_device(dataset, queries, candidates, k, indices,
@@ -306,7 +306,8 @@ def refine(dataset, queries, candidates, k=None, indices=None, distances=None,
 
 def _refine_device(dataset, queries, candidates, k, indices, distances,
                    metric, handle):
-    cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     cdef device_matrix_view[uint64_t, uint64_t, row_major] candidates_view = \
         get_device_matrix_view_uint64(candidates)
@@ -367,7 +368,8 @@ def _refine_device(dataset, queries, candidates, k, indices, distances,
 
 def _refine_host(dataset, queries, candidates, k, indices, distances,
                  metric, handle):
-    cdef handle_t* handle_ = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources* handle_ = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     if k is None:
         if indices is not None:
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.pyx b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.pyx
index 56d6ced468..2c7e0430b4 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.pyx
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.pyx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ from pylibraft.common.handle import auto_sync_handle
 
 from libcpp cimport bool
 
-from pylibraft.common.handle cimport handle_t
+from pylibraft.common.handle cimport device_resources
 from pylibraft.random.cpp.rng_state cimport RngState
 
 
 cdef extern from "raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp" \
         namespace "raft::runtime::random" nogil:
 
-    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const handle_t &handle,
+    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const device_resources &handle,
                                    int* out,
                                    int* out_src,
                                    int* out_dst,
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp" \
                                    int n_edges,
                                    RngState& r) except +
 
-    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const handle_t &handle,
+    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const device_resources &handle,
                                    int64_t* out,
                                    int64_t* out_src,
                                    int64_t* out_dst,
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp" \
                                    int64_t n_edges,
                                    RngState& r) except +
 
-    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const handle_t &handle,
+    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const device_resources &handle,
                                    int* out,
                                    int* out_src,
                                    int* out_dst,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ cdef extern from "raft_runtime/random/rmat_rectangular_generator.hpp" \
                                    int n_edges,
                                    RngState& r) except +
 
-    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const handle_t &handle,
+    cdef void rmat_rectangular_gen(const device_resources &handle,
                                    int64_t* out,
                                    int64_t* out_src,
                                    int64_t* out_dst,
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def rmat(out, theta, r_scale, c_scale, seed=12345, handle=None):
     cdef RngState *rng = new RngState(seed)
 
     handle = handle if handle is not None else Handle()
-    cdef handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef device_resources *h = <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
 
     if out_dt == np.int32 and theta_dt == np.float32:
         rmat_rectangular_gen(deref(h),
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_distance.py b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_distance.py
index 9c8a608f6e..dd6050a098 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_distance.py
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_distance.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 import pytest
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from pylibraft.common import Handle, Stream, device_ndarray
+from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources, Stream, device_ndarray
 from pylibraft.distance import pairwise_distance
 
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def test_distance(n_rows, n_cols, inplace, metric, order, dtype):
     output_device = device_ndarray(output) if inplace else None
 
     s2 = Stream()
-    handle = Handle(stream=s2)
+    handle = DeviceResources(stream=s2)
     ret_output = pairwise_distance(
         input1_device, input1_device, output_device, metric, handle=handle
     )
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_fused_l2_argmin.py b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_fused_l2_argmin.py
index b05ad3d530..086bb26f17 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_fused_l2_argmin.py
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_fused_l2_argmin.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 import pytest
 from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
 
-from pylibraft.common import Handle, device_ndarray
+from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources, device_ndarray
 from pylibraft.distance import fused_l2_nn_argmin
 
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def test_fused_l2_nn_minarg(n_rows, n_cols, n_clusters, dtype, inplace):
     input2_device = device_ndarray(input2)
     output_device = device_ndarray(output) if inplace else None
 
-    handle = Handle()
+    handle = DeviceResources()
     ret_output = fused_l2_nn_argmin(
         input1_device, input2_device, output_device, True, handle=handle
     )
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_handle.py b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_handle.py
index 877bf442f8..ae519ea965 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_handle.py
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_handle.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from pylibraft.common import Handle, Stream, device_ndarray
+from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources, Stream, device_ndarray
 from pylibraft.distance import pairwise_distance
 
 try:
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ def test_handle_external_stream(stream):
     output_device = device_ndarray(output)
 
     # We are just testing that this doesn't segfault
-    handle = Handle(stream)
+    handle = DeviceResources(stream)
     pairwise_distance(
         input1_device, input1_device, output_device, "euclidean", handle=handle
     )
     handle.sync()
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        handle = Handle(stream=1.0)
+        handle = DeviceResources(stream=1.0)
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_kmeans.py b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_kmeans.py
index e5e544d565..4c2388de62 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_kmeans.py
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_kmeans.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     compute_new_centroids,
     fit,
 )
-from pylibraft.common import Handle, device_ndarray
+from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources, device_ndarray
 from pylibraft.distance import pairwise_distance
 
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def test_compute_new_centroids(
 
     # A single RAFT handle can optionally be reused across
     # pylibraft functions.
-    handle = Handle()
+    handle = DeviceResources()
 
     X = np.random.random_sample((n_rows, n_cols)).astype(dtype)
     X_device = device_ndarray(X)
diff --git a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_random.py b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_random.py
index 229baffff5..76c0f53d3e 100644
--- a/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_random.py
+++ b/python/pylibraft/pylibraft/test/test_random.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from pylibraft.common import Handle, device_ndarray
+from pylibraft.common import DeviceResources, device_ndarray
 from pylibraft.random import rmat
 
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def test_rmat(n_edges, r_scale, c_scale, dtype):
     out_buff = np.empty((n_edges, 2), dtype=dtype)
     output_device = device_ndarray(out_buff)
 
-    handle = Handle()
+    handle = DeviceResources()
     rmat(output_device, theta_device, r_scale, c_scale, 12345, handle=handle)
     handle.sync()
     output = output_device.copy_to_host()
diff --git a/python/raft-dask/raft_dask/common/comms_utils.pyx b/python/raft-dask/raft_dask/common/comms_utils.pyx
index 7db04ef455..768ba0e422 100644
--- a/python/raft-dask/raft_dask/common/comms_utils.pyx
+++ b/python/raft-dask/raft_dask/common/comms_utils.pyx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2019-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2019-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -30,41 +30,49 @@ cdef extern from "nccl.h":
     ctypedef ncclComm *ncclComm_t
 
 cdef extern from "raft/core/handle.hpp" namespace "raft":
-    cdef cppclass handle_t:
-        handle_t() except +
+    cdef cppclass device_resources:
+        device_resources() except +
+
+cdef extern from "raft/core/device_resources.hpp" namespace "raft":
+    cdef cppclass device_resources:
+        device_resources() except +
 
 cdef extern from "raft/comms/std_comms.hpp" namespace "raft::comms":
 
-    void build_comms_nccl_ucx(handle_t *handle,
+    void build_comms_nccl_ucx(device_resources *handle,
                               ncclComm_t comm,
                               void *ucp_worker,
                               void *eps,
                               int size,
                               int rank) except +
 
-    void build_comms_nccl_only(handle_t *handle,
+    void build_comms_nccl_only(device_resources *handle,
                                ncclComm_t comm,
                                int size,
                                int rank) except +
 
 cdef extern from "raft/comms/comms_test.hpp" namespace "raft::comms":
 
-    bool test_collective_allreduce(const handle_t &h, int root) except +
-    bool test_collective_broadcast(const handle_t &h, int root) except +
-    bool test_collective_reduce(const handle_t &h, int root) except +
-    bool test_collective_allgather(const handle_t &h, int root) except +
-    bool test_collective_gather(const handle_t &h, int root) except +
-    bool test_collective_gatherv(const handle_t &h, int root) except +
-    bool test_collective_reducescatter(const handle_t &h, int root) except +
-    bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(const handle_t &h,
+    bool test_collective_allreduce(const device_resources &h, int root) \
+        except +
+    bool test_collective_broadcast(const device_resources &h, int root) \
+        except +
+    bool test_collective_reduce(const device_resources &h, int root) except +
+    bool test_collective_allgather(const device_resources &h, int root) \
+        except +
+    bool test_collective_gather(const device_resources &h, int root) except +
+    bool test_collective_gatherv(const device_resources &h, int root) except +
+    bool test_collective_reducescatter(const device_resources &h, int root) \
+        except +
+    bool test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(const device_resources &h,
                                             int numTrials) except +
-    bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(const handle_t &h,
+    bool test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(const device_resources &h,
                                                int numTrials) except +
-    bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(const handle_t &h,
+    bool test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(const device_resources &h,
                                            int numTrials) except +
-    bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(const handle_t &h,
+    bool test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(const device_resources &h,
                                                      int numTrials) except +
-    bool test_commsplit(const handle_t &h, int n_colors) except +
+    bool test_commsplit(const device_resources &h, int n_colors) except +
 
 
 def perform_test_comms_allreduce(handle, root):
@@ -76,7 +84,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_allreduce(handle, root):
     handle : raft.common.Handle
              handle containing comms_t to use
     """
-    cdef const handle_t* h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources* h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_collective_allreduce(deref(h), root)
 
 
@@ -89,7 +98,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_reduce(handle, root):
     handle : raft.common.Handle
              handle containing comms_t to use
     """
-    cdef const handle_t* h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources* h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_collective_reduce(deref(h), root)
 
 
@@ -102,7 +112,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_reducescatter(handle, root):
     handle : raft.common.Handle
              handle containing comms_t to use
     """
-    cdef const handle_t* h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources* h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_collective_reducescatter(deref(h), root)
 
 
@@ -115,7 +126,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_bcast(handle, root):
     handle : raft.common.Handle
              handle containing comms_t to use
     """
-    cdef const handle_t* h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources* h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_collective_broadcast(deref(h), root)
 
 
@@ -128,7 +140,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_allgather(handle, root):
     handle : raft.common.Handle
              handle containing comms_t to use
     """
-    cdef const handle_t* h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources* h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_collective_allgather(deref(h), root)
 
 
@@ -143,7 +156,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_gather(handle, root):
     root : int
            Rank of the root worker
     """
-    cdef const handle_t* h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources* h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_collective_gather(deref(h), root)
 
 
@@ -158,7 +172,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_gatherv(handle, root):
     root : int
            Rank of the root worker
     """
-    cdef const handle_t* h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources* h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_collective_gatherv(deref(h), root)
 
 
@@ -173,7 +188,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_send_recv(handle, n_trials):
     n_trilas : int
                Number of test trials
     """
-    cdef const handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources *h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_pointToPoint_simple_send_recv(deref(h), <int>n_trials)
 
 
@@ -188,7 +204,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_device_send_or_recv(handle, n_trials):
     n_trilas : int
                Number of test trials
     """
-    cdef const handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources *h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_pointToPoint_device_send_or_recv(deref(h), <int>n_trials)
 
 
@@ -203,7 +220,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_device_sendrecv(handle, n_trials):
     n_trilas : int
                Number of test trials
     """
-    cdef const handle_t *h = <handle_t*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources *h = \
+        <device_resources*><size_t>handle.getHandle()
     return test_pointToPoint_device_sendrecv(deref(h), <int>n_trials)
 
 
@@ -218,7 +236,8 @@ def perform_test_comms_device_multicast_sendrecv(handle, n_trials):
     n_trilas : int
                Number of test trials
     """
-    cdef const handle_t *h = <handle_t *> <size_t> handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources *h = \
+        <device_resources *> <size_t> handle.getHandle()
     return test_pointToPoint_device_multicast_sendrecv(deref(h), <int>n_trials)
 
 
@@ -231,7 +250,8 @@ def perform_test_comm_split(handle, n_colors):
     handle : raft.common.Handle
              handle containing comms_t to use
     """
-    cdef const handle_t * h = < handle_t * > < size_t > handle.getHandle()
+    cdef const device_resources * h = \
+        < device_resources * > < size_t > handle.getHandle()
     return test_commsplit(deref(h), < int > n_colors)
 
 
@@ -254,7 +274,7 @@ def inject_comms_on_handle_coll_only(handle, nccl_inst, size, rank, verbose):
     """
 
     cdef size_t handle_size_t = <size_t>handle.getHandle()
-    handle_ = <handle_t*>handle_size_t
+    handle_ = <device_resources*>handle_size_t
 
     cdef size_t nccl_comm_size_t = <size_t>nccl_inst.get_comm()
     nccl_comm_ = <ncclComm_t*>nccl_comm_size_t
@@ -296,7 +316,7 @@ def inject_comms_on_handle(handle, nccl_inst, ucp_worker, eps, size,
     cdef void* ucp_worker_st = <void*><size_t>ucp_worker
 
     cdef size_t handle_size_t = <size_t>handle.getHandle()
-    handle_ = <handle_t*>handle_size_t
+    handle_ = <device_resources*>handle_size_t
 
     cdef size_t nccl_comm_size_t = <size_t>nccl_inst.get_comm()
     nccl_comm_ = <ncclComm_t*>nccl_comm_size_t
diff --git a/python/raft-dask/setup.cfg b/python/raft-dask/setup.cfg
index 3f563289c4..e218f00c3e 100644
--- a/python/raft-dask/setup.cfg
+++ b/python/raft-dask/setup.cfg
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2020-2022, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
+# Copyright (c) 2020-2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION.
 
 [versioneer]
 VCS = git