diff --git a/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q02_utils.py b/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q02_utils.py
index b9f058a6..44f0c81b 100644
--- a/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q02_utils.py
+++ b/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q02_utils.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ def read_tables(config, c=None):
         data_format=config["file_format"],
         basepath=config["data_dir"],
         split_row_groups=config["split_row_groups"],
+        backend=config["backend"],
     )
     wcs_cols = ["wcs_user_sk", "wcs_item_sk", "wcs_click_date_sk", "wcs_click_time_sk"]
     wcs_df = table_reader.read("web_clickstreams", relevant_cols=wcs_cols)
diff --git a/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q04_utils.py b/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q04_utils.py
index b848f840..e37bd8e6 100644
--- a/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q04_utils.py
+++ b/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q04_utils.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
+import pandas as pd
 import cudf
 
 from bdb_tools.sessionization import get_sessions
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ def read_tables(config, c=None):
         data_format=config["file_format"],
         basepath=config["data_dir"],
         split_row_groups=config["split_row_groups"],
+        backend=config["backend"],
     )
 
     wp_cols = ["wp_type", "wp_web_page_sk"]
@@ -54,13 +56,15 @@ def abandonedShoppingCarts(df, DYNAMIC_CAT_CODE, ORDER_CAT_CODE):
         (df["wp_type_codes"] == ORDER_CAT_CODE)
         | (df["wp_type_codes"] == DYNAMIC_CAT_CODE)
     ]
+
     # Create a new column that is the concatenation of timestamp and wp_type_codes
     # (eg:123456:3, 234567:5)
     filtered_df["wp_type_codes"] = (
         filtered_df["tstamp_inSec"]
-        .astype("str")
-        .str.cat(filtered_df["wp_type_codes"].astype("str"), sep=":")
+        .astype(str)
+        .str.cat(filtered_df["wp_type_codes"].astype(str), sep=":")
     )
+
     # This gives the last occurrence (by timestamp) within the "order", "dynamic" wp_types
     filtered_df = filtered_df.groupby(
         ["wcs_user_sk", "session_id"], as_index=False, sort=False
@@ -82,10 +86,14 @@ def abandonedShoppingCarts(df, DYNAMIC_CAT_CODE, ORDER_CAT_CODE):
         grouped_count_df, on=["wcs_user_sk", "session_id"], how="inner"
     )
     del (last_dynamic_df, grouped_count_df)
-    return cudf.DataFrame(
-        {"pagecount": result.tstamp_inSec.sum(), "count": len(result)}
-    )
-
+    if isinstance(df, cudf.DataFrame):
+        return cudf.DataFrame(
+            {"pagecount": result.tstamp_inSec.sum(), "count": [len(result)]}
+        )
+    else:
+        return pd.DataFrame(
+            {"pagecount": result.tstamp_inSec.sum(), "count": [len(result)]}
+        )
 
 def reduction_function(df, keep_cols, DYNAMIC_CAT_CODE, ORDER_CAT_CODE):
     df = get_sessions(df, keep_cols=keep_cols)
diff --git a/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q05_utils.py b/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q05_utils.py
index 6ee48cbd..aed8dd4e 100644
--- a/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q05_utils.py
+++ b/gpu_bdb/bdb_tools/q05_utils.py
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
+import numpy as np
+import sklearn 
 import cupy as cp
-
 import cuml
+import cudf
 from cuml.metrics import confusion_matrix
 
 from bdb_tools.cupy_metrics import cupy_precision_score
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ def read_tables(config, c=None):
         data_format=config["file_format"],
         basepath=config["data_dir"],
         split_row_groups=config["split_row_groups"],
+        backend=config["backend"],
     )
 
     item_ddf = table_reader.read("item", relevant_cols=items_columns, index=False)
@@ -94,11 +97,16 @@ def build_and_predict_model(ml_input_df):
     results_dict = {}
     y_pred = model.predict(X)
 
-    results_dict["auc"] = roc_auc_score(y.values_host, y_pred.values_host)
+    results_dict["auc"] = roc_auc_score(y, y_pred)
     results_dict["precision"] = cupy_precision_score(cp.asarray(y), cp.asarray(y_pred))
-    results_dict["confusion_matrix"] = confusion_matrix(
-        cp.asarray(y, dtype="int32"), cp.asarray(y_pred, dtype="int32")
-    )
+    if isinstance(ml_input_df, cudf.DataFrame):
+        results_dict["confusion_matrix"] = confusion_matrix(
+            cp.asarray(y, dtype="int32"), cp.asarray(y_pred, dtype="int32")
+        )
+    else:
+         results_dict["confusion_matrix"] = confusion_matrix(
+            np.asarray(y, dtype="int32"), np.asarray(y_pred, dtype="int32")
+        )
     results_dict["output_type"] = "supervised"
     return results_dict
 
diff --git a/gpu_bdb/queries/q04/gpu_bdb_query_04_dask_sql.py b/gpu_bdb/queries/q04/gpu_bdb_query_04_dask_sql.py
index d41e2827..a7c87669 100755
--- a/gpu_bdb/queries/q04/gpu_bdb_query_04_dask_sql.py
+++ b/gpu_bdb/queries/q04/gpu_bdb_query_04_dask_sql.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 #
-
 from nvtx import annotate
+import pandas as pd
 import cudf
 
 from bdb_tools.cluster_startup import attach_to_cluster
@@ -46,8 +46,11 @@ def main(data_dir, client, c, config):
     wp["wp_type"] = wp["wp_type"].map_partitions(
                                     lambda ser: ser.astype("category"))
     
-    cpu_categories = wp["wp_type"].compute().cat.categories.to_pandas()
-
+    if isinstance(wp, cudf.DataFrame):
+        cpu_categories = wp["wp_type"].compute().cat.categories.to_pandas()
+    else: 
+        cpu_categories = wp["wp_type"].compute().cat.categories
+    
     DYNAMIC_CAT_CODE = cpu_categories.get_loc("dynamic")
     ORDER_CAT_CODE = cpu_categories.get_loc("order")
 
@@ -84,7 +87,11 @@ def main(data_dir, client, c, config):
     result = result.persist()
 
     result = result.compute()
-    result_df = cudf.DataFrame({"sum(pagecount)/count(*)": [result]})
+    
+    if isinstance(merged_df, cudf.DataFrame):
+        result_df = cudf.DataFrame({"sum(pagecount)/count(*)": [result]})
+    else:
+        result_df = pd.DataFrame({"sum(pagecount)/count(*)": [result]})
     c.drop_table("web_page")
     return result_df