diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ca98753e7975c..110ab0a084567 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1153,6 +1153,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "minimal-lexical",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nonmax"
+version = "0.5.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "610a5acd306ec67f907abe5567859a3c693fb9886eb1f012ab8f2a47bef3db51"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-ansi-term"
 version = "0.46.0"
@@ -1758,6 +1764,7 @@ version = "0.22.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "dashmap 6.0.1",
+ "nonmax",
  "oxc_index",
  "oxc_span",
  "phf",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a6e59dd4beb75..cb08355e0e132 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ lazy_static         = "1.4.0"
 memoffset           = "0.9.1"
 miette              = { version = "7.2.0", features = ["fancy-no-syscall"] }
 mimalloc            = "0.1.42"
+nonmax              = "0.5.5"
 num-bigint          = "0.4.5"
 num-traits          = "0.2.19"
 phf                 = "0.11.2"
diff --git a/crates/oxc_syntax/Cargo.toml b/crates/oxc_syntax/Cargo.toml
index cb880b3c78954..9b0d0083a2363 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_syntax/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/oxc_syntax/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ bitflags         = { workspace = true }
 rustc-hash       = { workspace = true }
 dashmap          = { workspace = true }
 phf              = { workspace = true, features = ["macros"] }
+nonmax           = { workspace = true }
 
 ryu-js       = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 serde        = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"], optional = true }
diff --git a/crates/oxc_syntax/src/reference.rs b/crates/oxc_syntax/src/reference.rs
index 45db818aa74fa..5d1179ae6d1f1 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_syntax/src/reference.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_syntax/src/reference.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,31 @@
-use std::num::NonZeroU32;
-
 use bitflags::bitflags;
+use nonmax::NonMaxU32;
 #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
-use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
 
 use oxc_index::Idx;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serialize", derive(Serialize))]
-pub struct ReferenceId(NonZeroU32);
+pub struct ReferenceId(NonMaxU32);
 
 impl Idx for ReferenceId {
     #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn from_usize(idx: usize) -> Self {
-        // NB: We can't use `NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(idx as u32 + 1)`
-        // because if `idx == u32::MAX`, `+ 1` would make it wrap around back to 0
-        Self(NonZeroU32::new(idx as u32 + 1).unwrap())
+        Self(NonMaxU32::new(idx as u32).unwrap())
     }
 
     fn index(self) -> usize {
-        self.0.get() as usize - 1
+        self.0.get() as usize
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl Serialize for ReferenceId {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_u32(self.0.get())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_syntax/src/symbol.rs b/crates/oxc_syntax/src/symbol.rs
index 5274d5b33b74c..d18991a1b8321 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_syntax/src/symbol.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_syntax/src/symbol.rs
@@ -1,42 +1,55 @@
-use std::num::NonZeroU32;
-
 use bitflags::bitflags;
+use nonmax::NonMaxU32;
 #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
-use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
 
 use oxc_index::Idx;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serialize", derive(Serialize))]
-pub struct SymbolId(NonZeroU32);
+pub struct SymbolId(NonMaxU32);
 
 impl Idx for SymbolId {
     #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn from_usize(idx: usize) -> Self {
-        // NB: We can't use `NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(idx as u32 + 1)`
-        // because if `idx == u32::MAX`, `+ 1` would make it wrap around back to 0
-        Self(NonZeroU32::new(idx as u32 + 1).unwrap())
+        Self(NonMaxU32::new(idx as u32).unwrap())
     }
 
     fn index(self) -> usize {
-        self.0.get() as usize - 1
+        self.0.get() as usize
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl Serialize for SymbolId {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_u32(self.0.get())
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serialize", derive(Serialize))]
-pub struct RedeclarationId(NonZeroU32);
+pub struct RedeclarationId(NonMaxU32);
 
 impl Idx for RedeclarationId {
     #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     fn from_usize(idx: usize) -> Self {
-        // NB: We can't use `NonZeroU32::new_unchecked(idx as u32 + 1)`
-        // because if `idx == u32::MAX`, `+ 1` would make it wrap around back to 0
-        Self(NonZeroU32::new(idx as u32 + 1).unwrap())
+        Self(NonMaxU32::new(idx as u32).unwrap())
     }
 
     fn index(self) -> usize {
-        self.0.get() as usize - 1
+        self.0.get() as usize
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl Serialize for RedeclarationId {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_u32(self.0.get())
     }
 }