diff --git a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/internal.rb b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/internal.rb
index 9c9068b93..fae806960 100644
--- a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/internal.rb
+++ b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/internal.rb
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ def valid_value?(value)
       end
 
       def valid_attributes?(owner, kind, attrs)
-        attrs.nil? || attrs.all? do |k, v|
+        attrs.nil? || attrs.each do |k, v|
           if !valid_key?(k)
             OpenTelemetry.handle_error(message: "invalid #{kind} attribute key type #{k.class} on span '#{owner}'")
-            false
+            return false
           elsif !valid_value?(v)
             OpenTelemetry.handle_error(message: "invalid #{kind} attribute value type #{v.class} for key '#{k}' on span '#{owner}'")
-            false
-          else
-            true
+            return false
           end
         end
+
+        true
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/span.rb b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/span.rb
index b706b70d2..3221b8ccd 100644
--- a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/span.rb
+++ b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/span.rb
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def to_span_data
         end
 
         # @api private
-        def initialize(context, parent_context, parent_span, name, kind, parent_span_id, span_limits, span_processors, attributes, links, start_timestamp, resource, instrumentation_scope) # rubocop:disable  Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity, Metrics/MethodLength,  Metrics/PerceivedComplexity
+        def initialize(context, parent_context, parent_span, name, kind, parent_span_id, span_limits, span_processors, attributes, links, start_timestamp, resource, instrumentation_scope) # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength, Metrics/PerceivedComplexity
           super(span_context: context)
           @mutex = Mutex.new
           @name = name
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ def initialize(context, parent_context, parent_span, name, kind, parent_span_id,
           @total_recorded_events = 0
           @total_recorded_links = links&.size || 0
           @total_recorded_attributes = attributes&.size || 0
-          @attributes = attributes.nil? ? nil : Hash[attributes] # We need a mutable copy of attributes.
+          @attributes = attributes
           trim_span_attributes(@attributes)
           @events = nil
           @links = trim_links(links, span_limits.link_count_limit, span_limits.link_attribute_count_limit)
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ def initialize(context, parent_context, parent_span, name, kind, parent_span_id,
           # SpanData.
           @monotonic_start_timestamp = monotonic_now
           @realtime_start_timestamp = if parent_span.recording?
-                                        relative_realtime(parent_span.realtime_start_timestamp, parent_span.monotonic_start_timestamp)
+                                        relative_realtime(parent_span.realtime_start_timestamp, parent_span.monotonic_start_timestamp, @monotonic_start_timestamp)
                                       else
                                         realtime_now
                                       end
@@ -419,15 +419,15 @@ def append_event(events, event) # rubocop:disable Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity,
         def relative_timestamp(timestamp)
           return time_in_nanoseconds(timestamp) unless timestamp.nil?
 
-          relative_realtime(realtime_start_timestamp, monotonic_start_timestamp)
+          relative_realtime(realtime_start_timestamp, monotonic_start_timestamp, monotonic_now)
         end
 
         def time_in_nanoseconds(timestamp)
           (timestamp.to_r * 1_000_000_000).to_i
         end
 
-        def relative_realtime(realtime_base, monotonic_base)
-          realtime_base + (monotonic_now - monotonic_base)
+        def relative_realtime(realtime_base, monotonic_base, now)
+          realtime_base + (now - monotonic_base)
         end
 
         def realtime_now
diff --git a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb
index 790c6ba0f..10a8ed8ae 100644
--- a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb
+++ b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def internal_start_span(name, kind, attributes, links, start_timestamp, parent_c
           if result.recording? && !@stopped
             trace_flags = result.sampled? ? OpenTelemetry::Trace::TraceFlags::SAMPLED : OpenTelemetry::Trace::TraceFlags::DEFAULT
             context = OpenTelemetry::Trace::SpanContext.new(trace_id: trace_id, span_id: span_id, trace_flags: trace_flags, tracestate: result.tracestate)
-            attributes = attributes&.merge(result.attributes) || result.attributes
+            attributes = attributes&.merge(result.attributes) || result.attributes.dup
             Span.new(
               context,
               parent_context,