diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index fd9638665e2..1183cb75ce9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -25,43 +25,7 @@ permissions:
   contents: write
 
 jobs:
-  build-barretenberg:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        with:
-          ref: ${{ inputs.tag || env.GITHUB_REF }}
-
-      - name: Collect locked barretenberg rev
-        run: |
-          echo "BB_REV=$(jq -r .nodes.barretenberg.locked.rev ./flake.lock)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v20
-        with:
-          nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-22.11
-          github_access_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
-      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v12
-        with:
-          name: barretenberg
-
-      # Upload does not work with symlinks, using this workaround:
-      # https://github.com/actions/upload-artifact/issues/92#issuecomment-1080347032
-      - name: Build barretenberg as libbarretenberg-wasm32
-        run: |
-          nix build "github:AztecProtocol/barretenberg/${{ env.BB_REV }}#wasm32"
-          echo "ARTIFACT_UPLOAD_PATH=$(readlink -f result)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: libbarretenberg-wasm32
-          path: ${{ env.ARTIFACT_UPLOAD_PATH }}
-          retention-days: 3
-
   build-apple-darwin:
-    needs: [build-barretenberg]
     runs-on: macos-latest
     env:
       CROSS_CONFIG: ${{ github.workspace }}/.github/Cross.toml
@@ -94,22 +58,14 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATHS }}
           key: ${{ matrix.target }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
 
-      - name: Download artifact
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: libbarretenberg-wasm32
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32
-
       - name: Setup toolchain
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.66.0
         with:
           targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
 
       - name: Build environment and Compile
-        env:
-          BARRETENBERG_BIN_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32/bin
         run: |
-          cargo build --package nargo_cli --release --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "plonk_bn254_wasm ${{ inputs.features }}"
+          cargo build --package nargo_cli --release --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "${{ inputs.features }}"
 
       - uses: actions/cache/save@v3
         # Don't create cache entries for the merge queue.
@@ -152,7 +108,6 @@ jobs:
           tag: ${{ inputs.tag || 'nightly' }} # This will fail if `inputs.tag` is not a tag (e.g. testing a branch)
 
   build-linux:
-    needs: [build-barretenberg]
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     env:
       CROSS_CONFIG: ${{ github.workspace }}/.github/Cross.toml
@@ -169,8 +124,6 @@ jobs:
           [
             x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu,
             x86_64-unknown-linux-musl,
-            aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu,
-            aarch64-unknown-linux-musl,
           ]
 
     steps:
@@ -185,23 +138,15 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATHS }}
           key: ${{ matrix.target }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
 
-      - name: Download artifact
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: libbarretenberg-wasm32
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32
-
       - name: Setup toolchain
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.66.0
         with:
           targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
 
       - name: Build Nargo
-        env:
-          BARRETENBERG_BIN_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32/bin
         run: |
           cargo install cross --version 0.2.5 --force 
-          cross build --package nargo_cli --release --target=${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "plonk_bn254_wasm ${{ inputs.features }}"
+          cross build --package nargo_cli --release --target=${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "${{ inputs.features }}"
 
       - uses: actions/cache/save@v3
         # Don't create cache entries for the merge queue.
@@ -242,87 +187,3 @@ jobs:
           asset_name: nargo-${{ matrix.target }}.tar.gz
           overwrite: true
           tag: ${{ inputs.tag || 'nightly' }} # This will fail if `inputs.tag` is not a tag (e.g. testing a branch)
-
-  build-windows:
-    needs: [build-barretenberg]
-    runs-on: windows-2022
-    env:
-      CROSS_CONFIG: ${{ github.workspace }}/.github/Cross.toml
-      CACHED_PATHS: |
-        ~/.cargo/bin/
-        ~/.cargo/registry/index/
-        ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
-        ~/.cargo/git/db/
-        target/
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        target: [x86_64-pc-windows-msvc]
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        with:
-          ref: ${{ inputs.tag || env.GITHUB_REF }}
-
-      - uses: actions/cache/restore@v3
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATHS }}
-          key: ${{ matrix.target }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
-
-      - name: Download artifact
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: libbarretenberg-wasm32
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32
-
-      - name: Setup toolchain
-        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.66.0
-        with:
-          targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
-
-      - name: Build environment and Compile
-        env:
-          BARRETENBERG_BIN_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32/bin
-        run: |
-          cargo build --package nargo_cli --release --target ${{ matrix.target }} --no-default-features --features "plonk_bn254_wasm ${{ inputs.features }}"
-
-      - uses: actions/cache/save@v3
-        # Don't create cache entries for the merge queue.
-        if: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && github.event_name != 'merge_group' }}
-        with:
-          path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATHS }}
-          key: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.cache-primary-key }}
-
-      - name: Package artifacts
-        run: |
-          mkdir dist
-          cp ./target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/nargo.exe ./dist/nargo.exe
-          7z a -tzip nargo-${{ matrix.target }}.zip ./dist/*
-
-      - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: nargo-${{ matrix.target }}
-          path: ./dist/*
-          retention-days: 3
-
-      - name: Test built artifact
-        shell: powershell
-        run: |
-          cp ./target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/nargo.exe ~/.cargo/bin/
-
-          cd release-tests
-          yarn install
-          yarn test
-
-      - name: Upload binaries to release tag
-        uses: svenstaro/upload-release-action@v2
-        if: ${{ inputs.publish || github.event_name == 'schedule' }}
-        with:
-          repo_name: noir-lang/noir
-          repo_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          file: ./nargo-${{ matrix.target }}.zip
-          asset_name: nargo-${{ matrix.target }}.zip
-          overwrite: true
-          tag: ${{ inputs.tag || 'nightly' }} # This will fail if `inputs.tag` is not a tag (e.g. testing a branch)
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 23a6716ab59..4db556503f2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,12 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
     timeout-minutes: 30
     env:
-      CACHED_PATH: /tmp/nix-cache
+      CACHED_PATHS: |
+        ~/.cargo/bin/
+        ~/.cargo/registry/index/
+        ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
+        ~/.cargo/git/db/
+        target/
 
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -23,50 +28,30 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - os: ubuntu
             runner: ubuntu-latest
-            target: x86_64-linux
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v22
-        with:
-          nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-22.11
-          github_access_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
-      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v12
-        with:
-          name: barretenberg
-
       - name: Restore nix store cache
         uses: actions/cache/restore@v3
         id: cache
         with:
-          path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATH }}
+          path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATHS }}
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-flake-${{ hashFiles('*.lock') }}
 
-      # Based on https://github.com/marigold-dev/deku/blob/b5016f0cf4bf6ac48db9111b70dd7fb49b969dfd/.github/workflows/build.yml#L26
-      - name: Copy cache into nix store
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
-        # We don't check the signature because we're the one that created the cache
-        run: |
-          for narinfo in ${{ env.CACHED_PATH }}/*.narinfo; do
-            path=$(head -n 1 "$narinfo" | awk '{print $2}')
-            nix copy --no-check-sigs --from "file://${{ env.CACHED_PATH }}" "$path"
-          done
-
-      - name: Run `nix flake check`
-        run: |
-          nix flake check -L
+      - name: Setup toolchain
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.66.0
+        with:
+          targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
 
-      - name: Export cache from nix store
-        if: ${{ always() && steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && github.event_name != 'merge_group' }}
-        run: |
-          nix copy --to "file://${{ env.CACHED_PATH }}?compression=zstd&parallel-compression=true" .#native-cargo-artifacts
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: cargo test --workspace --locked --release
 
       - uses: actions/cache/save@v3
         # Write a cache entry even if the tests fail but don't create any for the merge queue.
         if: ${{ always() && steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && github.event_name != 'merge_group' }}
         with:
-          path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATH }}
+          path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATHS }}
           key: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.cache-primary-key }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
index ecf2fab06ba..3a451f9d957 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
@@ -9,45 +9,7 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
-  # TODO: Replace this step with downloading a wasm binary from a set release of Barretenberg
-  build-barretenberg:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout Noir repo
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-      - name: Collect locked barretenberg rev
-        run: |
-          echo "BB_REV=$(jq -r .nodes.barretenberg.locked.rev ./flake.lock)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "BB_REV is ${{ env.BB_REV }}"
-
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v20
-        with:
-          nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-22.11
-          github_access_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
-      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v12
-        with:
-          name: barretenberg
-          authToken: "${{ secrets.CACHIX_AUTH_TOKEN }}"
-
-      # Upload does not work with symlinks, using this workaround:
-      # https://github.com/actions/upload-artifact/issues/92#issuecomment-1080347032
-      - name: Build barretenberg as libbarretenberg-wasm32
-        run: |
-          echo "BB_REV is ${{ env.BB_REV }}"
-          nix build "github:AztecProtocol/barretenberg/${{ env.BB_REV }}#wasm32"
-          echo "ARTIFACT_UPLOAD_PATH=$(readlink -f result)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: libbarretenberg-wasm32
-          path: ${{ env.ARTIFACT_UPLOAD_PATH }}
-          retention-days: 3
-
   build-nargo:
-    needs: [build-barretenberg]
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     env:
       CACHED_PATHS: |
@@ -67,20 +29,11 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ env.CACHED_PATHS }}
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-cargo-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
 
-      - name: Download artifact
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
-        with:
-          name: libbarretenberg-wasm32
-          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32
-
       - name: Setup toolchain
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.66.0
 
       - name: Build Nargo
-        env:
-          BARRETENBERG_BIN_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/libbarretenberg-wasm32/bin
-        run: |
-          cargo build --package nargo_cli --release --no-default-features --features plonk_bn254_wasm
+        run: cargo build --package nargo_cli --release
 
       - uses: actions/cache/save@v3
         # Don't create cache entries for the merge queue.
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c323c50adf0..00f51294521 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ version = 3
 
 [[package]]
 name = "acir"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86577747c44f23e2e8e6d972287d01341c0eea42a78ce15c5efd212a39d0fc27"
+checksum = "2dab15381940b2eb3ecca70e78adcfb547df5b49123b2872c2333b0ee965beae"
 dependencies = [
  "acir_field",
  "bincode",
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "acir_field"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4239156a8eddd55b2ae8bd25aa169d012bae70e0fd7c635f08f68ada54a8cb6c"
+checksum = "16ae84a2d0f6e5087a499c56d41ca8227fd26abea01b527694c601b230b27111"
 dependencies = [
  "ark-bn254",
  "ark-ff",
@@ -32,14 +32,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "acvm"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "74351bab6e0fd2ec1bd631abc73260f374cc28d2baf85c0e11300c0c989d5e53"
+checksum = "1cc5bd62182c728ec5d3a080319765b0c86f294fc74f90fd6657008ae789d797"
 dependencies = [
  "acir",
  "acvm_blackbox_solver",
  "acvm_stdlib",
- "async-trait",
  "brillig_vm",
  "indexmap 1.9.3",
  "num-bigint",
@@ -49,44 +48,51 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "acvm-backend-barretenberg"
-version = "0.11.0"
+version = "0.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "438eb3837cfc37e0798e18f4a0ebae595e4cbe32a3f4cecfb47ccc1354180dc8"
+checksum = "8b2c96a9e4ea5b057e027b6f673dfd78260046aef67bdfcd867480575baa1d53"
 dependencies = [
  "acvm",
- "barretenberg-sys",
- "bincode",
- "bytesize",
- "getrandom",
- "pkg-config",
+ "base64",
+ "build-target",
+ "const_format",
+ "dirs 5.0.1",
+ "flate2",
  "reqwest",
- "rust-embed",
- "serde",
- "serde-big-array",
+ "tar",
+ "tempfile",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "acvm_blackbox_solver"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a362499180c6498acc0ebf77bd919be8ccd9adabc84a695d4af44ca180ba0709"
+checksum = "b79e031466b5075260257a61359eb9775c5ef92dce27621af1c36bfd0a6eb511"
 dependencies = [
  "acir",
  "blake2",
+ "flate2",
+ "getrandom",
+ "js-sys",
  "k256",
  "p256",
+ "pkg-config",
+ "reqwest",
+ "rust-embed",
  "sha2",
  "sha3",
+ "tar",
  "thiserror",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "acvm_stdlib"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e485b3bc3331eaa10bc92fb092ca14275936c8935c3ae7ec89fb0bd48246ab42"
+checksum = "1389b884c07b5eb0c15e5f5395317de060bcf1a6a5f476893c4d65f50de5de1f"
 dependencies = [
  "acir",
 ]
@@ -388,17 +394,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "waitpid-any",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "async-trait"
-version = "0.1.71"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a564d521dd56509c4c47480d00b80ee55f7e385ae48db5744c67ad50c92d2ebf"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.26",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -420,20 +415,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "barretenberg-sys"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05f8fd58d1ca43e920a1a3b55d52c65ac25cd29f2820d4b2b1c24adafa2c403c"
-dependencies = [
- "bindgen",
- "cc",
- "color-eyre",
- "link-cplusplus",
- "pkg-config",
- "thiserror",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "base16ct"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -461,28 +442,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bindgen"
-version = "0.64.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4243e6031260db77ede97ad86c27e501d646a27ab57b59a574f725d98ab1fb4"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cexpr",
- "clang-sys",
- "lazy_static",
- "lazycell",
- "log",
- "peeking_take_while",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "regex",
- "rustc-hash",
- "shlex",
- "syn 1.0.109",
- "which",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
@@ -536,9 +495,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "brillig"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d64df3df7d2d96fc2519e4dd64bc6bc23eee2949ee86725d9041ef7703c283ab"
+checksum = "dd5fe44d05264a0d9a6d5c5dca8a6c976f3fcdfdfb0244d75e458bf13fcb8f21"
 dependencies = [
  "acir_field",
  "serde",
@@ -546,9 +505,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "brillig_vm"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b306b3d79b6da192fd2ed68b94ab07712496f39bb5d50fedce44dac3f4953065"
+checksum = "733be2c7fea117e0b0be985b9b99c15aeca01fb342528fac9c3f70a7f844ec50"
 dependencies = [
  "acir",
  "acvm_blackbox_solver",
@@ -578,6 +537,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "safe-regex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "build-target"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "832133bbabbbaa9fbdba793456a2827627a7d2b8fb96032fa1e7666d7895832b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
 version = "3.13.0"
@@ -624,12 +589,6 @@ version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "89b2fd2a0dcf38d7971e2194b6b6eebab45ae01067456a7fd93d5547a61b70be"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bytesize"
-version = "1.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38fcc2979eff34a4b84e1cf9a1e3da42a7d44b3b690a40cdcb23e3d556cfb2e5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cast"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -642,15 +601,6 @@ version = "1.0.79"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "50d30906286121d95be3d479533b458f87493b30a4b5f79a607db8f5d11aa91f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cexpr"
-version = "0.6.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6fac387a98bb7c37292057cffc56d62ecb629900026402633ae9160df93a8766"
-dependencies = [
- "nom",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -709,17 +659,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "half",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "clang-sys"
-version = "1.6.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c688fc74432808e3eb684cae8830a86be1d66a2bd58e1f248ed0960a590baf6f"
-dependencies = [
- "glob",
- "libc",
- "libloading",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
 version = "4.3.19"
@@ -1223,7 +1162,16 @@ version = "4.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ca3aa72a6f96ea37bbc5aa912f6788242832f75369bdfdadcb0e38423f100059"
 dependencies = [
- "dirs-sys",
+ "dirs-sys 0.3.7",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "dirs"
+version = "5.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "44c45a9d03d6676652bcb5e724c7e988de1acad23a711b5217ab9cbecbec2225"
+dependencies = [
+ "dirs-sys 0.4.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1247,6 +1195,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dirs-sys"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "520f05a5cbd335fae5a99ff7a6ab8627577660ee5cfd6a94a6a929b52ff0321c"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "option-ext",
+ "redox_users",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dirs-sys-next"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -1420,6 +1380,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "filetime"
+version = "0.2.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d4029edd3e734da6fe05b6cd7bd2960760a616bd2ddd0d59a0124746d6272af0"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "redox_syscall 0.3.5",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "findshlibs"
 version = "0.10.2"
@@ -1626,12 +1598,6 @@ version = "0.27.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6c80984affa11d98d1b88b66ac8853f143217b399d3c74116778ff8fdb4ed2e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "glob"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "globset"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -2051,12 +2017,6 @@ version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lazycell"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "leb128"
 version = "0.2.5"
@@ -2069,25 +2029,6 @@ version = "0.2.147"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b4668fb0ea861c1df094127ac5f1da3409a82116a4ba74fca2e58ef927159bb3"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "link-cplusplus"
-version = "1.0.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d240c6f7e1ba3a28b0249f774e6a9dd0175054b52dfbb61b16eb8505c3785c9"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.3.8"
@@ -2190,12 +2131,6 @@ version = "0.3.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6877bb514081ee2a7ff5ef9de3281f14a4dd4bceac4c09388074a6b5df8a139a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "minimal-lexical"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
 version = "0.7.1"
@@ -2254,7 +2189,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "color-eyre",
  "const_format",
  "criterion",
- "dirs",
+ "dirs 4.0.0",
  "fm",
  "hex",
  "iai",
@@ -2286,7 +2221,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "nargo_toml"
 version = "0.10.5"
 dependencies = [
- "dirs",
+ "dirs 4.0.0",
  "fm",
  "nargo",
  "noirc_frontend",
@@ -2437,16 +2372,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nom"
-version = "7.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d273983c5a657a70a3e8f2a01329822f3b8c8172b73826411a55751e404a0a4a"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
- "minimal-lexical",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "normalize-line-endings"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -2524,6 +2449,12 @@ version = "11.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "option-ext"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "04744f49eae99ab78e0d5c0b603ab218f515ea8cfe5a456d7629ad883a3b6e7d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "owo-colors"
 version = "3.5.0"
@@ -2570,12 +2501,6 @@ version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "de3145af08024dea9fa9914f381a17b8fc6034dfb00f3a84013f7ff43f29ed4c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "peeking_take_while"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19b17cddbe7ec3f8bc800887bab5e717348c95ea2ca0b1bf0837fb964dc67099"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
 version = "2.3.0"
@@ -3348,15 +3273,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "serde-big-array"
-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "11fc7cc2c76d73e0f27ee52abbd64eec84d46f370c88371120433196934e4b7f"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "serde-wasm-bindgen"
 version = "0.4.5"
@@ -3487,15 +3403,9 @@ version = "2.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7ccc8076840c4da029af4f87e4e8daeb0fca6b87bbb02e10cb60b791450e11e4"
 dependencies = [
- "dirs",
+ "dirs 4.0.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "shlex"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "43b2853a4d09f215c24cc5489c992ce46052d359b5109343cbafbf26bc62f8a3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "signature"
 version = "1.6.4"
@@ -3700,6 +3610,17 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "55937e1799185b12863d447f42597ed69d9928686b8d88a1df17376a097d8369"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tar"
+version = "0.4.40"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b16afcea1f22891c49a00c751c7b63b2233284064f11a200fc624137c51e2ddb"
+dependencies = [
+ "filetime",
+ "libc",
+ "xattr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "target-lexicon"
 version = "0.12.10"
@@ -3861,6 +3782,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "libc",
  "mio",
+ "num_cpus",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "socket2",
  "tokio-macros",
@@ -4287,6 +4209,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasmer-derive",
  "wasmer-types",
  "wasmer-vm",
+ "wasmparser 0.83.0",
+ "wasmparser 0.95.0",
  "wat",
  "winapi",
 ]
@@ -4310,7 +4234,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "wasmer-types",
  "wasmer-vm",
- "wasmparser",
+ "wasmparser 0.95.0",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
@@ -4388,6 +4312,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasmparser"
+version = "0.83.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "718ed7c55c2add6548cca3ddd6383d738cd73b892df400e96b9aa876f0141d7a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.95.0"
@@ -4448,17 +4378,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "webpki",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2441c784c52b289a054b7201fc93253e288f094e2f4be9058343127c4226a269"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "libc",
- "once_cell",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -4635,6 +4554,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "tap",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "xattr"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f4686009f71ff3e5c4dbcf1a282d0a44db3f021ba69350cd42086b3e5f1c6985"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zeroize"
 version = "1.6.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8addf94e93f..fe383867bed 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ members = [
     "crates/wasm",
 ]
 default-members = ["crates/nargo_cli"]
+resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
 # x-release-please-start-version
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.66"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-acvm = "0.22.0"
+acvm = "0.23.0"
 arena = { path = "crates/arena" }
 fm = { path = "crates/fm" }
 iter-extended = { path = "crates/iter-extended" }
@@ -58,4 +59,4 @@ tower = "0.4"
 url = "2.2.0"
 wasm-bindgen = { version = "=0.2.86", features = ["serde-serialize"] }
 wasm-bindgen-test = "0.3.33"
-base64 = "0.21.2"
\ No newline at end of file
+base64 = "0.21.2"
diff --git a/crates/nargo/src/ops/codegen_verifier.rs b/crates/nargo/src/ops/codegen_verifier.rs
index 851f735ae55..5893854ce22 100644
--- a/crates/nargo/src/ops/codegen_verifier.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo/src/ops/codegen_verifier.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ use acvm::{acir::circuit::Circuit, SmartContract};
 
 pub fn codegen_verifier<B: SmartContract>(
     backend: &B,
-    common_reference_string: &[u8],
     circuit: &Circuit,
-    verification_key: &[u8],
 ) -> Result<String, B::Error> {
-    backend.eth_contract_from_vk(common_reference_string, circuit, verification_key)
+    // Nargo no longer handles logic related to proving/verifying with keys or the CRS.
+    let common_reference_string = Vec::new();
+    let verification_key = Vec::new();
+    backend.eth_contract_from_vk(&common_reference_string, circuit, &verification_key)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nargo/src/ops/execute.rs b/crates/nargo/src/ops/execute.rs
index 2a126443468..3914215de95 100644
--- a/crates/nargo/src/ops/execute.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo/src/ops/execute.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ use crate::NargoError;
 
 use super::foreign_calls::ForeignCall;
 
-pub fn execute_circuit<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver + Default>(
-    _backend: &B,
+pub fn execute_circuit<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver>(
+    blackbox_solver: &B,
     circuit: Circuit,
     initial_witness: WitnessMap,
     show_output: bool,
 ) -> Result<WitnessMap, NargoError> {
-    let mut acvm = ACVM::new(B::default(), circuit.opcodes, initial_witness);
+    let mut acvm = ACVM::new(blackbox_solver, circuit.opcodes, initial_witness);
 
     loop {
         let solver_status = acvm.solve();
diff --git a/crates/nargo/src/ops/prove.rs b/crates/nargo/src/ops/prove.rs
index 16839a1b060..e881d3c3043 100644
--- a/crates/nargo/src/ops/prove.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo/src/ops/prove.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ use acvm::ProofSystemCompiler;
 
 pub fn prove_execution<B: ProofSystemCompiler>(
     backend: &B,
-    common_reference_string: &[u8],
     circuit: &Circuit,
     solved_witness: WitnessMap,
-    proving_key: &[u8],
 ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, B::Error> {
     // TODO(#1569): update from not just accepting `false` once we get nargo to interop with dynamic backend
-    backend.prove_with_pk(common_reference_string, circuit, solved_witness, proving_key, false)
+    // Nargo no longer handles logic related to proving/verifying with keys or the CRS.
+    let common_reference_string = Vec::new();
+    let proving_key = Vec::new();
+    backend.prove_with_pk(&common_reference_string, circuit, solved_witness, &proving_key, false)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nargo/src/ops/test.rs b/crates/nargo/src/ops/test.rs
index 9ac3fa46f35..93bd72a7b2e 100644
--- a/crates/nargo/src/ops/test.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo/src/ops/test.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ pub enum TestStatus {
     CompileError(FileDiagnostic),
 }
 
-pub fn run_test<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver + Default>(
-    backend: &B,
+pub fn run_test<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver>(
+    blackbox_solver: &B,
     context: &Context,
     test_function: TestFunction,
     show_output: bool,
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn run_test<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver + Default>(
             // Run the backend to ensure the PWG evaluates functions like std::hash::pedersen,
             // otherwise constraints involving these expressions will not error.
             let circuit_execution =
-                execute_circuit(backend, program.circuit, WitnessMap::new(), show_output);
+                execute_circuit(blackbox_solver, program.circuit, WitnessMap::new(), show_output);
 
             if test_function.should_fail() {
                 match circuit_execution {
diff --git a/crates/nargo/src/ops/verify.rs b/crates/nargo/src/ops/verify.rs
index 4cc6c9ce34b..2d8d9c40d6c 100644
--- a/crates/nargo/src/ops/verify.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo/src/ops/verify.rs
@@ -3,19 +3,20 @@ use acvm::ProofSystemCompiler;
 
 pub fn verify_proof<B: ProofSystemCompiler>(
     backend: &B,
-    common_reference_string: &[u8],
     circuit: &Circuit,
     proof: &[u8],
     public_inputs: WitnessMap,
-    verification_key: &[u8],
 ) -> Result<bool, B::Error> {
     // TODO(#1569): update from not just accepting `false` once we get nargo to interop with dynamic backend
+    // Nargo no longer handles logic related to proving/verifying with keys or the CRS.
+    let common_reference_string = Vec::new();
+    let verification_key = Vec::new();
     backend.verify_with_vk(
-        common_reference_string,
+        &common_reference_string,
         proof,
         public_inputs,
         circuit,
-        verification_key,
+        &verification_key,
         false,
     )
 }
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml b/crates/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml
index ef1cbf70621..a7a0ae5786c 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["io-std"] }
 tokio-util = { version = "0.7.8", features = ["compat"] }
 
 # Backends
-acvm-backend-barretenberg = { version = "0.11.0", default-features = false }
+acvm-backend-barretenberg = "0.12.0"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempdir = "0.3.7"
@@ -73,9 +73,3 @@ harness = false
 [[bench]]
 name = "iai"
 harness = false
-
-[features]
-default = ["plonk_bn254"]
-# The plonk backend can only use bn254, so we do not specify the field
-plonk_bn254 = ["acvm-backend-barretenberg/native"]
-plonk_bn254_wasm = ["acvm-backend-barretenberg/wasm"]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/build.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/build.rs
index 629d6fea340..5a5616e21aa 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/build.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/build.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@ fn compile_success_empty_{test_name}() {{
         .and(predicate::str::contains("| Language"))
         .and(predicate::str::contains("| ACIR Opcodes | Backend Circuit Size |"))
         .and(predicate::str::contains("| PLONKCSat {{ width: 3 }} |"))
-        .and(predicate::str::contains("| 0            | 1                    |")));
+        // This currently matches on there being zero acir opcodes due to the width of the cell.
+        .and(predicate::str::contains("| 0            |")));
 }}
             "#,
             test_dir = test_dir.display(),
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/backends.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/backends.rs
index bbec5c99006..71ff5a0c73a 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/backends.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/backends.rs
@@ -1,9 +1 @@
 pub(crate) use acvm_backend_barretenberg::Barretenberg as ConcreteBackend;
-
-#[cfg(not(any(feature = "plonk_bn254", feature = "plonk_bn254_wasm")))]
-compile_error!("please specify a backend to compile with");
-
-#[cfg(all(feature = "plonk_bn254", feature = "plonk_bn254_wasm"))]
-compile_error!(
-    "feature \"plonk_bn254\"  and feature \"plonk_bn254_wasm\" cannot be enabled at the same time"
-);
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/codegen_verifier_cmd.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/codegen_verifier_cmd.rs
index 8f6f613897b..04c7114a565 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/codegen_verifier_cmd.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/codegen_verifier_cmd.rs
@@ -3,15 +3,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use super::NargoConfig;
 use super::{
     compile_cmd::compile_package,
-    fs::{
-        common_reference_string::{
-            read_cached_common_reference_string, update_common_reference_string,
-            write_cached_common_reference_string,
-        },
-        create_named_dir,
-        program::read_program_from_file,
-        write_to_file,
-    },
+    fs::{create_named_dir, program::read_program_from_file, write_to_file},
 };
 use crate::errors::CliError;
 use acvm::Backend;
@@ -90,27 +82,8 @@ fn smart_contract_for_package<B: Backend>(
         }
     };
 
-    let common_reference_string = read_cached_common_reference_string();
-    let common_reference_string = update_common_reference_string(
-        backend,
-        &common_reference_string,
-        &preprocessed_program.bytecode,
-    )
-    .map_err(CliError::CommonReferenceStringError)?;
-
-    let (_, verification_key) = backend
-        .preprocess(&common_reference_string, &preprocessed_program.bytecode)
-        .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
-
-    let smart_contract_string = codegen_verifier(
-        backend,
-        &common_reference_string,
-        &preprocessed_program.bytecode,
-        &verification_key,
-    )
-    .map_err(CliError::SmartContractError)?;
-
-    write_cached_common_reference_string(&common_reference_string);
+    let smart_contract_string = codegen_verifier(backend, &preprocessed_program.bytecode)
+        .map_err(CliError::SmartContractError)?;
 
     Ok(smart_contract_string)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/compile_cmd.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/compile_cmd.rs
index 878d27362a7..ba6da305721 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/compile_cmd.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/compile_cmd.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use acvm::{acir::circuit::Circuit, compiler::AcirTransformationMap, Backend};
-use iter_extended::try_vecmap;
+use iter_extended::{try_vecmap, vecmap};
 use nargo::artifacts::contract::PreprocessedContractFunction;
 use nargo::artifacts::debug::DebugArtifact;
 use nargo::artifacts::program::PreprocessedProgram;
@@ -19,13 +19,8 @@ use clap::Args;
 
 use crate::errors::{CliError, CompileError};
 
-use super::fs::program::save_debug_artifact_to_file;
-use super::fs::{
-    common_reference_string::{
-        read_cached_common_reference_string, update_common_reference_string,
-        write_cached_common_reference_string,
-    },
-    program::{save_contract_to_file, save_program_to_file},
+use super::fs::program::{
+    save_contract_to_file, save_debug_artifact_to_file, save_program_to_file,
 };
 use super::NargoConfig;
 
@@ -67,8 +62,6 @@ pub(crate) fn run<B: Backend>(
     let workspace = resolve_workspace_from_toml(&toml_path, selection)?;
     let circuit_dir = workspace.target_directory_path();
 
-    let mut common_reference_string = read_cached_common_reference_string();
-
     for package in &workspace {
         let (mut context, crate_id) = prepare_package(package);
         // If `contract` package type, we're compiling every function in a 'contract' rather than just 'main'.
@@ -82,44 +75,35 @@ pub(crate) fn run<B: Backend>(
             // As can be seen here, It seems like a leaky abstraction where ContractFunctions (essentially CompiledPrograms)
             // are compiled via nargo-core and then the PreprocessedContract is constructed here.
             // This is due to EACH function needing it's own CRS, PKey, and VKey from the backend.
-            let preprocessed_contracts: Result<
-                Vec<(PreprocessedContract, Vec<DebugInfo>)>,
-                CliError<B>,
-            > = try_vecmap(optimized_contracts, |contract| {
-                let preprocess_result = try_vecmap(contract.functions, |func| {
-                    common_reference_string = update_common_reference_string(
-                        backend,
-                        &common_reference_string,
-                        &func.bytecode,
-                    )
-                    .map_err(CliError::CommonReferenceStringError)?;
-
-                    Ok::<_, CliError<B>>((
-                        PreprocessedContractFunction {
-                            name: func.name,
-                            function_type: func.function_type,
-                            is_internal: func.is_internal,
-                            abi: func.abi,
-
-                            bytecode: func.bytecode,
+            let preprocessed_contracts: Vec<(PreprocessedContract, Vec<DebugInfo>)> =
+                vecmap(optimized_contracts, |contract| {
+                    let preprocess_result = vecmap(contract.functions, |func| {
+                        (
+                            PreprocessedContractFunction {
+                                name: func.name,
+                                function_type: func.function_type,
+                                is_internal: func.is_internal,
+                                abi: func.abi,
+
+                                bytecode: func.bytecode,
+                            },
+                            func.debug,
+                        )
+                    });
+
+                    let (preprocessed_contract_functions, debug_infos): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) =
+                        preprocess_result.into_iter().unzip();
+
+                    (
+                        PreprocessedContract {
+                            name: contract.name,
+                            backend: String::from(BACKEND_IDENTIFIER),
+                            functions: preprocessed_contract_functions,
                         },
-                        func.debug,
-                    ))
-                })?;
-
-                let (preprocessed_contract_functions, debug_infos): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) =
-                    preprocess_result.into_iter().unzip();
-
-                Ok((
-                    PreprocessedContract {
-                        name: contract.name,
-                        backend: String::from(BACKEND_IDENTIFIER),
-                        functions: preprocessed_contract_functions,
-                    },
-                    debug_infos,
-                ))
-            });
-            for (contract, debug_infos) in preprocessed_contracts? {
+                        debug_infos,
+                    )
+                });
+            for (contract, debug_infos) in preprocessed_contracts {
                 save_contract_to_file(
                     &contract,
                     &format!("{}-{}", package.name, contract.name),
@@ -138,10 +122,6 @@ pub(crate) fn run<B: Backend>(
         } else {
             let (context, program) = compile_package(backend, package, &args.compile_options)?;
 
-            common_reference_string =
-                update_common_reference_string(backend, &common_reference_string, &program.circuit)
-                    .map_err(CliError::CommonReferenceStringError)?;
-
             let preprocessed_program = PreprocessedProgram {
                 backend: String::from(BACKEND_IDENTIFIER),
                 abi: program.abi,
@@ -158,8 +138,6 @@ pub(crate) fn run<B: Backend>(
         }
     }
 
-    write_cached_common_reference_string(&common_reference_string);
-
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs
index 0a391ac71a8..30ba6e28322 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs
@@ -162,14 +162,19 @@ fn report_error_with_opcode_location(
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn execute_program<B: Backend>(
-    backend: &B,
+    _backend: &B,
     circuit: Circuit,
     abi: &Abi,
     inputs_map: &InputMap,
     debug_data: Option<(DebugInfo, Context)>,
 ) -> Result<WitnessMap, CliError<B>> {
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    let blackbox_solver = acvm::blackbox_solver::BarretenbergSolver::new();
+
     let initial_witness = abi.encode(inputs_map, None)?;
-    let solved_witness_err = nargo::ops::execute_circuit(backend, circuit, initial_witness, true);
+
+    let solved_witness_err =
+        nargo::ops::execute_circuit(&blackbox_solver, circuit, initial_witness, true);
     match solved_witness_err {
         Ok(solved_witness) => Ok(solved_witness),
         Err(err) => {
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/fs/common_reference_string.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/fs/common_reference_string.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a22c819d402..00000000000
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/fs/common_reference_string.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-use std::{env, path::PathBuf};
-
-use acvm::{acir::circuit::Circuit, CommonReferenceString};
-
-use super::{create_named_dir, write_to_file};
-
-// TODO(#1388): pull this from backend.
-const BACKEND_IDENTIFIER: &str = "acvm-backend-barretenberg";
-const TRANSCRIPT_NAME: &str = "common-reference-string.bin";
-
-fn common_reference_string_location() -> PathBuf {
-    let cache_dir = match env::var("NARGO_BACKEND_CACHE_DIR") {
-        Ok(cache_dir) => PathBuf::from(cache_dir),
-        Err(_) => dirs::home_dir().unwrap().join(".nargo").join("backends"),
-    };
-    cache_dir.join(BACKEND_IDENTIFIER).join(TRANSCRIPT_NAME)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn read_cached_common_reference_string() -> Vec<u8> {
-    let crs_path = common_reference_string_location();
-
-    // TODO(#1390): Implement checksum
-    match std::fs::read(crs_path) {
-        Ok(common_reference_string) => common_reference_string,
-        Err(_) => vec![],
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn update_common_reference_string<B: CommonReferenceString>(
-    backend: &B,
-    common_reference_string: &[u8],
-    circuit: &Circuit,
-) -> Result<Vec<u8>, B::Error> {
-    use tokio::runtime::Builder;
-
-    let runtime = Builder::new_current_thread().enable_all().build().unwrap();
-
-    // TODO(#1391): Implement retries
-    // If the read data is empty, we don't have a CRS and need to generate one
-    let fut = if common_reference_string.is_empty() {
-        backend.generate_common_reference_string(circuit)
-    } else {
-        backend.update_common_reference_string(common_reference_string.to_vec(), circuit)
-    };
-
-    runtime.block_on(fut)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn write_cached_common_reference_string(common_reference_string: &[u8]) {
-    let crs_path = common_reference_string_location();
-
-    create_named_dir(crs_path.parent().unwrap(), "crs");
-
-    write_to_file(common_reference_string, &crs_path);
-}
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/fs/mod.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/fs/mod.rs
index 73229e0476c..4ebce3b3325 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/fs/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/fs/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use std::{
 
 use crate::errors::FilesystemError;
 
-pub(super) mod common_reference_string;
 pub(super) mod inputs;
 pub(super) mod program;
 pub(super) mod proof;
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/mod.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/mod.rs
index 2603db3ce19..030eb114541 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/mod.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub(crate) fn start_cli() -> eyre::Result<()> {
         config.program_dir = find_package_root(&config.program_dir)?;
     }
 
-    let backend = crate::backends::ConcreteBackend::default();
+    let backend = crate::backends::ConcreteBackend;
 
     match command {
         NargoCommand::New(args) => new_cmd::run(&backend, args, config),
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/prove_cmd.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/prove_cmd.rs
index 2f647123629..2ec1df2fdd4 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/prove_cmd.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/prove_cmd.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ use noirc_driver::CompileOptions;
 use noirc_frontend::graph::CrateName;
 
 use super::compile_cmd::compile_package;
-use super::fs::common_reference_string::update_common_reference_string;
 use super::fs::{
-    common_reference_string::read_cached_common_reference_string,
     inputs::{read_inputs_from_file, write_inputs_to_file},
     program::read_program_from_file,
     proof::save_proof_to_dir,
@@ -107,18 +105,6 @@ pub(crate) fn prove_package<B: Backend>(
         (preprocessed_program, Some((program.debug, context)))
     };
 
-    let common_reference_string = read_cached_common_reference_string();
-    let common_reference_string = update_common_reference_string(
-        backend,
-        &common_reference_string,
-        &preprocessed_program.bytecode,
-    )
-    .map_err(CliError::CommonReferenceStringError)?;
-
-    let (proving_key, verification_key) = backend
-        .preprocess(&common_reference_string, &preprocessed_program.bytecode)
-        .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
-
     let PreprocessedProgram { abi, bytecode, .. } = preprocessed_program;
 
     // Parse the initial witness values from Prover.toml
@@ -140,21 +126,13 @@ pub(crate) fn prove_package<B: Backend>(
         Format::Toml,
     )?;
 
-    let proof =
-        prove_execution(backend, &common_reference_string, &bytecode, solved_witness, &proving_key)
-            .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
+    let proof = prove_execution(backend, &bytecode, solved_witness)
+        .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
 
     if check_proof {
         let public_inputs = public_abi.encode(&public_inputs, return_value)?;
-        let valid_proof = verify_proof(
-            backend,
-            &common_reference_string,
-            &bytecode,
-            &proof,
-            public_inputs,
-            &verification_key,
-        )
-        .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
+        let valid_proof = verify_proof(backend, &bytecode, &proof, public_inputs)
+            .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
 
         if !valid_proof {
             return Err(CliError::InvalidProof("".into()));
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs
index 2369e172377..a37766ad152 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::io::Write;
 
-use acvm::Backend;
+use acvm::{Backend, BlackBoxFunctionSolver};
 use clap::Args;
 use nargo::{
     ops::{run_test, TestStatus},
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub(crate) struct TestCommand {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn run<B: Backend>(
-    backend: &B,
+    _backend: &B,
     args: TestCommand,
     config: NargoConfig,
 ) -> Result<(), CliError<B>> {
@@ -64,17 +64,19 @@ pub(crate) fn run<B: Backend>(
         None => FunctionNameMatch::Anything,
     };
 
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    let blackbox_solver = acvm::blackbox_solver::BarretenbergSolver::new();
     for package in &workspace {
         // By unwrapping here with `?`, we stop the test runner upon a package failing
         // TODO: We should run the whole suite even if there are failures in a package
-        run_tests(backend, package, pattern, args.show_output, &args.compile_options)?;
+        run_tests(&blackbox_solver, package, pattern, args.show_output, &args.compile_options)?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn run_tests<B: Backend>(
-    backend: &B,
+fn run_tests<B: Backend, S: BlackBoxFunctionSolver>(
+    blackbox_solver: &S,
     package: &Package,
     test_name: FunctionNameMatch,
     show_output: bool,
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ fn run_tests<B: Backend>(
             .expect("Failed to write to stdout");
         writer.flush().expect("Failed to flush writer");
 
-        match run_test(backend, &context, test_function, show_output, compile_options) {
+        match run_test(blackbox_solver, &context, test_function, show_output, compile_options) {
             TestStatus::Pass { .. } => {
                 writer
                     .set_color(ColorSpec::new().set_fg(Some(Color::Green)))
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/verify_cmd.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/verify_cmd.rs
index c13bb9cdafa..dfae743c0c7 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/verify_cmd.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/cli/verify_cmd.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-use super::fs::common_reference_string::{
-    read_cached_common_reference_string, update_common_reference_string,
-};
 use super::NargoConfig;
 use super::{
     compile_cmd::compile_package,
@@ -91,18 +88,6 @@ fn verify_package<B: Backend>(
         }
     };
 
-    let common_reference_string = read_cached_common_reference_string();
-    let common_reference_string = update_common_reference_string(
-        backend,
-        &common_reference_string,
-        &preprocessed_program.bytecode,
-    )
-    .map_err(CliError::CommonReferenceStringError)?;
-
-    let (_, verification_key) = backend
-        .preprocess(&common_reference_string, &preprocessed_program.bytecode)
-        .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
-
     let PreprocessedProgram { abi, bytecode, .. } = preprocessed_program;
 
     // Load public inputs (if any) from `verifier_name`.
@@ -113,15 +98,8 @@ fn verify_package<B: Backend>(
     let public_inputs = public_abi.encode(&public_inputs_map, return_value)?;
     let proof = load_hex_data(proof_path)?;
 
-    let valid_proof = verify_proof(
-        backend,
-        &common_reference_string,
-        &bytecode,
-        &proof,
-        public_inputs,
-        &verification_key,
-    )
-    .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
+    let valid_proof = verify_proof(backend, &bytecode, &proof, public_inputs)
+        .map_err(CliError::ProofSystemCompilerError)?;
 
     if valid_proof {
         Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/nargo_cli/src/errors.rs b/crates/nargo_cli/src/errors.rs
index dade4262431..ac59576692b 100644
--- a/crates/nargo_cli/src/errors.rs
+++ b/crates/nargo_cli/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use acvm::{
-    acir::native_types::WitnessMapError, Backend, CommonReferenceString, ProofSystemCompiler,
-    SmartContract,
-};
+use acvm::{acir::native_types::WitnessMapError, Backend, ProofSystemCompiler, SmartContract};
 use hex::FromHexError;
 use nargo::NargoError;
 use nargo_toml::ManifestError;
@@ -74,10 +71,6 @@ pub(crate) enum CliError<B: Backend> {
     /// Backend error caused by a function on the ProofSystemCompiler trait
     #[error(transparent)]
     ProofSystemCompilerError(<B as ProofSystemCompiler>::Error), // Unfortunately, Rust won't let us `impl From` over an Associated Type on a generic
-
-    /// Backend error caused by a function on the CommonReferenceString trait
-    #[error(transparent)]
-    CommonReferenceStringError(<B as CommonReferenceString>::Error), // Unfortunately, Rust won't let us `impl From` over an Associated Type on a generic
 }
 
 /// Errors covering situations where a package cannot be compiled.
diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix
index 1117025745e..2bdddaad263 100644
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -76,6 +76,11 @@
       sharedEnvironment = {
         # We enable backtraces on any failure for help with debugging
         RUST_BACKTRACE = "1";
+
+        BARRETENBERG_ARCHIVE = builtins.fetchurl {
+          url = "https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/releases/download/barretenberg-v0.4.5/acvm_backend.wasm.tar.gz";
+          sha256 = "sha256:0z24yhvxc0dr13xj7y4xs9p42lzxwpazrmsrdpcgynfajkk6vqy4";
+        };
       };
 
       nativeEnvironment = sharedEnvironment // {
@@ -113,6 +118,12 @@
         # Need libiconv and apple Security on Darwin. See https://github.com/ipetkov/crane/issues/156
         pkgs.libiconv
         pkgs.darwin.apple_sdk.frameworks.Security
+      ] ++ [
+        # Need to install various packages used by the `bb` binary.
+        pkgs.curl
+        stdenv.cc.cc.lib
+        pkgs.gcc.cc.lib
+        pkgs.gzip
       ];
 
       sharedArgs = {
@@ -144,6 +155,9 @@
           pkgs.pkg-config
           # This provides the `lld` linker to cargo
           pkgs.llvmPackages.bintools
+        ] ++ pkgs.lib.optionals stdenv.isLinux [
+          # This is linux specific and used to patch the rpath and interpreter of the bb binary
+          pkgs.patchelf
         ];
 
         buildInputs = [
@@ -152,16 +166,6 @@
         ] ++ extraBuildInputs;
       };
 
-      # Combine the environment and other configuration needed for crane to build with the wasm feature
-      wasmArgs = wasmEnvironment // sharedArgs // {
-        pname = "noir-wasm";
-
-        # We disable the default "plonk_bn254" feature and enable the "plonk_bn254_wasm" feature
-        cargoExtraArgs = "--no-default-features --features='plonk_bn254_wasm'";
-
-        buildInputs = [ ] ++ extraBuildInputs;
-      };
-
       # Combine the environmnet with cargo args needed to build wasm package
       noirWasmArgs = sharedEnvironment // sharedArgs // {
         pname = "noir_wasm";
@@ -175,11 +179,35 @@
         doCheck = false;
       };
 
+      # Conditionally download the binary based on whether it is linux or mac
+      bb_binary = let
+        platformSpecificUrl = if stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux then
+          "https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/releases/download/barretenberg-v0.4.3/bb-ubuntu.tar.gz"
+        else if stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin then
+          "https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/releases/download/barretenberg-v0.4.3/barretenberg-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz"
+        else
+          throw "Unsupported platform";
+
+        platformSpecificHash = if stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux then
+          "sha256:0rcsjws87f4v28cw9734c10pg7c49apigf4lg3m0ji5vbhhmfnhr"
+        else if stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin then
+          "sha256:0pnsd56z0vkai7m0advawfgcvq9jbnpqm7lk98n5flqj583x3w35"
+        else
+          throw "Unsupported platform";
+      in builtins.fetchurl {
+        url = platformSpecificUrl;
+        sha256 = platformSpecificHash;
+      };
+
       # The `port` is parameterized to support parallel test runs without colliding static servers
       testArgs = port: testEnvironment // {
+        BB_BINARY_PATH = "/tmp/backend_binary";
+
+        BB_BINARY_URL = "http://0.0.0.0:${toString port}/${builtins.baseNameOf bb_binary}";
+
         # We provide `barretenberg-transcript00` from the overlay to the tests as a URL hosted via a static server
         # This is necessary because the Nix sandbox has no network access and downloading during tests would fail
-        TRANSCRIPT_URL = "http://0.0.0.0:${toString port}/${builtins.baseNameOf pkgs.barretenberg-transcript00}";
+        BARRETENBERG_TRANSCRIPT_URL = "http://0.0.0.0:${toString port}/${builtins.baseNameOf pkgs.barretenberg-transcript00}";
 
         # This copies the `barretenberg-transcript00` from the Nix store into this sandbox
         # which avoids exposing the entire Nix store to the static server it starts
@@ -188,6 +216,24 @@
         # We also set the NARGO_BACKEND_CACHE_DIR environment variable to the $TMP directory so we can successfully cache
         # the transcript; which isn't possible with the default path because the Nix sandbox disabled $HOME
         preCheck = ''
+          echo "Extracting bb binary"
+          mkdir extracted
+          tar -xf ${bb_binary} -C extracted
+
+          # Conditionally patch the binary for Linux
+          ${if stdenv.hostPlatform.isLinux then ''
+
+            cp extracted/cpp/build/bin/bb /tmp/backend_binary
+          
+            echo "Patching bb binary for Linux"
+            patchelf --set-rpath "${stdenv.cc.cc.lib}/lib:${pkgs.gcc.cc.lib}/lib" /tmp/backend_binary
+            patchelf --set-interpreter ${stdenv.cc.libc}/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /tmp/backend_binary
+          '' else if stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin then ''
+            cp extracted/bb /tmp/backend_binary
+          '' else
+            throw "Unsupported platform"
+          }
+
           export NARGO_BACKEND_CACHE_DIR=$TMP
           cp ${pkgs.barretenberg-transcript00} .
           echo "Starting simple static server"
@@ -202,7 +248,6 @@
 
       # Build *just* the cargo dependencies, so we can reuse all of that work between runs
       native-cargo-artifacts = craneLib.buildDepsOnly nativeArgs;
-      wasm-cargo-artifacts = craneLib.buildDepsOnly wasmArgs;
       noir-wasm-cargo-artifacts = craneLib.buildDepsOnly noirWasmArgs;
 
       noir-native = craneLib.buildPackage (nativeArgs // {
@@ -214,15 +259,6 @@
         doCheck = false;
       });
 
-      noir-wasm = craneLib.buildPackage (wasmArgs // {
-        inherit GIT_COMMIT GIT_DIRTY;
-
-        cargoArtifacts = wasm-cargo-artifacts;
-
-        # We don't want to run checks or tests when just building the project
-        doCheck = false;
-      });
-
       wasm-bindgen-cli = pkgs.callPackage ./wasm-bindgen-cli.nix {
         rustPlatform = pkgs.makeRustPlatform {
           rustc = rustToolchain;
@@ -256,11 +292,9 @@
         default = noir-native;
 
         inherit noir-native;
-        inherit noir-wasm;
 
         # We expose the `*-cargo-artifacts` derivations so we can cache our cargo dependencies in CI
         inherit native-cargo-artifacts;
-        inherit wasm-cargo-artifacts;
         inherit noir-wasm-cargo-artifacts;
       };
 
@@ -274,6 +308,8 @@
         inputsFrom = builtins.attrValues checks;
 
         nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [
+          curl
+          gzip
           which
           starship
           git