diff --git a/gen_testdata.go b/gen_testdata.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fed4aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gen_testdata.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// +build ignore
+
+// gen_testdata clones the utf-8 tests data to the other
+// unicode encodings and adds BOM variants of each.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"golang.org/x/text/encoding"
+	"golang.org/x/text/encoding/unicode"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	var xforms = []struct {
+		dir, bom string
+		enc      encoding.Encoding
+	}{
+		{"testdata/utf-16be", "\xFE\xFF", unicode.UTF16(unicode.BigEndian, unicode.IgnoreBOM)},
+		{"testdata/utf-16le", "\xFF\xFE", unicode.UTF16(unicode.LittleEndian, unicode.IgnoreBOM)},
+	}
+
+	paths, _ := filepath.Glob("testdata/utf-8/*")
+	for _, p := range paths {
+		src, err := ioutil.ReadFile(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		write("testdata/utf-8_bom", p, "\xEF\xBB\xBF", src)
+		for _, xform := range xforms {
+			dst, err := xform.enc.NewEncoder().Bytes(src)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			write(xform.dir, p, "", dst)
+			write(xform.dir+"_bom", p, xform.bom, dst)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func write(dir, orig, bom string, buf []byte) {
+	f, err := os.Create(filepath.Join(dir, filepath.Base(orig)))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err = f.Write([]byte(bom)); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err = f.Write(buf); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/main.go b/main.go
index 8ee1767..bf33441 100644
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@
 // a provided JSON Schema - https://json-schema.org/
 package main
 
+//go:generate go run gen_testdata.go
+
 import (
 	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -15,21 +18,37 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
+	"golang.org/x/text/encoding"
+	"golang.org/x/text/encoding/unicode"
+
 	"github.com/ghodss/yaml"
 	"github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir"
 	"github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema"
 )
 
 var (
-	version     = "v1.3.0-dev"
+	version     = "v1.4.0-dev"
 	schemaFlag  = flag.String("s", "", "primary JSON schema to validate against, required")
 	quietFlag   = flag.Bool("q", false, "quiet, only print validation failures and errors")
 	versionFlag = flag.Bool("v", false, "print version and exit")
+	bomFlag     = flag.Bool("b", false, "allow BOM in JSON files, error if seen and unset")
 
 	listFlags stringFlags
 	refFlags  stringFlags
 )
 
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark#Byte_order_marks_by_encoding
+const (
+	bomUTF8    = "\xEF\xBB\xBF"
+	bomUTF16BE = "\xFE\xFF"
+	bomUTF16LE = "\xFF\xFE"
+)
+
+var (
+	encUTF16BE = unicode.UTF16(unicode.BigEndian, unicode.IgnoreBOM)
+	encUTF16LE = unicode.UTF16(unicode.LittleEndian, unicode.IgnoreBOM)
+)
+
 func init() {
 	flag.Var(&listFlags, "l", "validate JSON documents from newline separated paths and/or globs in a text file (relative to the basename of the file itself)")
 	flag.Var(&refFlags, "r", "referenced schema(s), can be globs and/or used multiple times")
@@ -60,7 +79,7 @@ func realMain(args []string, w io.Writer) int {
 		dir := filepath.Dir(list)
 		f, err := os.Open(list)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("%s: %s\n", list, err)
+			return schemaError("%s: %s", list, err)
 		}
 		defer f.Close()
 
@@ -74,7 +93,7 @@ func realMain(args []string, w io.Writer) int {
 			docs = append(docs, glob(pattern)...)
 		}
 		if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("%s: invalid file list: %s\n", list, err)
+			return schemaError("%s: invalid file list: %s", list, err)
 		}
 	}
 	if len(docs) == 0 {
@@ -85,13 +104,13 @@ func realMain(args []string, w io.Writer) int {
 	sl := gojsonschema.NewSchemaLoader()
 	schemaPath, err := filepath.Abs(*schemaFlag)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("%s: unable to convert to absolute path: %s\n", *schemaFlag, err)
+		return schemaError("%s: unable to convert to absolute path: %s", *schemaFlag, err)
 	}
 	for _, ref := range refFlags {
 		for _, p := range glob(ref) {
 			absPath, err := filepath.Abs(p)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("%s: unable to convert to absolute path: %s\n", absPath, err)
+				return schemaError("%s: unable to convert to absolute path: %s", absPath, err)
 			}
 
 			if absPath == schemaPath {
@@ -100,22 +119,22 @@ func realMain(args []string, w io.Writer) int {
 
 			loader, err := jsonLoader(absPath)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("%s: unable to load schema ref: %s\n", *schemaFlag, err)
+				return schemaError("%s: unable to load schema ref: %s", *schemaFlag, err)
 			}
 
 			if err := sl.AddSchemas(loader); err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("%s: invalid schema: %s\n", p, err)
+				return schemaError("%s: invalid schema: %s", p, err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	schemaLoader, err := jsonLoader(schemaPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("%s: unable to load schema: %s\n", *schemaFlag, err)
+		return schemaError("%s: unable to load schema: %s", *schemaFlag, err)
 	}
 	schema, err := sl.Compile(schemaLoader)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("%s: invalid schema: %s\n", *schemaFlag, err)
+		return schemaError("%s: invalid schema: %s", *schemaFlag, err)
 	}
 
 	// Validate the schema against each doc in parallel, limiting simultaneous
@@ -131,7 +150,6 @@ func realMain(args []string, w io.Writer) int {
 			sem <- 0
 			defer func() { <-sem }()
 
-
 			loader, err := jsonLoader(path)
 			if err != nil {
 				msg := fmt.Sprintf("%s: error: load doc: %s", path, err)
@@ -190,19 +208,62 @@ func jsonLoader(path string) (gojsonschema.JSONLoader, error) {
 	}
 	switch filepath.Ext(path) {
 	case ".yml", ".yaml":
+		// TODO YAML requires the precense of a BOM to detect UTF-16
+		// text. Is there a decent hueristic to detect UTF-16 text
+		// missing a BOM so we can provide a better error message?
 		buf, err = yaml.YAMLToJSON(buf)
+	default:
+		buf, err = jsonDecodeCharset(buf)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// TODO What if we have an empty document?
 	return gojsonschema.NewBytesLoader(buf), nil
 }
 
+// jsonDecodeCharset attempts to detect UTF-16 (LE or BE) JSON text and
+// decode as appropriate. It also skips a BOM at the start of the buffer
+// if `-b` was specified. Presence of a BOM is an error otherwise.
+func jsonDecodeCharset(buf []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(buf) < 2 { // UTF-8
+		return buf, nil
+	}
+
+	bom := ""
+	var enc encoding.Encoding
+	switch {
+	case bytes.HasPrefix(buf, []byte(bomUTF8)):
+		bom = bomUTF8
+	case bytes.HasPrefix(buf, []byte(bomUTF16BE)):
+		bom = bomUTF16BE
+		enc = encUTF16BE
+	case bytes.HasPrefix(buf, []byte(bomUTF16LE)):
+		bom = bomUTF16LE
+		enc = encUTF16LE
+	case buf[0] == 0:
+		enc = encUTF16BE
+	case buf[1] == 0:
+		enc = encUTF16LE
+	}
+
+	if bom != "" {
+		if !*bomFlag {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected BOM, see `-b` flag")
+		}
+		buf = buf[len(bom):]
+	}
+	if enc != nil {
+		return enc.NewDecoder().Bytes(buf)
+	}
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
 func printUsage() {
 	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, `Usage: %s -s schema.(json|yml) [options] document.(json|yml) ...
 
-  yajsv validates JSON and YAML document(s) against a schema. One of three statuses are
-  reported per document:
+  yajsv validates JSON and YAML document(s) against a schema. One of three status
+  results are reported per document:
 
     pass: Document is valid relative to the schema
     fail: Document is invalid relative to the schema
@@ -212,7 +273,8 @@ func printUsage() {
   schema validation failure.
 
   Sets the exit code to 1 on any failures, 2 on any errors, 3 on both, 4 on
-  invalid usage. Otherwise, 0 is returned if everything passes validation.
+  invalid usage, 5 on schema definition or file-list errors. Otherwise, 0 is
+  returned if everything passes validation.
 
 Options:
 
@@ -227,6 +289,11 @@ func usageError(msg string) int {
 	return 4
 }
 
+func schemaError(format string, args ...interface{}) int {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, format+"\n", args...)
+	return 5
+}
+
 // glob is a wrapper that also resolves `~` since we may be skipping
 // the shell expansion when single-quoting globs at the command line
 func glob(pattern string) []string {
diff --git a/main_test.go b/main_test.go
index a2883d1..42d0413 100644
--- a/main_test.go
+++ b/main_test.go
@@ -1,78 +1,93 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
+func init() {
+	// TODO: Cleanup this global monkey-patching
+	devnull, err := os.Open(os.DevNull)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	os.Stderr = devnull
+}
+
 func TestMain(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		in string
-		out []string
+		in   string
+		out  []string
 		exit int
-	} {
+	}{
 		{
-			"-s testdata/schema.yml testdata/data-pass.yml",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-pass.yml: pass"},
+			"-s testdata/utf-16be_bom/schema.json testdata/utf-16le_bom/data-fail.yml",
+			[]string{},
+			5,
+		}, {
+			"-s testdata/utf-8/schema.yml testdata/utf-8/data-pass.yml",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-pass.yml: pass"},
 			0,
 		}, {
-			"-s testdata/schema.json testdata/data-pass.yml",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-pass.yml: pass"},
+			"-s testdata/utf-8/schema.json testdata/utf-8/data-pass.yml",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-pass.yml: pass"},
 			0,
 		}, {
-			"-s testdata/schema.json testdata/data-pass.json",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-pass.json: pass"},
+			"-s testdata/utf-8/schema.json testdata/utf-8/data-pass.json",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-pass.json: pass"},
 			0,
 		}, {
-			"-s testdata/schema.yml testdata/data-pass.json",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-pass.json: pass"},
+			"-s testdata/utf-8/schema.yml testdata/utf-8/data-pass.json",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-pass.json: pass"},
 			0,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.yml testdata/data-fail.yml",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-fail.yml: fail: (root): foo is required"},
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.yml testdata/utf-8/data-fail.yml",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-fail.yml: fail: (root): foo is required"},
 			1,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.json testdata/data-fail.yml",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-fail.yml: fail: (root): foo is required"},
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.json testdata/utf-8/data-fail.yml",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-fail.yml: fail: (root): foo is required"},
 			1,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.json testdata/data-fail.json",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-fail.json: fail: (root): foo is required"},
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.json testdata/utf-8/data-fail.json",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-fail.json: fail: (root): foo is required"},
 			1,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.yml testdata/data-fail.json",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-fail.json: fail: (root): foo is required"},
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.yml testdata/utf-8/data-fail.json",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-fail.json: fail: (root): foo is required"},
 			1,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.json testdata/data-error.json",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-error.json: error: validate: invalid character 'o' in literal null (expecting 'u')"},
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.json testdata/utf-8/data-error.json",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-error.json: error: validate: invalid character 'o' in literal null (expecting 'u')"},
 			2,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.yml testdata/data-error.yml",
-			[]string{"testdata/data-error.yml: error: load doc: yaml: found unexpected end of stream"},
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.yml testdata/utf-8/data-error.yml",
+			[]string{"testdata/utf-8/data-error.yml: error: load doc: yaml: found unexpected end of stream"},
 			2,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.json testdata/data-*.json",
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.json testdata/utf-8/data-*.json",
 			[]string{
-				"testdata/data-fail.json: fail: (root): foo is required",
-				"testdata/data-error.json: error: validate: invalid character 'o' in literal null (expecting 'u')",
+				"testdata/utf-8/data-fail.json: fail: (root): foo is required",
+				"testdata/utf-8/data-error.json: error: validate: invalid character 'o' in literal null (expecting 'u')",
 			}, 3,
 		}, {
-			"-q -s testdata/schema.yml testdata/data-*.yml",
+			"-q -s testdata/utf-8/schema.yml testdata/utf-8/data-*.yml",
 			[]string{
-				"testdata/data-error.yml: error: load doc: yaml: found unexpected end of stream",
-				"testdata/data-fail.yml: fail: (root): foo is required",
+				"testdata/utf-8/data-error.yml: error: load doc: yaml: found unexpected end of stream",
+				"testdata/utf-8/data-fail.yml: fail: (root): foo is required",
 			}, 3,
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
-		in := strings.ReplaceAll(tt.in, "/", string(filepath.Separator))
+		in := strings.Replace(tt.in, "/", string(filepath.Separator), -1)
 		sort.Strings(tt.out)
 		out := strings.Join(tt.out, "\n")
-		out = strings.ReplaceAll(out, "/", string(filepath.Separator))
+		out = strings.Replace(out, "/", string(filepath.Separator), -1)
 
 		t.Run(in, func(t *testing.T) {
 			var w strings.Builder
@@ -90,3 +105,79 @@ func TestMain(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestMatrix(t *testing.T) {
+	// schema.{format} {encoding}{_bom}/data-{expect}.{format}
+	type testcase struct {
+		schemaEnc, schemaFmt      string
+		dataEnc, dataFmt, dataRes string
+		allowBOM                  bool
+	}
+
+	encodings := []string{"utf-8", "utf-16be", "utf-16le", "utf-8_bom", "utf-16be_bom", "utf-16le_bom"}
+	formats := []string{"json", "yml"}
+	results := []string{"pass", "fail", "error"}
+	tests := []testcase{}
+
+	// poor mans cartesian product
+	for _, senc := range encodings {
+		for _, sfmt := range formats {
+			for _, denc := range encodings {
+				for _, dfmt := range formats {
+					for _, dres := range results {
+						tests = append(tests, testcase{senc, sfmt, denc, dfmt, dres, false})
+						tests = append(tests, testcase{senc, sfmt, denc, dfmt, dres, true})
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		schemaBOM := strings.HasSuffix(tt.schemaEnc, "_bom")
+		schema16 := strings.HasPrefix(tt.schemaEnc, "utf-16")
+		dataBOM := strings.HasSuffix(tt.dataEnc, "_bom")
+		data16 := strings.HasPrefix(tt.dataEnc, "utf-16")
+
+		schema := fmt.Sprintf("testdata/%s/schema.%s", tt.schemaEnc, tt.schemaFmt)
+		data := fmt.Sprintf("testdata/%s/data-%s.%s", tt.dataEnc, tt.dataRes, tt.dataFmt)
+		cmd := fmt.Sprintf("-s %s %s", schema, data)
+		if tt.allowBOM {
+			cmd = "-b " + cmd
+		}
+
+		t.Run(cmd, func(t *testing.T) {
+			want := 0
+			switch {
+			// Schema Errors (exit = 5)
+			// - YAML w/out BOM for UTF-16
+			// - JSON w/ BOM but missing allowBOM flag
+			case tt.schemaFmt == "yml" && !schemaBOM && schema16:
+				want = 5
+			case tt.schemaFmt == "json" && schemaBOM && !tt.allowBOM:
+				want = 5
+			// Data Errors (exit = 2)
+			// - YAML w/out BOM for UTF-16
+			// - JSON w/ BOM but missing allowBOM flag
+			// - standard malformed files (e.g. data-error)
+			case tt.dataFmt == "yml" && !dataBOM && data16:
+				want = 2
+			case tt.dataFmt == "json" && dataBOM && !tt.allowBOM:
+				want = 2
+			case tt.dataRes == "error":
+				want = 2
+			// Data Failures
+			case tt.dataRes == "fail":
+				want = 1
+			}
+
+			// TODO: Cleanup this global monkey-patching
+			*bomFlag = tt.allowBOM
+
+			var w strings.Builder
+			got := realMain(strings.Split(cmd, " "), &w)
+			if got != want {
+				t.Errorf("got(%d) != want(%d) bomflag %t", got, want, *bomFlag)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/testdata/utf-16be/data-error.json b/testdata/utf-16be/data-error.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74920f2
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diff --git a/testdata/utf-16be/data-error.yml b/testdata/utf-16be/data-error.yml
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new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/testdata/data-error.json b/testdata/utf-8/data-error.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/data-error.json
rename to testdata/utf-8/data-error.json
diff --git a/testdata/data-error.yml b/testdata/utf-8/data-error.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/data-error.yml
rename to testdata/utf-8/data-error.yml
diff --git a/testdata/data-fail.json b/testdata/utf-8/data-fail.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/data-fail.json
rename to testdata/utf-8/data-fail.json
diff --git a/testdata/data-fail.yml b/testdata/utf-8/data-fail.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/data-fail.yml
rename to testdata/utf-8/data-fail.yml
diff --git a/testdata/data-pass.json b/testdata/utf-8/data-pass.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/data-pass.json
rename to testdata/utf-8/data-pass.json
diff --git a/testdata/data-pass.yml b/testdata/utf-8/data-pass.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/data-pass.yml
rename to testdata/utf-8/data-pass.yml
diff --git a/testdata/schema.json b/testdata/utf-8/schema.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/schema.json
rename to testdata/utf-8/schema.json
diff --git a/testdata/schema.yml b/testdata/utf-8/schema.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/schema.yml
rename to testdata/utf-8/schema.yml
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-error.json b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-error.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e61837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-error.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+not valid json
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-error.yml b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-error.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9b03bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-error.yml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+invalid: "an escaped \' single quote is not valid yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-fail.json b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-fail.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..053cc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-fail.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+    "bar": "missing foo"
+}
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-fail.yml b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-fail.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b07635a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-fail.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+---
+bar: missing foo
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-pass.json b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-pass.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e091c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-pass.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "foo": "asdf",
+    "bar": "zxcv"
+}
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-pass.yml b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-pass.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7e16a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/data-pass.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+---
+foo: asdf
+bar: zxcv
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/schema.json b/testdata/utf-8_bom/schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e26417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+    "properties": {
+        "foo": { "type": "string" },
+        "bar": {}
+    },
+    "required": ["foo"]
+}
diff --git a/testdata/utf-8_bom/schema.yml b/testdata/utf-8_bom/schema.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2c99d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/utf-8_bom/schema.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+properties:
+    foo:
+        type: string
+    bar: {}
+required:
+    - foo