[Slider][material-next] Add Slider component

[DiegoAndai]

This issue is to track the work for adding the Slider component to @mui/material-next, moving forward the Material You effort (#29345)

Material You Slider specification: https://m3.material.io/components/sliders/overview

Migration Guide steps

• Copy component files from material (v5) to material-next: PR #37520
• Remove deprecated components and componentsProps props: PR #37520
• Drop support for ThemeProvider in favor of CssVarsProvider: PR #37520
• Migrate component to Typescript (test files in separate task below): PR #37520
• Refactor component to use Base UI’s hook if it exists: Skipped, was already using Base's hook in v5.
• Implement Material You design specs: PR #37520
• Add component playground to v5 docs: PR #37520

Additional work

• Fix Thumb/Input/Value structure (this comment): PR #37644

Work split into follow up issues

• Migrate Slider.test.js to TS: #38021
• Refactor styles to use CSS Variables: #38981
• Implement opacity-based disabled state: #38982

Note: If a task is marked as [WIP] it means someone is working on it

[DiegoAndai]

There are still improvements to be made to this component, but the main work has already been completed.

I've created separate issues to track some of the improvements I have in mind.

• [Slider][material-next] Slider TS improvements #38021
• [Slider][material-next] Refactor style to use CSS variables #38981
• [Slider][material-next] Implement opacity-based disabled state #38982

I'm closing this issue as the component is ready to be used, and I see no use in keeping it open as an umbrella issue.