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Module 2: Programming Basics with PHP

Getting Started

Prior to completing the module below it is highly recommended that you look at the following learning material (Note that the content here is PHP 5.4+ specific):

The Test

Note: You will stage, commit (with valid message) and push your changes after each update.

Variables, Constants and Strings

  1. Create a new Git repo in your GitHub account under your namespace called PHP. All the code for this module should be committed there.
  2. Create a file called constants.php and define 5 PHP constants there via the define() method. Assign some constants string values and some integer values. The integer values should be between one (1) and five (5).
  3. Stage, commit and push your changes.
  4. Create a new file called main.php. In the main.php file bring in the constants.php file in a way that will make it required and that it will be brought in only one time.
  5. Now create an array variable called array and assign it an associative array, using key names that are string constants from your constants.php file and at least one (1) value that is an integer constant from constants.php.
  6. Now create an integer variable called result and assign it the output of the multiplication of two (2) or more array values. In this equation you should use array keys that are constants defined in constants.php.
  7. Now print out the result as a string in the format of: "The result of X * Y is: Z". Create this message WITHOUT string concatenation and without reassigning any new variables.
  8. Now refactor the printed string to use string concatenation.
  9. Create a new string variable that holds three (3) multi-line paragraphs of text, this text can be anything you want and should have at least five (5) variable substitutions within the string. You can create the variables to put into this string if necessary. Do not use string concatenation or a multi-line string inside double quotes to create the string's value. Print the string's value.

Loops & Control Structures

  1. Create a new file called loop-control.php and inside create an array called numbers which contains integer values between 0 and 100, with a step of 3 between each number (eg. 0, 3, 6, 9, 12). Do this with the least amount of code you can.
  2. Now create a foreach loop to iterate over the array, inside the foreach loop add logic to do the following without using an if-else statement:
    • If the number is 3, print "Three" one (1) time
    • If the number is 9, print "Nine" three (3) times
    • If the number is 15, print "Fifteen" five (5) times
  3. Now refactor the logic inside the foreach loop to do the following (if and else can be used now):
    • If the number is a multiple of 7 print out "Sevens are lucky, this number has X", where X is the number multiples of 7 represented by the number
    • Otherwise, if the number is a multiple of 10, print out "X is a round number", where X is the number
    • If the number is the first in the group, print out "First number"
    • If the number is the last in the group, print out "Last number"
  4. Refactor the code to be a for loop.
  5. Refactor the code to be a while loop.
  6. Refactor the code to be a do-while loop.

Functions

  1. Create a new file called functions.php.
  2. Create four (4) math functions: add, subtract, multiply and divide two (2) given parameters.
  3. Use all of the functions and print out the result, showing how you would pass arguments to the functions by value and by reference.
  4. Create a function which takes two (2) comparison parameters and a third boolean parameter defaulting to false, which tells the function whether or not to compare the data type as well. Have the function print out a string that tells if the parameters are equal or not, and if they are equal in datatype if the third parameter was true.
  5. Use the comparison function and pass in the following parameters:
    • 4, "4"
    • 5, "5", true
    • 4, 4.0
    • 5. 5.0, true

Classes

  1. Create a new class called Math in a file named math.php, and copy your previous four (4) math functions into the class as public functions.
  2. Refactor each function so it will be able to take a minimum of 2 integer parameters with no maximum number of parameters. (eg. You could pass in 2 arguments or n.) The functions should return the relevant operation applied to all the function arguments, in the order they were given.
  3. Create a new file called do_math.php, which uses each function in the Math class 3 times and prints out the output.
  4. Now refactor your Math class to have 4 constants that represent each math operation and a private method called doOperation whose first parameter is the type of operation to do, and subsequent parameters are the values to do that operation on. Then, refactor the previous functions to all use the new doOperation function.

Inheritance, Interfaces, Namespaces and Traits

Create a new branch in your PHP Git repository called advanced and push your code for the following exercises there. Place all the following code in a folder called advanced.

  1. Create an inheritance hierarchy composed of six (6) classes:
    • Computer > Workstation
    • Workstation > Mac
    • Workstation > PC
    • Computer > Server
    • Server > WebServer
    • Server > DatabaseServer
  2. Create a new PHP file called main.php which uses these classes. Be creative and show the following concepts (you can simply echo strings for the function logic):
    • Public, Protected and Private functions
    • Public, Protected and Private properties
    • Overwriting inherited functions
    • Overwriting inherited functions but still executing the parent's functionality for that function before implementing the child's logic
    • Refactor your code to show the use of namespaces using the keywords use and as
    • Now refactor your code to use at least one (1) interface
    • Now refactor your code to include at least one (1) trait which should contain a function that executes then extends a super class' functionality
    • Now refactor your code to include at least three (3) closures. If your code already has this, add three (3) more
    • Stage, commit and push your changes with a commit message of closures

Final

  1. Create a new Git Repo in your GitHub namespace called php-final and put all your code for the following exercise there.
  2. Create a simple PHP application that does not use an existing framework or 3rd party libraries and has the characteristics listed below.
  3. Note that this exercise should be kept as simple as possible. Do not develop beyond the feature requirements below.

Before you begin building this web application, take a minute to setup Laravel Homestead if you haven't already.

Feature Requirements

  • Uses the MVC design pattern (limit to one [1] model and one [1] controller for simplicity)
  • Uses a namespace
  • Saves information into a MySQL database
  • Illustrates create, read, update and delete functions on a model (all database interaction should happen at the model layer)
  • Has static methods on the model for find() and findAll() for fetching model records
  • Inserts or updates a record into the database using a save() method on the model
  • Deletes the record from the database using a destroy() method on the model
  • Validates properties on the model using a validate() function which returns true or false as to whether or not the model is valid
  • The model's validate() function should feed data to an errors() function that returns an array of errors (if any)
  • The model's save function should return true or false if a insert or update was successful, and should validate the model prior to attempting to save. If the model is invalid, the save() should not complete and should return false.
  • If a model does not save for some reason, the user should be returned to the create or update view and be shown the errors.

Wrapping Up

When you are finished, push your code to GitHub. You should have two (2) repos, PHP and php-final in your personal GitHub namespace. Create a tag called v1.2 with a message of "ready for review". Be sure your tags are pushed to the remote repository and are visible in GitHub.

Create an issue titled Review Module 2 - Programming Basics with PHP and @mention your mentor and team leader.