diff --git a/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_async.c b/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_async.c
index a56bc03b..aca111ef 100644
--- a/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_async.c
+++ b/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_async.c
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ mrb_value ngx_mrb_start_fiber(ngx_http_request_t *r, mrb_state *mrb, struct RPro
   ctx = ngx_mrb_http_get_module_ctx(mrb, r);
   ctx->async_handler_result = result;
 
-  handler_proc = mrb_closure_new(mrb, rproc->body.irep);
+  handler_proc = rproc;
+  handler_proc->upper = NULL;
+  handler_proc->e.target_class = mrb->object_class;
   fiber_proc = (mrb_value *)ngx_palloc(r->pool, sizeof(mrb_value));
   *fiber_proc = mrb_fiber_new(mrb, rproc);
   if (mrb->exc) {
diff --git a/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_module.c b/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_module.c
index 77bafddb..17b2ae31 100644
--- a/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_module.c
+++ b/src/http/ngx_http_mruby_module.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "ngx_http_mruby_init.h"
 #include "ngx_http_mruby_request.h"
 
+#include <mruby/proc.h>
 #include <mruby/string.h>
 
 #define ON 1
@@ -910,7 +911,7 @@ ngx_int_t ngx_mrb_run(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_mrb_state_t *state, ngx_mrb_cod
 static ngx_int_t ngx_http_mruby_state_reinit_from_file(ngx_mrb_state_t *state, ngx_mrb_code_t *code)
 {
   FILE *mrb_file;
-  struct mrb_parser_state *p;
+  mrb_value proc;
 
   if ((mrb_file = fopen((char *)code->code.file, "r")) == NULL) {
     return NGX_ERROR;
@@ -919,18 +920,15 @@ static ngx_int_t ngx_http_mruby_state_reinit_from_file(ngx_mrb_state_t *state, n
   NGX_MRUBY_CODE_MRBC_CONTEXT_FREE(state->mrb, code);
   code->ctx = mrbc_context_new(state->mrb);
   mrbc_filename(state->mrb, code->ctx, (char *)code->code.file);
-  p = mrb_parse_file(state->mrb, mrb_file, code->ctx);
+  code->ctx->no_exec = TRUE;
+  proc = mrb_load_file_cxt(state->mrb, mrb_file, code->ctx);
   fclose(mrb_file);
 
-  if (p == NULL || (0 < p->nerr)) {
+  if (!mrb_proc_p(proc)) {
     return NGX_ERROR;
   }
 
-  code->proc = mrb_generate_code(state->mrb, p);
-  mrb_pool_close(p->pool);
-  if (code->proc == NULL) {
-    return NGX_ERROR;
-  }
+  code->proc = mrb_proc_ptr(proc);
 
   return NGX_OK;
 }
@@ -994,10 +992,11 @@ static ngx_int_t ngx_http_mruby_shared_state_init(ngx_mrb_state_t *state)
 static ngx_int_t ngx_http_mruby_shared_state_compile(ngx_conf_t *cf, ngx_mrb_state_t *state, ngx_mrb_code_t *code)
 {
   FILE *mrb_file;
-  struct mrb_parser_state *p;
+  mrb_value proc;
 
   NGX_MRUBY_CODE_MRBC_CONTEXT_FREE(state->mrb, code);
   code->ctx = mrbc_context_new(state->mrb);
+  code->ctx->no_exec = TRUE;
 #ifdef NGX_MRUBY_IREP_DEBUG
   code->ctx->dump_result = TRUE;
 #endif
@@ -1007,23 +1006,18 @@ static ngx_int_t ngx_http_mruby_shared_state_compile(ngx_conf_t *cf, ngx_mrb_sta
       return NGX_ERROR;
     }
     mrbc_filename(state->mrb, code->ctx, (char *)code->code.file);
-    p = mrb_parse_file(state->mrb, mrb_file, code->ctx);
+    proc = mrb_load_file_cxt(state->mrb, mrb_file, code->ctx);
     fclose(mrb_file);
   } else {
     mrbc_filename(state->mrb, code->ctx, "INLINE CODE");
-    p = mrb_parse_string(state->mrb, (char *)code->code.string, code->ctx);
-  }
-
-  if (p == NULL || (0 < p->nerr)) {
-    return NGX_ERROR;
+    proc = mrb_load_string_cxt(state->mrb, (char *)code->code.string, code->ctx);
   }
 
-  code->proc = mrb_generate_code(state->mrb, p);
-  mrb_pool_close(p->pool);
-  if (code->proc == NULL) {
+  if (!mrb_proc_p(proc)) {
     return NGX_ERROR;
   }
 
+  code->proc = mrb_proc_ptr(proc);
 #ifdef NGX_MRUBY_IREP_DEBUG
   /* mrb_codedump_all() is not declared in mruby headers. So just follows the mruby way. See mruby/src/load.c. */
   void mrb_codedump_all(mrb_state *, struct RProc *);
diff --git a/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_async.c b/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_async.c
index 5f0213bd..cec7b2f2 100644
--- a/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_async.c
+++ b/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_async.c
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ mrb_value ngx_stream_mrb_start_fiber(ngx_stream_session_t *s, mrb_state *mrb, st
   ctx = ngx_stream_mrb_get_module_ctx(mrb, s);
   ctx->async_handler_result = result;
 
-  handler_proc = mrb_closure_new(mrb, rproc->body.irep);
+  handler_proc = rproc;
+  handler_proc->upper = NULL;
+  handler_proc->e.target_class = mrb->object_class;
   fiber_proc = (mrb_value *)ngx_palloc(s->connection->pool, sizeof(mrb_value));
   *fiber_proc = mrb_fiber_new(mrb, rproc);
   if (mrb->exc) {
diff --git a/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_module.c b/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_module.c
index 4ea28350..3a64e009 100644
--- a/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_module.c
+++ b/src/stream/ngx_stream_mruby_module.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "ngx_stream_mruby_init.h"
 
+#include <mruby/proc.h>
 #include "mruby/string.h"
 
 #define NGX_MRUBY_CODE_MRBC_CONTEXT_FREE(mrb, code)                                                                    \
@@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ static ngx_mrb_code_t *ngx_stream_mruby_mrb_code_from_string(ngx_pool_t *pool, n
 static ngx_int_t ngx_stream_mruby_shared_state_compile(ngx_conf_t *cf, mrb_state *mrb, ngx_mrb_code_t *code)
 {
   FILE *mrb_file;
-  struct mrb_parser_state *p;
+  mrb_value proc;
 
   if (code->code_type == NGX_MRB_CODE_TYPE_FILE) {
     if ((mrb_file = fopen((char *)code->code.file, "r")) == NULL) {
@@ -370,24 +371,22 @@ static ngx_int_t ngx_stream_mruby_shared_state_compile(ngx_conf_t *cf, mrb_state
     NGX_MRUBY_CODE_MRBC_CONTEXT_FREE(mrb, code);
     code->ctx = mrbc_context_new(mrb);
     mrbc_filename(mrb, code->ctx, (char *)code->code.file);
-    p = mrb_parse_file(mrb, mrb_file, code->ctx);
+    code->ctx->no_exec = TRUE;
+    proc = mrb_load_file_cxt(mrb, mrb_file, code->ctx);
     fclose(mrb_file);
   } else {
     NGX_MRUBY_CODE_MRBC_CONTEXT_FREE(mrb, code);
     code->ctx = mrbc_context_new(mrb);
     mrbc_filename(mrb, code->ctx, "INLINE CODE");
-    p = mrb_parse_string(mrb, (char *)code->code.string, code->ctx);
+    code->ctx->no_exec = TRUE;
+    proc = mrb_load_string_cxt(mrb, (char *)code->code.string, code->ctx);
   }
 
-  if (p == NULL || (0 < p->nerr)) {
+  if (!mrb_proc_p(proc)) {
     return NGX_ERROR;
   }
 
-  code->proc = mrb_generate_code(mrb, p);
-  mrb_pool_close(p->pool);
-  if (code->proc == NULL) {
-    return NGX_ERROR;
-  }
+  code->proc = mrb_proc_ptr(proc);
 
   if (code->code_type == NGX_MRB_CODE_TYPE_FILE) {
     ngx_conf_log_error(NGX_LOG_NOTICE, cf, 0, "%s NOTICE %s:%d: compile info: code->code.file=(%s)", MODULE_NAME,