diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index fd41841c77cd..655fab9d8e8e 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ branches:
     - develop
     - /^release-v/
 
+# When running the tox environments that call Twisted Trial, we can pass the -j
+# flag to run the tests concurrently. We set this to 2 for CPU bound tests
+# (SQLite) and 4 for I/O bound tests (PostgreSQL).
 matrix:
   fast_finish: true
   include:
@@ -33,10 +36,10 @@ matrix:
     env: TOX_ENV="pep8,check_isort"
 
   - python: 2.7
-    env: TOX_ENV=py27
+    env: TOX_ENV=py27 TRIAL_FLAGS="-j 2"
 
   - python: 2.7
-    env: TOX_ENV=py27-old
+    env: TOX_ENV=py27-old TRIAL_FLAGS="-j 2"
 
   - python: 2.7
     env: TOX_ENV=py27-postgres TRIAL_FLAGS="-j 4"
@@ -44,10 +47,10 @@ matrix:
       - postgresql
 
   - python: 3.5
-    env: TOX_ENV=py35
+    env: TOX_ENV=py35 TRIAL_FLAGS="-j 2"
 
   - python: 3.6
-    env: TOX_ENV=py36
+    env: TOX_ENV=py36 TRIAL_FLAGS="-j 2"
 
   - python: 3.6
     env: TOX_ENV=py36-postgres TRIAL_FLAGS="-j 4"
diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index 8302610585c9..1c3d575c3747 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,3 +1,64 @@
+Synapse 0.33.9 (2018-11-19)
+===========================
+
+No significant changes.
+
+
+Synapse 0.33.9rc1 (2018-11-14)
+==============================
+
+Features
+--------
+
+- Include flags to optionally add `m.login.terms` to the registration flow when consent tracking is enabled. ([\#4004](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4004), [\#4133](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4133), [\#4142](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4142), [\#4184](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4184))
+- Support for replacing rooms with new ones ([\#4091](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4091), [\#4099](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4099), [\#4100](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4100), [\#4101](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4101))
+
+
+Bugfixes
+--------
+
+- Fix exceptions when using the email mailer on Python 3. ([\#4095](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4095))
+- Fix e2e key backup with more than 9 backup versions ([\#4113](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4113))
+- Searches that request profile info now no longer fail with a 500. ([\#4122](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4122))
+- fix return code of empty key backups ([\#4123](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4123))
+- If the typing stream ID goes backwards (as on a worker when the master restarts), the worker's typing handler will no longer erroneously report rooms containing new typing events. ([\#4127](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4127))
+- Fix table lock of device_lists_remote_cache which could freeze the application ([\#4132](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4132))
+- Fix exception when using state res v2 algorithm ([\#4135](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4135))
+- Generating the user consent URI no longer fails on Python 3. ([\#4140](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4140), [\#4163](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4163))
+- Loading URL previews from the DB cache on Postgres will no longer cause Unicode type errors when responding to the request, and URL previews will no longer fail if the remote server returns a Content-Type header with the chartype in quotes. ([\#4157](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4157))
+- The hash_password script now works on Python 3. ([\#4161](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4161))
+- Fix noop checks when updating device keys, reducing spurious device list update notifications. ([\#4164](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4164))
+
+
+Deprecations and Removals
+-------------------------
+
+- The disused and un-specced identicon generator has been removed. ([\#4106](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4106))
+- The obsolete and non-functional /pull federation endpoint has been removed. ([\#4118](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4118))
+- The deprecated v1 key exchange endpoints have been removed. ([\#4119](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4119))
+- Synapse will no longer fetch keys using the fallback deprecated v1 key exchange method and will now always use v2. ([\#4120](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4120))
+
+
+Internal Changes
+----------------
+
+- Fix build of Docker image with docker-compose ([\#3778](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/3778))
+- Delete unreferenced state groups during history purge ([\#4006](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4006))
+- The "Received rdata" log messages on workers is now logged at DEBUG, not INFO. ([\#4108](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4108))
+- Reduce replication traffic for device lists ([\#4109](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4109))
+- Fix `synapse_replication_tcp_protocol_*_commands` metric label to be full command name, rather than just the first character ([\#4110](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4110))
+- Log some bits about room creation ([\#4121](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4121))
+- Fix `tox` failure on old systems ([\#4124](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4124))
+- Add STATE_V2_TEST room version ([\#4128](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4128))
+- Clean up event accesses and tests ([\#4137](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4137))
+- The default logging config will now set an explicit log file encoding of UTF-8. ([\#4138](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4138))
+- Add helpers functions for getting prev and auth events of an event ([\#4139](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4139))
+- Add some tests for the HTTP pusher. ([\#4149](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4149))
+- add purge_history.sh and purge_remote_media.sh scripts to contrib/ ([\#4155](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4155))
+- HTTP tests have been refactored to contain less boilerplate. ([\#4156](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4156))
+- Drop incoming events from federation for unknown rooms ([\#4165](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/4165))
+
+
 Synapse 0.33.8 (2018-11-01)
 ===========================
 
diff --git a/contrib/docker/docker-compose.yml b/contrib/docker/docker-compose.yml
index 3a8dfbae34ef..2c1f0671b2eb 100644
--- a/contrib/docker/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/contrib/docker/docker-compose.yml
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ version: '3'
 services:
 
   synapse:
-    build: ../..
+    build:
+        context: ../..
+        dockerfile: docker/Dockerfile
     image: docker.io/matrixdotorg/synapse:latest
-    # Since snyapse does not retry to connect to the database, restart upon
+    # Since synapse does not retry to connect to the database, restart upon
     # failure
     restart: unless-stopped
     # See the readme for a full documentation of the environment settings
@@ -47,4 +49,4 @@ services:
       # You may store the database tables in a local folder..
       - ./schemas:/var/lib/postgresql/data
       # .. or store them on some high performance storage for better results
-      # - /path/to/ssd/storage:/var/lib/postfesql/data
+      # - /path/to/ssd/storage:/var/lib/postgresql/data
diff --git a/contrib/purge_api/README.md b/contrib/purge_api/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..000bf35ca7c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/purge_api/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Purge history API examples
+==========================
+
+# `purge_history.sh`
+
+A bash file, that uses the [purge history API](/docs/admin_api/README.rst) to 
+purge all messages in a list of rooms up to a certain event. You can select a 
+timeframe or a number of messages that you want to keep in the room.
+
+Just configure the variables DOMAIN, ADMIN, ROOMS_ARRAY and TIME at the top of
+the script.
+
+# `purge_remote_media.sh`
+
+A bash file, that uses the [purge history API](/docs/admin_api/README.rst) to 
+purge all old cached remote media.
diff --git a/contrib/purge_api/purge_history.sh b/contrib/purge_api/purge_history.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e7dd5d646870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/purge_api/purge_history.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# this script will use the api:
+#    https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/docs/admin_api/purge_history_api.rst
+# 
+# It will purge all messages in a list of rooms up to a cetrain event
+
+###################################################################################################
+# define your domain and admin user
+###################################################################################################
+# add this user as admin in your home server:
+DOMAIN=yourserver.tld
+# add this user as admin in your home server:
+ADMIN="@you_admin_username:$DOMAIN"
+
+API_URL="$DOMAIN:8008/_matrix/client/r0"
+
+###################################################################################################
+#choose the rooms to prune old messages from (add a free comment at the end)
+###################################################################################################
+# the room_id's you can get e.g. from your Riot clients "View Source" button on each message
+ROOMS_ARRAY=(
+'!DgvjtOljKujDBrxyHk:matrix.org#riot:matrix.org'
+'!QtykxKocfZaZOUrTwp:matrix.org#Matrix HQ'
+)
+
+# ALTERNATIVELY:
+# you can select all the rooms that are not encrypted and loop over the result:
+# SELECT room_id FROM rooms WHERE room_id NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT room_id FROM events WHERE type ='m.room.encrypted')
+# or
+# select all rooms with at least 100 members:
+# SELECT q.room_id FROM (select count(*) as numberofusers, room_id FROM current_state_events WHERE type ='m.room.member'
+#   GROUP BY room_id) AS q LEFT JOIN room_aliases a ON q.room_id=a.room_id WHERE q.numberofusers > 100 ORDER BY numberofusers desc
+
+###################################################################################################
+# evaluate the EVENT_ID before which should be pruned
+###################################################################################################
+# choose a time before which the messages should be pruned:
+TIME='12 months ago'
+# ALTERNATIVELY:
+# a certain time:
+# TIME='2016-08-31 23:59:59'
+
+# creates a timestamp from the given time string:
+UNIX_TIMESTAMP=$(date +%s%3N --date='TZ="UTC+2" '"$TIME")
+
+# ALTERNATIVELY:
+# prune all messages that are older than 1000 messages ago:
+# LAST_MESSAGES=1000
+# SQL_GET_EVENT="SELECT event_id from events WHERE type='m.room.message' AND room_id ='$ROOM' ORDER BY received_ts DESC LIMIT 1 offset $(($LAST_MESSAGES - 1))"
+
+# ALTERNATIVELY:
+# select the EVENT_ID manually:
+#EVENT_ID='$1471814088343495zpPNI:matrix.org' # an example event from 21st of Aug 2016 by Matthew
+
+###################################################################################################
+# make the admin user a server admin in the database with
+###################################################################################################
+# psql -A -t --dbname=synapse -c "UPDATE users SET admin=1 WHERE name LIKE '$ADMIN'"
+
+###################################################################################################
+# database function
+###################################################################################################
+sql (){
+  # for sqlite3:
+  #sqlite3 homeserver.db "pragma busy_timeout=20000;$1" | awk '{print $2}'
+  # for postgres:
+  psql -A -t --dbname=synapse -c "$1" | grep -v 'Pager'
+}
+
+###################################################################################################
+# get an access token
+###################################################################################################
+# for example externally by watching Riot in your browser's network inspector
+# or internally on the server locally, use this:
+TOKEN=$(sql "SELECT token FROM access_tokens WHERE user_id='$ADMIN' ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1")
+AUTH="Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
+
+###################################################################################################
+# check, if your TOKEN works. For example this works: 
+###################################################################################################
+# $ curl --header "$AUTH" "$API_URL/rooms/$ROOM/state/m.room.power_levels" 
+
+###################################################################################################
+# finally start pruning the room:
+###################################################################################################
+POSTDATA='{"delete_local_events":"true"}' # this will really delete local events, so the messages in the room really disappear unless they are restored by remote federation
+
+for ROOM in "${ROOMS_ARRAY[@]}"; do
+    echo "########################################### $(date) ################# "
+    echo "pruning room: $ROOM ..."
+    ROOM=${ROOM%#*}
+    #set -x
+    echo "check for alias in db..."
+    # for postgres:
+    sql "SELECT * FROM room_aliases WHERE room_id='$ROOM'"
+    echo "get event..."
+    # for postgres:
+    EVENT_ID=$(sql "SELECT event_id FROM events WHERE type='m.room.message' AND received_ts<'$UNIX_TIMESTAMP' AND room_id='$ROOM' ORDER BY received_ts DESC LIMIT 1;")
+    if [ "$EVENT_ID" == "" ]; then
+      echo "no event $TIME"
+    else
+      echo "event: $EVENT_ID"
+      SLEEP=2
+      set -x
+      # call purge
+      OUT=$(curl --header "$AUTH" -s -d $POSTDATA POST "$API_URL/admin/purge_history/$ROOM/$EVENT_ID")
+      PURGE_ID=$(echo "$OUT" |grep purge_id|cut -d'"' -f4 )
+      if [ "$PURGE_ID" == "" ]; then
+        # probably the history purge is already in progress for $ROOM
+        : "continuing with next room"
+      else
+        while : ; do
+          # get status of purge and sleep longer each time if still active
+          sleep $SLEEP
+          STATUS=$(curl --header "$AUTH" -s GET "$API_URL/admin/purge_history_status/$PURGE_ID" |grep status|cut -d'"' -f4)
+          : "$ROOM --> Status: $STATUS"
+          [[ "$STATUS" == "active" ]] || break 
+          SLEEP=$((SLEEP + 1))
+        done 
+      fi
+      set +x
+      sleep 1
+    fi  
+done
+
+
+###################################################################################################
+# additionally
+###################################################################################################
+# to benefit from pruning large amounts of data, you need to call VACUUM to free the unused space.
+# This can take a very long time (hours) and the client have to be stopped while you do so:
+# $ synctl stop
+# $ sqlite3 -line homeserver.db "vacuum;"
+# $ synctl start
+
+# This could be set, so you don't need to prune every time after deleting some rows:
+# $ sqlite3 homeserver.db "PRAGMA auto_vacuum = FULL;"
+# be cautious, it could make the database somewhat slow if there are a lot of deletions
+
+exit
diff --git a/contrib/purge_api/purge_remote_media.sh b/contrib/purge_api/purge_remote_media.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..99c07c663d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/purge_api/purge_remote_media.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+DOMAIN=yourserver.tld
+# add this user as admin in your home server:
+ADMIN="@you_admin_username:$DOMAIN"
+
+API_URL="$DOMAIN:8008/_matrix/client/r0"
+
+# choose a time before which the messages should be pruned:
+# TIME='2016-08-31 23:59:59'
+TIME='12 months ago'
+
+# creates a timestamp from the given time string:
+UNIX_TIMESTAMP=$(date +%s%3N --date='TZ="UTC+2" '"$TIME")
+
+
+###################################################################################################
+# database function
+###################################################################################################
+sql (){
+  # for sqlite3:
+  #sqlite3 homeserver.db "pragma busy_timeout=20000;$1" | awk '{print $2}'
+  # for postgres:
+  psql -A -t --dbname=synapse -c "$1" | grep -v 'Pager'
+}
+
+###############################################################################
+# make the admin user a server admin in the database with
+###############################################################################
+# sql "UPDATE users SET admin=1 WHERE name LIKE '$ADMIN'"
+
+###############################################################################
+# get an access token
+###############################################################################
+# for example externally by watching Riot in your browser's network inspector
+# or internally on the server locally, use this:
+TOKEN=$(sql "SELECT token FROM access_tokens WHERE user_id='$ADMIN' ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1")
+
+###############################################################################
+# check, if your TOKEN works. For example this works: 
+###############################################################################
+# curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$API_URL/rooms/$ROOM/state/m.room.power_levels"
+
+###############################################################################
+# optional check size before
+###############################################################################
+# echo calculate used storage before ...
+# du -shc ../.synapse/media_store/*
+
+###############################################################################
+# finally start pruning media:
+###############################################################################
+set -x # for debugging the generated string
+curl --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -v POST "$API_URL/admin/purge_media_cache/?before_ts=$UNIX_TIMESTAMP"
diff --git a/docs/consent_tracking.md b/docs/consent_tracking.md
index 064eae82f7fc..c586b5f0b67c 100644
--- a/docs/consent_tracking.md
+++ b/docs/consent_tracking.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Note that the templates must be stored under a name giving the language of the
 template - currently this must always be `en` (for "English");
 internationalisation support is intended for the future.
 
-The template for the policy itself should be versioned and named according to 
+The template for the policy itself should be versioned and named according to
 the version: for example `1.0.html`. The version of the policy which the user
 has agreed to is stored in the database.
 
@@ -85,6 +85,37 @@ Once this is complete, and the server has been restarted, try visiting
 an error "Missing string query parameter 'u'". It is now possible to manually
 construct URIs where users can give their consent.
 
+### Enabling consent tracking at registration
+
+1. Add the following to your configuration:
+
+   ```yaml
+   user_consent:
+     require_at_registration: true
+     policy_name: "Privacy Policy" # or whatever you'd like to call the policy
+   ```
+
+2. In your consent templates, make use of the `public_version` variable to
+   see if an unauthenticated user is viewing the page. This is typically
+   wrapped around the form that would be used to actually agree to the document:
+
+   ```
+   {% if not public_version %}
+     <!-- The variables used here are only provided when the 'u' param is given to the homeserver -->
+     <form method="post" action="consent">
+       <input type="hidden" name="v" value="{{version}}"/>
+       <input type="hidden" name="u" value="{{user}}"/>
+       <input type="hidden" name="h" value="{{userhmac}}"/>
+       <input type="submit" value="Sure thing!"/>
+     </form>
+   {% endif %}
+   ```
+
+3. Restart Synapse to apply the changes.
+
+Visiting `https://<server>/_matrix/consent` should now give you a view of the privacy
+document. This is what users will be able to see when registering for accounts.
+
 ### Constructing the consent URI
 
 It may be useful to manually construct the "consent URI" for a given user - for
@@ -106,6 +137,12 @@ query parameters:
    `https://<server>/_matrix/consent?u=<user>&h=68a152465a4d...`.
 
 
+Note that not providing a `u` parameter will be interpreted as wanting to view
+the document from an unauthenticated perspective, such as prior to registration.
+Therefore, the `h` parameter is not required in this scenario. To enable this
+behaviour, set `require_at_registration` to `true` in your `user_consent` config.
+
+
 Sending users a server notice asking them to agree to the policy
 ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/docs/privacy_policy_templates/en/1.0.html b/docs/privacy_policy_templates/en/1.0.html
index 55c5e4b612fc..321c7e46710a 100644
--- a/docs/privacy_policy_templates/en/1.0.html
+++ b/docs/privacy_policy_templates/en/1.0.html
@@ -12,12 +12,15 @@
     <p>
       All your base are belong to us.
     </p>
-    <form method="post" action="consent">
-      <input type="hidden" name="v" value="{{version}}"/>
-      <input type="hidden" name="u" value="{{user}}"/>
-      <input type="hidden" name="h" value="{{userhmac}}"/>
-      <input type="submit" value="Sure thing!"/>
-    </form>
+    {% if not public_version %}
+      <!-- The variables used here are only provided when the 'u' param is given to the homeserver -->
+      <form method="post" action="consent">
+        <input type="hidden" name="v" value="{{version}}"/>
+        <input type="hidden" name="u" value="{{user}}"/>
+        <input type="hidden" name="h" value="{{userhmac}}"/>
+        <input type="submit" value="Sure thing!"/>
+      </form>
+    {% endif %}
   {% endif %}
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/jenkins/prepare_synapse.sh b/jenkins/prepare_synapse.sh
index d95ca846c414..016afb8baac0 100755
--- a/jenkins/prepare_synapse.sh
+++ b/jenkins/prepare_synapse.sh
@@ -14,22 +14,3 @@ fi
 
 # set up the virtualenv
 tox -e py27 --notest -v
-
-TOX_BIN=$TOX_DIR/py27/bin
-
-# cryptography 2.2 requires setuptools >= 18.5.
-#
-# older versions of virtualenv (?) give us a virtualenv with the same version
-# of setuptools as is installed on the system python (and tox runs virtualenv
-# under python3, so we get the version of setuptools that is installed on that).
-#
-# anyway, make sure that we have a recent enough setuptools.
-$TOX_BIN/pip install 'setuptools>=18.5'
-
-# we also need a semi-recent version of pip, because old ones fail to install
-# the "enum34" dependency of cryptography.
-$TOX_BIN/pip install 'pip>=10'
-
-{ python synapse/python_dependencies.py
-  echo lxml
-} | xargs $TOX_BIN/pip install
diff --git a/scripts-dev/federation_client.py b/scripts-dev/federation_client.py
index 2566ce7cefef..e0287c8c6ccf 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/federation_client.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/federation_client.py
@@ -154,10 +154,15 @@ def request_json(method, origin_name, origin_key, destination, path, content):
     s = requests.Session()
     s.mount("matrix://", MatrixConnectionAdapter())
 
+    headers = {"Host": destination, "Authorization": authorization_headers[0]}
+
+    if method == "POST":
+        headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
+
     result = s.request(
         method=method,
         url=dest,
-        headers={"Host": destination, "Authorization": authorization_headers[0]},
+        headers=headers,
         verify=False,
         data=content,
     )
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ def main():
     parser.add_argument(
         "-X",
         "--method",
-        help="HTTP method to use for the request. Defaults to GET if --data is"
+        help="HTTP method to use for the request. Defaults to GET if --body is"
         "unspecified, POST if it is.",
     )
 
diff --git a/scripts-dev/make_identicons.pl b/scripts-dev/make_identicons.pl
deleted file mode 100755
index cbff63e29828..000000000000
--- a/scripts-dev/make_identicons.pl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env perl
-
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-
-use DBI;
-use DBD::SQLite;
-use JSON;
-use Getopt::Long;
-
-my $db; # = "homeserver.db";
-my $server = "http://localhost:8008";
-my $size = 320;
-
-GetOptions("db|d=s",     \$db,
-           "server|s=s", \$server,
-           "width|w=i",  \$size) or usage();
-
-usage() unless $db;
-
-my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:SQLite:dbname=$db","","") || die $DBI::errstr;
-
-my $res = $dbh->selectall_arrayref("select token, name from access_tokens, users where access_tokens.user_id = users.id group by user_id") || die $DBI::errstr;
-
-foreach (@$res) {
-    my ($token, $mxid) = ($_->[0], $_->[1]);
-    my ($user_id) = ($mxid =~ m/@(.*):/);
-    my ($url) = $dbh->selectrow_array("select avatar_url from profiles where user_id=?", undef, $user_id);
-    if (!$url || $url =~ /#auto$/) {
-        `curl -s -o tmp.png "$server/_matrix/media/v1/identicon?name=${mxid}&width=$size&height=$size"`;
-        my $json = `curl -s -X POST -H "Content-Type: image/png" -T "tmp.png" $server/_matrix/media/v1/upload?access_token=$token`;
-        my $content_uri = from_json($json)->{content_uri};
-        `curl -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{ "avatar_url": "${content_uri}#auto"}' $server/_matrix/client/api/v1/profile/${mxid}/avatar_url?access_token=$token`;
-    }
-}
-
-sub usage {
-    die "usage: ./make-identicons.pl\n\t-d database [e.g. homeserver.db]\n\t-s homeserver (default: http://localhost:8008)\n\t-w identicon size in pixels (default 320)";
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripts/hash_password b/scripts/hash_password
index a62bb5aa8317..a1eb0769daf4 100755
--- a/scripts/hash_password
+++ b/scripts/hash_password
@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@
 import argparse
 import getpass
 import sys
+import unicodedata
 
 import bcrypt
 import yaml
 
-bcrypt_rounds=12
+bcrypt_rounds = 12
 password_pepper = ""
 
+
 def prompt_for_pass():
     password = getpass.getpass("Password: ")
 
@@ -23,19 +25,27 @@ def prompt_for_pass():
 
     return password
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description="Calculate the hash of a new password, so that passwords"
-                    " can be reset")
+        description=(
+            "Calculate the hash of a new password, so that passwords can be reset"
+        )
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-p", "--password",
+        "-p",
+        "--password",
         default=None,
         help="New password for user. Will prompt if omitted.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-c", "--config",
+        "-c",
+        "--config",
         type=argparse.FileType('r'),
-        help="Path to server config file. Used to read in bcrypt_rounds and password_pepper.",
+        help=(
+            "Path to server config file. "
+            "Used to read in bcrypt_rounds and password_pepper."
+        ),
     )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
@@ -49,4 +59,21 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     if not password:
         password = prompt_for_pass()
 
-    print bcrypt.hashpw(password + password_pepper, bcrypt.gensalt(bcrypt_rounds))
+    # On Python 2, make sure we decode it to Unicode before we normalise it
+    if isinstance(password, bytes):
+        try:
+            password = password.decode(sys.stdin.encoding)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            print(
+                "ERROR! Your password is not decodable using your terminal encoding (%s)."
+                % (sys.stdin.encoding,)
+            )
+
+    pw = unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", password)
+
+    hashed = bcrypt.hashpw(
+        pw.encode('utf8') + password_pepper.encode("utf8"),
+        bcrypt.gensalt(bcrypt_rounds),
+    ).decode('ascii')
+
+    print(hashed)
diff --git a/synapse/__init__.py b/synapse/__init__.py
index 89ea9a97753b..5a28fe2b82e1 100644
--- a/synapse/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/__init__.py
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
-__version__ = "0.33.8"
+__version__ = "0.33.9"
diff --git a/synapse/api/constants.py b/synapse/api/constants.py
index c2630c4c6436..f20e0fcf0bfb 100644
--- a/synapse/api/constants.py
+++ b/synapse/api/constants.py
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ class LoginType(object):
     EMAIL_IDENTITY = u"m.login.email.identity"
     MSISDN = u"m.login.msisdn"
     RECAPTCHA = u"m.login.recaptcha"
+    TERMS = u"m.login.terms"
     DUMMY = u"m.login.dummy"
 
     # Only for C/S API v1
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ class LoginType(object):
 class EventTypes(object):
     Member = "m.room.member"
     Create = "m.room.create"
+    Tombstone = "m.room.tombstone"
     JoinRules = "m.room.join_rules"
     PowerLevels = "m.room.power_levels"
     Aliases = "m.room.aliases"
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@ class ThirdPartyEntityKind(object):
 class RoomVersions(object):
     V1 = "1"
     VDH_TEST = "vdh-test-version"
+    STATE_V2_TEST = "state-v2-test"
 
 
 # the version we will give rooms which are created on this server
@@ -108,7 +111,11 @@ class RoomVersions(object):
 
 # vdh-test-version is a placeholder to get room versioning support working and tested
 # until we have a working v2.
-KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS = {RoomVersions.V1, RoomVersions.VDH_TEST}
+KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS = {
+    RoomVersions.V1,
+    RoomVersions.VDH_TEST,
+    RoomVersions.STATE_V2_TEST,
+}
 
 ServerNoticeMsgType = "m.server_notice"
 ServerNoticeLimitReached = "m.server_notice.usage_limit_reached"
diff --git a/synapse/api/urls.py b/synapse/api/urls.py
index 6d9f1ca0ef46..f78695b657d3 100644
--- a/synapse/api/urls.py
+++ b/synapse/api/urls.py
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 STATIC_PREFIX = "/_matrix/static"
 WEB_CLIENT_PREFIX = "/_matrix/client"
 CONTENT_REPO_PREFIX = "/_matrix/content"
-SERVER_KEY_PREFIX = "/_matrix/key/v1"
 SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX = "/_matrix/key/v2"
 MEDIA_PREFIX = "/_matrix/media/r0"
 LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX = "/_matrix/media/v1"
diff --git a/synapse/app/homeserver.py b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
index 593e1e75dbdc..415374a2ce91 100755
--- a/synapse/app/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
     FEDERATION_PREFIX,
     LEGACY_MEDIA_PREFIX,
     MEDIA_PREFIX,
-    SERVER_KEY_PREFIX,
     SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX,
     STATIC_PREFIX,
     WEB_CLIENT_PREFIX,
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@
 from synapse.replication.http import REPLICATION_PREFIX, ReplicationRestResource
 from synapse.replication.tcp.resource import ReplicationStreamProtocolFactory
 from synapse.rest import ClientRestResource
-from synapse.rest.key.v1.server_key_resource import LocalKey
 from synapse.rest.key.v2 import KeyApiV2Resource
 from synapse.rest.media.v0.content_repository import ContentRepoResource
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -236,10 +234,7 @@ def _configure_named_resource(self, name, compress=False):
                 )
 
         if name in ["keys", "federation"]:
-            resources.update({
-                SERVER_KEY_PREFIX: LocalKey(self),
-                SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX: KeyApiV2Resource(self),
-            })
+            resources[SERVER_KEY_V2_PREFIX] = KeyApiV2Resource(self)
 
         if name == "webclient":
             resources[WEB_CLIENT_PREFIX] = build_resource_for_web_client(self)
diff --git a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
index 3926c7f2636f..0354e82bf850 100644
--- a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
+++ b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
@@ -226,7 +226,15 @@ def get_currently_syncing_users(self):
 class SynchrotronTyping(object):
     def __init__(self, hs):
         self._latest_room_serial = 0
+        self._reset()
+
+    def _reset(self):
+        """
+        Reset the typing handler's data caches.
+        """
+        # map room IDs to serial numbers
         self._room_serials = {}
+        # map room IDs to sets of users currently typing
         self._room_typing = {}
 
     def stream_positions(self):
@@ -236,6 +244,12 @@ def stream_positions(self):
         return {"typing": self._latest_room_serial}
 
     def process_replication_rows(self, token, rows):
+        if self._latest_room_serial > token:
+            # The master has gone backwards. To prevent inconsistent data, just
+            # clear everything.
+            self._reset()
+
+        # Set the latest serial token to whatever the server gave us.
         self._latest_room_serial = token
 
         for row in rows:
diff --git a/synapse/config/consent_config.py b/synapse/config/consent_config.py
index e22c731aadec..f193a090ae2e 100644
--- a/synapse/config/consent_config.py
+++ b/synapse/config/consent_config.py
@@ -42,6 +42,14 @@
 # until the user consents to the privacy policy. The value of the setting is
 # used as the text of the error.
 #
+# 'require_at_registration', if enabled, will add a step to the registration
+# process, similar to how captcha works. Users will be required to accept the
+# policy before their account is created.
+#
+# 'policy_name' is the display name of the policy users will see when registering
+# for an account. Has no effect unless `require_at_registration` is enabled.
+# Defaults to "Privacy Policy".
+#
 # user_consent:
 #   template_dir: res/templates/privacy
 #   version: 1.0
@@ -54,6 +62,8 @@
 #   block_events_error: >-
 #     To continue using this homeserver you must review and agree to the
 #     terms and conditions at %(consent_uri)s
+#   require_at_registration: False
+#   policy_name: Privacy Policy
 #
 """
 
@@ -67,6 +77,8 @@ def __init__(self):
         self.user_consent_server_notice_content = None
         self.user_consent_server_notice_to_guests = False
         self.block_events_without_consent_error = None
+        self.user_consent_at_registration = False
+        self.user_consent_policy_name = "Privacy Policy"
 
     def read_config(self, config):
         consent_config = config.get("user_consent")
@@ -83,6 +95,12 @@ def read_config(self, config):
         self.user_consent_server_notice_to_guests = bool(consent_config.get(
             "send_server_notice_to_guests", False,
         ))
+        self.user_consent_at_registration = bool(consent_config.get(
+            "require_at_registration", False,
+        ))
+        self.user_consent_policy_name = consent_config.get(
+            "policy_name", "Privacy Policy",
+        )
 
     def default_config(self, **kwargs):
         return DEFAULT_CONFIG
diff --git a/synapse/config/logger.py b/synapse/config/logger.py
index e9a936118d85..7081868963d4 100644
--- a/synapse/config/logger.py
+++ b/synapse/config/logger.py
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
         maxBytes: 104857600
         backupCount: 10
         filters: [context]
+        encoding: utf8
     console:
         class: logging.StreamHandler
         formatter: precise
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py b/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py
index 080c81f14bc8..d40e4b8591fd 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/keyclient.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 import logging
 
+from six.moves import urllib
+
 from canonicaljson import json
 
 from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
@@ -28,15 +30,15 @@
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-KEY_API_V1 = b"/_matrix/key/v1/"
+KEY_API_V2 = "/_matrix/key/v2/server/%s"
 
 
 @defer.inlineCallbacks
-def fetch_server_key(server_name, tls_client_options_factory, path=KEY_API_V1):
+def fetch_server_key(server_name, tls_client_options_factory, key_id):
     """Fetch the keys for a remote server."""
 
     factory = SynapseKeyClientFactory()
-    factory.path = path
+    factory.path = KEY_API_V2 % (urllib.parse.quote(key_id), )
     factory.host = server_name
     endpoint = matrix_federation_endpoint(
         reactor, server_name, tls_client_options_factory, timeout=30
diff --git a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
index d89f94c21953..515ebbc148e7 100644
--- a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-# Copyright 2017 New Vector Ltd.
+# Copyright 2017, 2018 New Vector Ltd.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
 import logging
 from collections import namedtuple
 
-from six.moves import urllib
-
 from signedjson.key import (
     decode_verify_key_bytes,
     encode_verify_key_base64,
@@ -395,32 +393,13 @@ def get_key(perspective_name, perspective_keys):
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def get_keys_from_server(self, server_name_and_key_ids):
-        @defer.inlineCallbacks
-        def get_key(server_name, key_ids):
-            keys = None
-            try:
-                keys = yield self.get_server_verify_key_v2_direct(
-                    server_name, key_ids
-                )
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.info(
-                    "Unable to get key %r for %r directly: %s %s",
-                    key_ids, server_name,
-                    type(e).__name__, str(e),
-                )
-
-            if not keys:
-                keys = yield self.get_server_verify_key_v1_direct(
-                    server_name, key_ids
-                )
-
-                keys = {server_name: keys}
-
-            defer.returnValue(keys)
-
         results = yield logcontext.make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults(
             [
-                run_in_background(get_key, server_name, key_ids)
+                run_in_background(
+                    self.get_server_verify_key_v2_direct,
+                    server_name,
+                    key_ids,
+                )
                 for server_name, key_ids in server_name_and_key_ids
             ],
             consumeErrors=True,
@@ -525,10 +504,7 @@ def get_server_verify_key_v2_direct(self, server_name, key_ids):
                 continue
 
             (response, tls_certificate) = yield fetch_server_key(
-                server_name, self.hs.tls_client_options_factory,
-                path=("/_matrix/key/v2/server/%s" % (
-                    urllib.parse.quote(requested_key_id),
-                )).encode("ascii"),
+                server_name, self.hs.tls_client_options_factory, requested_key_id
             )
 
             if (u"signatures" not in response
@@ -657,78 +633,6 @@ def process_v2_response(self, from_server, response_json,
 
         defer.returnValue(results)
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def get_server_verify_key_v1_direct(self, server_name, key_ids):
-        """Finds a verification key for the server with one of the key ids.
-        Args:
-            server_name (str): The name of the server to fetch a key for.
-            keys_ids (list of str): The key_ids to check for.
-        """
-
-        # Try to fetch the key from the remote server.
-
-        (response, tls_certificate) = yield fetch_server_key(
-            server_name, self.hs.tls_client_options_factory
-        )
-
-        # Check the response.
-
-        x509_certificate_bytes = crypto.dump_certificate(
-            crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, tls_certificate
-        )
-
-        if ("signatures" not in response
-                or server_name not in response["signatures"]):
-            raise KeyLookupError("Key response not signed by remote server")
-
-        if "tls_certificate" not in response:
-            raise KeyLookupError("Key response missing TLS certificate")
-
-        tls_certificate_b64 = response["tls_certificate"]
-
-        if encode_base64(x509_certificate_bytes) != tls_certificate_b64:
-            raise KeyLookupError("TLS certificate doesn't match")
-
-        # Cache the result in the datastore.
-
-        time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()
-
-        verify_keys = {}
-        for key_id, key_base64 in response["verify_keys"].items():
-            if is_signing_algorithm_supported(key_id):
-                key_bytes = decode_base64(key_base64)
-                verify_key = decode_verify_key_bytes(key_id, key_bytes)
-                verify_key.time_added = time_now_ms
-                verify_keys[key_id] = verify_key
-
-        for key_id in response["signatures"][server_name]:
-            if key_id not in response["verify_keys"]:
-                raise KeyLookupError(
-                    "Key response must include verification keys for all"
-                    " signatures"
-                )
-            if key_id in verify_keys:
-                verify_signed_json(
-                    response,
-                    server_name,
-                    verify_keys[key_id]
-                )
-
-        yield self.store.store_server_certificate(
-            server_name,
-            server_name,
-            time_now_ms,
-            tls_certificate,
-        )
-
-        yield self.store_keys(
-            server_name=server_name,
-            from_server=server_name,
-            verify_keys=verify_keys,
-        )
-
-        defer.returnValue(verify_keys)
-
     def store_keys(self, server_name, from_server, verify_keys):
         """Store a collection of verify keys for a given server
         Args:
diff --git a/synapse/event_auth.py b/synapse/event_auth.py
index d4d44748475f..c81d8e672941 100644
--- a/synapse/event_auth.py
+++ b/synapse/event_auth.py
@@ -200,11 +200,11 @@ def _is_membership_change_allowed(event, auth_events):
     membership = event.content["membership"]
 
     # Check if this is the room creator joining:
-    if len(event.prev_events) == 1 and Membership.JOIN == membership:
+    if len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1 and Membership.JOIN == membership:
         # Get room creation event:
         key = (EventTypes.Create, "", )
         create = auth_events.get(key)
-        if create and event.prev_events[0][0] == create.event_id:
+        if create and event.prev_event_ids()[0] == create.event_id:
             if create.content["creator"] == event.state_key:
                 return
 
diff --git a/synapse/events/__init__.py b/synapse/events/__init__.py
index 12f1eb0a3ec4..84c75495d544 100644
--- a/synapse/events/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/events/__init__.py
@@ -159,6 +159,24 @@ def items(self):
     def keys(self):
         return six.iterkeys(self._event_dict)
 
+    def prev_event_ids(self):
+        """Returns the list of prev event IDs. The order matches the order
+        specified in the event, though there is no meaning to it.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[str]: The list of event IDs of this event's prev_events
+        """
+        return [e for e, _ in self.prev_events]
+
+    def auth_event_ids(self):
+        """Returns the list of auth event IDs. The order matches the order
+        specified in the event, though there is no meaning to it.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[str]: The list of event IDs of this event's auth_events
+        """
+        return [e for e, _ in self.auth_events]
+
 
 class FrozenEvent(EventBase):
     def __init__(self, event_dict, internal_metadata_dict={}, rejected_reason=None):
diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
index 0f9302a6a888..98722ae5432b 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -162,8 +162,30 @@ def _handle_incoming_transaction(self, origin, transaction, request_time):
                 p["age_ts"] = request_time - int(p["age"])
                 del p["age"]
 
+            # We try and pull out an event ID so that if later checks fail we
+            # can log something sensible. We don't mandate an event ID here in
+            # case future event formats get rid of the key.
+            possible_event_id = p.get("event_id", "<Unknown>")
+
+            # Now we get the room ID so that we can check that we know the
+            # version of the room.
+            room_id = p.get("room_id")
+            if not room_id:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Ignoring PDU as does not have a room_id. Event ID: %s",
+                    possible_event_id,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                # In future we will actually use the room version to parse the
+                # PDU into an event.
+                yield self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+            except NotFoundError:
+                logger.info("Ignoring PDU for unknown room_id: %s", room_id)
+                continue
+
             event = event_from_pdu_json(p)
-            room_id = event.room_id
             pdus_by_room.setdefault(room_id, []).append(event)
 
         pdu_results = {}
@@ -323,11 +345,6 @@ def on_pdu_request(self, origin, event_id):
         else:
             defer.returnValue((404, ""))
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    @log_function
-    def on_pull_request(self, origin, versions):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Pull transactions not implemented")
-
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_query_request(self, query_type, args):
         received_queries_counter.labels(query_type).inc()
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py b/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py
index 3fdd63be957b..099ace28c14f 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transaction_queue.py
@@ -183,9 +183,7 @@ def handle_event(event):
                         # banned then it won't receive the event because it won't
                         # be in the room after the ban.
                         destinations = yield self.state.get_current_hosts_in_room(
-                            event.room_id, latest_event_ids=[
-                                prev_id for prev_id, _ in event.prev_events
-                            ],
+                            event.room_id, latest_event_ids=event.prev_event_ids(),
                         )
                     except Exception:
                         logger.exception(
diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/server.py b/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
index 7288d49074ef..3553f418f105 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server.py
@@ -362,14 +362,6 @@ def on_PUT(self, origin, content, query, transaction_id):
         defer.returnValue((code, response))
 
 
-class FederationPullServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
-    PATH = "/pull/"
-
-    # This is for when someone asks us for everything since version X
-    def on_GET(self, origin, content, query):
-        return self.handler.on_pull_request(query["origin"][0], query["v"])
-
-
 class FederationEventServlet(BaseFederationServlet):
     PATH = "/event/(?P<event_id>[^/]*)/"
 
@@ -1261,7 +1253,6 @@ def on_PUT(self, origin, content, query, group_id):
 
 FEDERATION_SERVLET_CLASSES = (
     FederationSendServlet,
-    FederationPullServlet,
     FederationEventServlet,
     FederationStateServlet,
     FederationStateIdsServlet,
diff --git a/synapse/federation/units.py b/synapse/federation/units.py
index c5ab14314efc..025a79c02209 100644
--- a/synapse/federation/units.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/units.py
@@ -117,9 +117,6 @@ def create_new(pdus, **kwargs):
                 "Require 'transaction_id' to construct a Transaction"
             )
 
-        for p in pdus:
-            p.transaction_id = kwargs["transaction_id"]
-
         kwargs["pdus"] = [p.get_pdu_json() for p in pdus]
 
         return Transaction(**kwargs)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/auth.py b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
index 329e3c7d71fd..a958c45271fd 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/auth.py
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ def __init__(self, hs):
             LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY: self._check_email_identity,
             LoginType.MSISDN: self._check_msisdn,
             LoginType.DUMMY: self._check_dummy_auth,
+            LoginType.TERMS: self._check_terms_auth,
         }
         self.bcrypt_rounds = hs.config.bcrypt_rounds
 
@@ -431,6 +432,9 @@ def _check_msisdn(self, authdict, _):
     def _check_dummy_auth(self, authdict, _):
         return defer.succeed(True)
 
+    def _check_terms_auth(self, authdict, _):
+        return defer.succeed(True)
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def _check_threepid(self, medium, authdict):
         if 'threepid_creds' not in authdict:
@@ -462,6 +466,22 @@ def _check_threepid(self, medium, authdict):
     def _get_params_recaptcha(self):
         return {"public_key": self.hs.config.recaptcha_public_key}
 
+    def _get_params_terms(self):
+        return {
+            "policies": {
+                "privacy_policy": {
+                    "version": self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                    "en": {
+                        "name": self.hs.config.user_consent_policy_name,
+                        "url": "%s/_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                            self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
+                            self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                        ),
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        }
+
     def _auth_dict_for_flows(self, flows, session):
         public_flows = []
         for f in flows:
@@ -469,6 +489,7 @@ def _auth_dict_for_flows(self, flows, session):
 
         get_params = {
             LoginType.RECAPTCHA: self._get_params_recaptcha,
+            LoginType.TERMS: self._get_params_terms,
         }
 
         params = {}
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/directory.py b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
index 7d67bf803a72..0699731c1302 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/directory.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/directory.py
@@ -138,9 +138,30 @@ def create_association(self, requester, room_alias, room_id, servers=None,
             )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def delete_association(self, requester, room_alias):
-        # association deletion for human users
+    def delete_association(self, requester, room_alias, send_event=True):
+        """Remove an alias from the directory
 
+        (this is only meant for human users; AS users should call
+        delete_appservice_association)
+
+        Args:
+            requester (Requester):
+            room_alias (RoomAlias):
+            send_event (bool): Whether to send an updated m.room.aliases event.
+                Note that, if we delete the canonical alias, we will always attempt
+                to send an m.room.canonical_alias event
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[unicode]: room id that the alias used to point to
+
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundError: if the alias doesn't exist
+
+            AuthError: if the user doesn't have perms to delete the alias (ie, the user
+                is neither the creator of the alias, nor a server admin.
+
+            SynapseError: if the alias belongs to an AS
+        """
         user_id = requester.user.to_string()
 
         try:
@@ -168,10 +189,11 @@ def delete_association(self, requester, room_alias):
         room_id = yield self._delete_association(room_alias)
 
         try:
-            yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(
-                requester,
-                room_id
-            )
+            if send_event:
+                yield self.send_room_alias_update_event(
+                    requester,
+                    room_id
+                )
 
             yield self._update_canonical_alias(
                 requester,
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
index 5edb3cfe0445..42b040375f0c 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
 
-from synapse.api.errors import RoomKeysVersionError, StoreError, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.errors import NotFoundError, RoomKeysVersionError, StoreError
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ def get_room_keys(self, user_id, version, room_id=None, session_id=None):
             room_id(string): room ID to get keys for, for None to get keys for all rooms
             session_id(string): session ID to get keys for, for None to get keys for all
                 sessions
+        Raises:
+            NotFoundError: if the backup version does not exist
         Returns:
             A deferred list of dicts giving the session_data and message metadata for
             these room keys.
@@ -63,13 +65,19 @@ def get_room_keys(self, user_id, version, room_id=None, session_id=None):
         # we deliberately take the lock to get keys so that changing the version
         # works atomically
         with (yield self._upload_linearizer.queue(user_id)):
+            # make sure the backup version exists
+            try:
+                yield self.store.get_e2e_room_keys_version_info(user_id, version)
+            except StoreError as e:
+                if e.code == 404:
+                    raise NotFoundError("Unknown backup version")
+                else:
+                    raise
+
             results = yield self.store.get_e2e_room_keys(
                 user_id, version, room_id, session_id
             )
 
-            if results['rooms'] == {}:
-                raise SynapseError(404, "No room_keys found")
-
             defer.returnValue(results)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
@@ -120,7 +128,7 @@ def upload_room_keys(self, user_id, version, room_keys):
         }
 
         Raises:
-            SynapseError: with code 404 if there are no versions defined
+            NotFoundError: if there are no versions defined
             RoomKeysVersionError: if the uploaded version is not the current version
         """
 
@@ -134,7 +142,7 @@ def upload_room_keys(self, user_id, version, room_keys):
                 version_info = yield self.store.get_e2e_room_keys_version_info(user_id)
             except StoreError as e:
                 if e.code == 404:
-                    raise SynapseError(404, "Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
+                    raise NotFoundError("Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
                 else:
                     raise
 
@@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ def upload_room_keys(self, user_id, version, room_keys):
                     raise RoomKeysVersionError(current_version=version_info['version'])
                 except StoreError as e:
                     if e.code == 404:
-                        raise SynapseError(404, "Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
+                        raise NotFoundError("Version '%s' not found" % (version,))
                     else:
                         raise
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
index cd5b9bbb19e7..a3bb864bb223 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -202,27 +202,22 @@ def on_receive_pdu(
             self.room_queues[room_id].append((pdu, origin))
             return
 
-        # If we're no longer in the room just ditch the event entirely. This
-        # is probably an old server that has come back and thinks we're still
-        # in the room (or we've been rejoined to the room by a state reset).
+        # If we're not in the room just ditch the event entirely. This is
+        # probably an old server that has come back and thinks we're still in
+        # the room (or we've been rejoined to the room by a state reset).
         #
-        # If we were never in the room then maybe our database got vaped and
-        # we should check if we *are* in fact in the room. If we are then we
-        # can magically rejoin the room.
+        # Note that if we were never in the room then we would have already
+        # dropped the event, since we wouldn't know the room version.
         is_in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
             room_id,
             self.server_name
         )
         if not is_in_room:
-            was_in_room = yield self.store.was_host_joined(
-                pdu.room_id, self.server_name,
+            logger.info(
+                "[%s %s] Ignoring PDU from %s as we're not in the room",
+                room_id, event_id, origin,
             )
-            if was_in_room:
-                logger.info(
-                    "[%s %s] Ignoring PDU from %s as we've left the room",
-                    room_id, event_id, origin,
-                )
-                defer.returnValue(None)
+            defer.returnValue(None)
 
         state = None
         auth_chain = []
@@ -239,7 +234,7 @@ def on_receive_pdu(
                 room_id, event_id, min_depth,
             )
 
-            prevs = {e_id for e_id, _ in pdu.prev_events}
+            prevs = set(pdu.prev_event_ids())
             seen = yield self.store.have_seen_events(prevs)
 
             if min_depth and pdu.depth < min_depth:
@@ -557,86 +552,54 @@ def _process_received_pdu(self, origin, event, state, auth_chain):
             room_id, event_id, event,
         )
 
-        # FIXME (erikj): Awful hack to make the case where we are not currently
-        # in the room work
-        # If state and auth_chain are None, then we don't need to do this check
-        # as we already know we have enough state in the DB to handle this
-        # event.
-        if state and auth_chain and not event.internal_metadata.is_outlier():
-            is_in_room = yield self.auth.check_host_in_room(
-                room_id,
-                self.server_name
-            )
-        else:
-            is_in_room = True
-
-        if not is_in_room:
-            logger.info(
-                "[%s %s] Got event for room we're not in",
-                room_id, event_id,
-            )
-
-            try:
-                yield self._persist_auth_tree(
-                    origin, auth_chain, state, event
-                )
-            except AuthError as e:
-                raise FederationError(
-                    "ERROR",
-                    e.code,
-                    e.msg,
-                    affected=event_id,
-                )
-
-        else:
-            event_ids = set()
-            if state:
-                event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in state}
-            if auth_chain:
-                event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in auth_chain}
+        event_ids = set()
+        if state:
+            event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in state}
+        if auth_chain:
+            event_ids |= {e.event_id for e in auth_chain}
 
-            seen_ids = yield self.store.have_seen_events(event_ids)
+        seen_ids = yield self.store.have_seen_events(event_ids)
 
-            if state and auth_chain is not None:
-                # If we have any state or auth_chain given to us by the replication
-                # layer, then we should handle them (if we haven't before.)
+        if state and auth_chain is not None:
+            # If we have any state or auth_chain given to us by the replication
+            # layer, then we should handle them (if we haven't before.)
 
-                event_infos = []
+            event_infos = []
 
-                for e in itertools.chain(auth_chain, state):
-                    if e.event_id in seen_ids:
-                        continue
-                    e.internal_metadata.outlier = True
-                    auth_ids = [e_id for e_id, _ in e.auth_events]
-                    auth = {
-                        (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_chain
-                        if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
-                    }
-                    event_infos.append({
-                        "event": e,
-                        "auth_events": auth,
-                    })
-                    seen_ids.add(e.event_id)
+            for e in itertools.chain(auth_chain, state):
+                if e.event_id in seen_ids:
+                    continue
+                e.internal_metadata.outlier = True
+                auth_ids = e.auth_event_ids()
+                auth = {
+                    (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in auth_chain
+                    if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
+                }
+                event_infos.append({
+                    "event": e,
+                    "auth_events": auth,
+                })
+                seen_ids.add(e.event_id)
 
-                logger.info(
-                    "[%s %s] persisting newly-received auth/state events %s",
-                    room_id, event_id, [e["event"].event_id for e in event_infos]
-                )
-                yield self._handle_new_events(origin, event_infos)
+            logger.info(
+                "[%s %s] persisting newly-received auth/state events %s",
+                room_id, event_id, [e["event"].event_id for e in event_infos]
+            )
+            yield self._handle_new_events(origin, event_infos)
 
-            try:
-                context = yield self._handle_new_event(
-                    origin,
-                    event,
-                    state=state,
-                )
-            except AuthError as e:
-                raise FederationError(
-                    "ERROR",
-                    e.code,
-                    e.msg,
-                    affected=event.event_id,
-                )
+        try:
+            context = yield self._handle_new_event(
+                origin,
+                event,
+                state=state,
+            )
+        except AuthError as e:
+            raise FederationError(
+                "ERROR",
+                e.code,
+                e.msg,
+                affected=event.event_id,
+            )
 
         room = yield self.store.get_room(room_id)
 
@@ -726,7 +689,7 @@ def backfill(self, dest, room_id, limit, extremities):
         edges = [
             ev.event_id
             for ev in events
-            if set(e_id for e_id, _ in ev.prev_events) - event_ids
+            if set(ev.prev_event_ids()) - event_ids
         ]
 
         logger.info(
@@ -753,7 +716,7 @@ def backfill(self, dest, room_id, limit, extremities):
         required_auth = set(
             a_id
             for event in events + list(state_events.values()) + list(auth_events.values())
-            for a_id, _ in event.auth_events
+            for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
         )
         auth_events.update({
             e_id: event_map[e_id] for e_id in required_auth if e_id in event_map
@@ -769,7 +732,7 @@ def backfill(self, dest, room_id, limit, extremities):
             auth_events.update(ret_events)
 
             required_auth.update(
-                a_id for event in ret_events.values() for a_id, _ in event.auth_events
+                a_id for event in ret_events.values() for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
             )
             missing_auth = required_auth - set(auth_events)
 
@@ -796,7 +759,7 @@ def backfill(self, dest, room_id, limit, extremities):
                 required_auth.update(
                     a_id
                     for event in results if event
-                    for a_id, _ in event.auth_events
+                    for a_id in event.auth_event_ids()
                 )
                 missing_auth = required_auth - set(auth_events)
 
@@ -816,7 +779,7 @@ def backfill(self, dest, room_id, limit, extremities):
                 "auth_events": {
                     (auth_events[a_id].type, auth_events[a_id].state_key):
                     auth_events[a_id]
-                    for a_id, _ in a.auth_events
+                    for a_id in a.auth_event_ids()
                     if a_id in auth_events
                 }
             })
@@ -828,7 +791,7 @@ def backfill(self, dest, room_id, limit, extremities):
                 "auth_events": {
                     (auth_events[a_id].type, auth_events[a_id].state_key):
                     auth_events[a_id]
-                    for a_id, _ in event_map[e_id].auth_events
+                    for a_id in event_map[e_id].auth_event_ids()
                     if a_id in auth_events
                 }
             })
@@ -1041,17 +1004,17 @@ def _sanity_check_event(self, ev):
         Raises:
             SynapseError if the event does not pass muster
         """
-        if len(ev.prev_events) > 20:
+        if len(ev.prev_event_ids()) > 20:
             logger.warn("Rejecting event %s which has %i prev_events",
-                        ev.event_id, len(ev.prev_events))
+                        ev.event_id, len(ev.prev_event_ids()))
             raise SynapseError(
                 http_client.BAD_REQUEST,
                 "Too many prev_events",
             )
 
-        if len(ev.auth_events) > 10:
+        if len(ev.auth_event_ids()) > 10:
             logger.warn("Rejecting event %s which has %i auth_events",
-                        ev.event_id, len(ev.auth_events))
+                        ev.event_id, len(ev.auth_event_ids()))
             raise SynapseError(
                 http_client.BAD_REQUEST,
                 "Too many auth_events",
@@ -1076,7 +1039,7 @@ def send_invite(self, target_host, event):
     def on_event_auth(self, event_id):
         event = yield self.store.get_event(event_id)
         auth = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            [auth_id for auth_id, _ in event.auth_events],
+            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()],
             include_given=True
         )
         defer.returnValue([e for e in auth])
@@ -1698,7 +1661,7 @@ def _persist_auth_tree(self, origin, auth_events, state, event):
 
         missing_auth_events = set()
         for e in itertools.chain(auth_events, state, [event]):
-            for e_id, _ in e.auth_events:
+            for e_id in e.auth_event_ids():
                 if e_id not in event_map:
                     missing_auth_events.add(e_id)
 
@@ -1717,7 +1680,7 @@ def _persist_auth_tree(self, origin, auth_events, state, event):
         for e in itertools.chain(auth_events, state, [event]):
             auth_for_e = {
                 (event_map[e_id].type, event_map[e_id].state_key): event_map[e_id]
-                for e_id, _ in e.auth_events
+                for e_id in e.auth_event_ids()
                 if e_id in event_map
             }
             if create_event:
@@ -1785,10 +1748,10 @@ def _prep_event(self, origin, event, state=None, auth_events=None):
 
         # This is a hack to fix some old rooms where the initial join event
         # didn't reference the create event in its auth events.
-        if event.type == EventTypes.Member and not event.auth_events:
-            if len(event.prev_events) == 1 and event.depth < 5:
+        if event.type == EventTypes.Member and not event.auth_event_ids():
+            if len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1 and event.depth < 5:
                 c = yield self.store.get_event(
-                    event.prev_events[0][0],
+                    event.prev_event_ids()[0],
                     allow_none=True,
                 )
                 if c and c.type == EventTypes.Create:
@@ -1835,7 +1798,7 @@ def on_query_auth(self, origin, event_id, room_id, remote_auth_chain, rejects,
 
         # Now get the current auth_chain for the event.
         local_auth_chain = yield self.store.get_auth_chain(
-            [auth_id for auth_id, _ in event.auth_events],
+            [auth_id for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()],
             include_given=True
         )
 
@@ -1891,7 +1854,7 @@ def do_auth(self, origin, event, context, auth_events):
         """
         # Check if we have all the auth events.
         current_state = set(e.event_id for e in auth_events.values())
-        event_auth_events = set(e_id for e_id, _ in event.auth_events)
+        event_auth_events = set(event.auth_event_ids())
 
         if event.is_state():
             event_key = (event.type, event.state_key)
@@ -1935,7 +1898,7 @@ def do_auth(self, origin, event, context, auth_events):
                         continue
 
                     try:
-                        auth_ids = [e_id for e_id, _ in e.auth_events]
+                        auth_ids = e.auth_event_ids()
                         auth = {
                             (e.type, e.state_key): e for e in remote_auth_chain
                             if e.event_id in auth_ids or e.type == EventTypes.Create
@@ -1956,7 +1919,7 @@ def do_auth(self, origin, event, context, auth_events):
                         pass
 
                 have_events = yield self.store.get_seen_events_with_rejections(
-                    [e_id for e_id, _ in event.auth_events]
+                    event.auth_event_ids()
                 )
                 seen_events = set(have_events.keys())
             except Exception:
@@ -2058,7 +2021,7 @@ def do_auth(self, origin, event, context, auth_events):
                             continue
 
                         try:
-                            auth_ids = [e_id for e_id, _ in ev.auth_events]
+                            auth_ids = ev.auth_event_ids()
                             auth = {
                                 (e.type, e.state_key): e
                                 for e in result["auth_chain"]
@@ -2250,7 +2213,7 @@ def get_next(it, opt=None):
         missing_remote_ids = [e.event_id for e in missing_remotes]
         base_remote_rejected = list(missing_remotes)
         for e in missing_remotes:
-            for e_id, _ in e.auth_events:
+            for e_id in e.auth_event_ids():
                 if e_id in missing_remote_ids:
                     try:
                         base_remote_rejected.remove(e)
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/message.py b/synapse/handlers/message.py
index 969e588e7383..a7cd779b0223 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -427,6 +427,9 @@ def send_nonmember_event(self, requester, event, context, ratelimit=True):
 
         if event.is_state():
             prev_state = yield self.deduplicate_state_event(event, context)
+            logger.info(
+                "Not bothering to persist duplicate state event %s", event.event_id,
+            )
             if prev_state is not None:
                 defer.returnValue(prev_state)
 
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/register.py b/synapse/handlers/register.py
index e9d7b25a369f..d2beb275cf5d 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/register.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/register.py
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ def __init__(self, hs):
         self._auth_handler = hs.get_auth_handler()
         self.profile_handler = hs.get_profile_handler()
         self.user_directory_handler = hs.get_user_directory_handler()
-        self.room_creation_handler = self.hs.get_room_creation_handler()
         self.captcha_client = CaptchaServerHttpClient(hs)
 
         self._next_generated_user_id = None
@@ -241,7 +240,10 @@ def register(
                     else:
                         # create room expects the localpart of the room alias
                         room_alias_localpart = room_alias.localpart
-                        yield self.room_creation_handler.create_room(
+
+                        # getting the RoomCreationHandler during init gives a dependency
+                        # loop
+                        yield self.hs.get_room_creation_handler().create_room(
                             fake_requester,
                             config={
                                 "preset": "public_chat",
@@ -254,9 +256,6 @@ def register(
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.error("Failed to join new user to %r: %r", r, e)
 
-        # We used to generate default identicons here, but nowadays
-        # we want clients to generate their own as part of their branding
-        # rather than there being consistent matrix-wide ones, so we don't.
         defer.returnValue((user_id, token))
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room.py b/synapse/handlers/room.py
index 3ba92bdb4cd9..3928faa6e7e6 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/room.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 import string
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
-from six import string_types
+from six import iteritems, string_types
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
 
@@ -32,10 +32,11 @@
     JoinRules,
     RoomCreationPreset,
 )
-from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, Codes, StoreError, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.errors import AuthError, Codes, NotFoundError, StoreError, SynapseError
 from synapse.storage.state import StateFilter
 from synapse.types import RoomAlias, RoomID, RoomStreamToken, StreamToken, UserID
 from synapse.util import stringutils
+from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer
 from synapse.visibility import filter_events_for_client
 
 from ._base import BaseHandler
@@ -73,6 +74,334 @@ def __init__(self, hs):
 
         self.spam_checker = hs.get_spam_checker()
         self.event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
+        self.room_member_handler = hs.get_room_member_handler()
+
+        # linearizer to stop two upgrades happening at once
+        self._upgrade_linearizer = Linearizer("room_upgrade_linearizer")
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def upgrade_room(self, requester, old_room_id, new_version):
+        """Replace a room with a new room with a different version
+
+        Args:
+            requester (synapse.types.Requester): the user requesting the upgrade
+            old_room_id (unicode): the id of the room to be replaced
+            new_version (unicode): the new room version to use
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[unicode]: the new room id
+        """
+        yield self.ratelimit(requester)
+
+        user_id = requester.user.to_string()
+
+        with (yield self._upgrade_linearizer.queue(old_room_id)):
+            # start by allocating a new room id
+            r = yield self.store.get_room(old_room_id)
+            if r is None:
+                raise NotFoundError("Unknown room id %s" % (old_room_id,))
+            new_room_id = yield self._generate_room_id(
+                creator_id=user_id, is_public=r["is_public"],
+            )
+
+            logger.info("Creating new room %s to replace %s", new_room_id, old_room_id)
+
+            # we create and auth the tombstone event before properly creating the new
+            # room, to check our user has perms in the old room.
+            tombstone_event, tombstone_context = (
+                yield self.event_creation_handler.create_event(
+                    requester, {
+                        "type": EventTypes.Tombstone,
+                        "state_key": "",
+                        "room_id": old_room_id,
+                        "sender": user_id,
+                        "content": {
+                            "body": "This room has been replaced",
+                            "replacement_room": new_room_id,
+                        }
+                    },
+                    token_id=requester.access_token_id,
+                )
+            )
+            yield self.auth.check_from_context(tombstone_event, tombstone_context)
+
+            yield self.clone_exiting_room(
+                requester,
+                old_room_id=old_room_id,
+                new_room_id=new_room_id,
+                new_room_version=new_version,
+                tombstone_event_id=tombstone_event.event_id,
+            )
+
+            # now send the tombstone
+            yield self.event_creation_handler.send_nonmember_event(
+                requester, tombstone_event, tombstone_context,
+            )
+
+            old_room_state = yield tombstone_context.get_current_state_ids(self.store)
+
+            # update any aliases
+            yield self._move_aliases_to_new_room(
+                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+            )
+
+            # and finally, shut down the PLs in the old room, and update them in the new
+            # room.
+            yield self._update_upgraded_room_pls(
+                requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+            )
+
+            defer.returnValue(new_room_id)
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _update_upgraded_room_pls(
+            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+    ):
+        """Send updated power levels in both rooms after an upgrade
+
+        Args:
+            requester (synapse.types.Requester): the user requesting the upgrade
+            old_room_id (unicode): the id of the room to be replaced
+            new_room_id (unicode): the id of the replacement room
+            old_room_state (dict[tuple[str, str], str]): the state map for the old room
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred
+        """
+        old_room_pl_event_id = old_room_state.get((EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""))
+
+        if old_room_pl_event_id is None:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Not supported: upgrading a room with no PL event. Not setting PLs "
+                "in old room.",
+            )
+            return
+
+        old_room_pl_state = yield self.store.get_event(old_room_pl_event_id)
+
+        # we try to stop regular users from speaking by setting the PL required
+        # to send regular events and invites to 'Moderator' level. That's normally
+        # 50, but if the default PL in a room is 50 or more, then we set the
+        # required PL above that.
+
+        pl_content = dict(old_room_pl_state.content)
+        users_default = int(pl_content.get("users_default", 0))
+        restricted_level = max(users_default + 1, 50)
+
+        updated = False
+        for v in ("invite", "events_default"):
+            current = int(pl_content.get(v, 0))
+            if current < restricted_level:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Setting level for %s in %s to %i (was %i)",
+                    v, old_room_id, restricted_level, current,
+                )
+                pl_content[v] = restricted_level
+                updated = True
+            else:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Not setting level for %s (already %i)",
+                    v, current,
+                )
+
+        if updated:
+            try:
+                yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+                    requester, {
+                        "type": EventTypes.PowerLevels,
+                        "state_key": '',
+                        "room_id": old_room_id,
+                        "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                        "content": pl_content,
+                    }, ratelimit=False,
+                )
+            except AuthError as e:
+                logger.warning("Unable to update PLs in old room: %s", e)
+
+        logger.info("Setting correct PLs in new room")
+        yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+            requester, {
+                "type": EventTypes.PowerLevels,
+                "state_key": '',
+                "room_id": new_room_id,
+                "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                "content": old_room_pl_state.content,
+            }, ratelimit=False,
+        )
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def clone_exiting_room(
+            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, new_room_version,
+            tombstone_event_id,
+    ):
+        """Populate a new room based on an old room
+
+        Args:
+            requester (synapse.types.Requester): the user requesting the upgrade
+            old_room_id (unicode): the id of the room to be replaced
+            new_room_id (unicode): the id to give the new room (should already have been
+                created with _gemerate_room_id())
+            new_room_version (unicode): the new room version to use
+            tombstone_event_id (unicode|str): the ID of the tombstone event in the old
+                room.
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[None]
+        """
+        user_id = requester.user.to_string()
+
+        if not self.spam_checker.user_may_create_room(user_id):
+            raise SynapseError(403, "You are not permitted to create rooms")
+
+        creation_content = {
+            "room_version": new_room_version,
+            "predecessor": {
+                "room_id": old_room_id,
+                "event_id": tombstone_event_id,
+            }
+        }
+
+        initial_state = dict()
+
+        types_to_copy = (
+            (EventTypes.JoinRules, ""),
+            (EventTypes.Name, ""),
+            (EventTypes.Topic, ""),
+            (EventTypes.RoomHistoryVisibility, ""),
+            (EventTypes.GuestAccess, ""),
+            (EventTypes.RoomAvatar, ""),
+        )
+
+        old_room_state_ids = yield self.store.get_filtered_current_state_ids(
+            old_room_id, StateFilter.from_types(types_to_copy),
+        )
+        # map from event_id to BaseEvent
+        old_room_state_events = yield self.store.get_events(old_room_state_ids.values())
+
+        for k, old_event_id in iteritems(old_room_state_ids):
+            old_event = old_room_state_events.get(old_event_id)
+            if old_event:
+                initial_state[k] = old_event.content
+
+        yield self._send_events_for_new_room(
+            requester,
+            new_room_id,
+
+            # we expect to override all the presets with initial_state, so this is
+            # somewhat arbitrary.
+            preset_config=RoomCreationPreset.PRIVATE_CHAT,
+
+            invite_list=[],
+            initial_state=initial_state,
+            creation_content=creation_content,
+        )
+
+        # XXX invites/joins
+        # XXX 3pid invites
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _move_aliases_to_new_room(
+            self, requester, old_room_id, new_room_id, old_room_state,
+    ):
+        directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
+
+        aliases = yield self.store.get_aliases_for_room(old_room_id)
+
+        # check to see if we have a canonical alias.
+        canonical_alias = None
+        canonical_alias_event_id = old_room_state.get((EventTypes.CanonicalAlias, ""))
+        if canonical_alias_event_id:
+            canonical_alias_event = yield self.store.get_event(canonical_alias_event_id)
+            if canonical_alias_event:
+                canonical_alias = canonical_alias_event.content.get("alias", "")
+
+        # first we try to remove the aliases from the old room (we suppress sending
+        # the room_aliases event until the end).
+        #
+        # Note that we'll only be able to remove aliases that (a) aren't owned by an AS,
+        # and (b) unless the user is a server admin, which the user created.
+        #
+        # This is probably correct - given we don't allow such aliases to be deleted
+        # normally, it would be odd to allow it in the case of doing a room upgrade -
+        # but it makes the upgrade less effective, and you have to wonder why a room
+        # admin can't remove aliases that point to that room anyway.
+        # (cf https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/2360)
+        #
+        removed_aliases = []
+        for alias_str in aliases:
+            alias = RoomAlias.from_string(alias_str)
+            try:
+                yield directory_handler.delete_association(
+                    requester, alias, send_event=False,
+                )
+                removed_aliases.append(alias_str)
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Unable to remove alias %s from old room: %s",
+                    alias, e,
+                )
+
+        # if we didn't find any aliases, or couldn't remove anyway, we can skip the rest
+        # of this.
+        if not removed_aliases:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            # this can fail if, for some reason, our user doesn't have perms to send
+            # m.room.aliases events in the old room (note that we've already checked that
+            # they have perms to send a tombstone event, so that's not terribly likely).
+            #
+            # If that happens, it's regrettable, but we should carry on: it's the same
+            # as when you remove an alias from the directory normally - it just means that
+            # the aliases event gets out of sync with the directory
+            # (cf https://github.com/vector-im/riot-web/issues/2369)
+            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(
+                requester, old_room_id,
+            )
+        except AuthError as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Failed to send updated alias event on old room: %s", e,
+            )
+
+        # we can now add any aliases we successfully removed to the new room.
+        for alias in removed_aliases:
+            try:
+                yield directory_handler.create_association(
+                    requester, RoomAlias.from_string(alias),
+                    new_room_id, servers=(self.hs.hostname, ),
+                    send_event=False,
+                )
+                logger.info("Moved alias %s to new room", alias)
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                # I'm not really expecting this to happen, but it could if the spam
+                # checking module decides it shouldn't, or similar.
+                logger.error(
+                    "Error adding alias %s to new room: %s",
+                    alias, e,
+                )
+
+        try:
+            if canonical_alias and (canonical_alias in removed_aliases):
+                yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
+                    requester,
+                    {
+                        "type": EventTypes.CanonicalAlias,
+                        "state_key": "",
+                        "room_id": new_room_id,
+                        "sender": requester.user.to_string(),
+                        "content": {"alias": canonical_alias, },
+                    },
+                    ratelimit=False
+                )
+
+            yield directory_handler.send_room_alias_update_event(
+                requester, new_room_id,
+            )
+        except SynapseError as e:
+            # again I'm not really expecting this to fail, but if it does, I'd rather
+            # we returned the new room to the client at this point.
+            logger.error(
+                "Unable to send updated alias events in new room: %s", e,
+            )
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def create_room(self, requester, config, ratelimit=True,
@@ -165,28 +494,7 @@ def create_room(self, requester, config, ratelimit=True,
         visibility = config.get("visibility", None)
         is_public = visibility == "public"
 
-        # autogen room IDs and try to create it. We may clash, so just
-        # try a few times till one goes through, giving up eventually.
-        attempts = 0
-        room_id = None
-        while attempts < 5:
-            try:
-                random_string = stringutils.random_string(18)
-                gen_room_id = RoomID(
-                    random_string,
-                    self.hs.hostname,
-                )
-                yield self.store.store_room(
-                    room_id=gen_room_id.to_string(),
-                    room_creator_user_id=user_id,
-                    is_public=is_public
-                )
-                room_id = gen_room_id.to_string()
-                break
-            except StoreError:
-                attempts += 1
-        if not room_id:
-            raise StoreError(500, "Couldn't generate a room ID.")
+        room_id = yield self._generate_room_id(creator_id=user_id, is_public=is_public)
 
         if room_alias:
             directory_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().directory_handler
@@ -216,18 +524,15 @@ def create_room(self, requester, config, ratelimit=True,
         # override any attempt to set room versions via the creation_content
         creation_content["room_version"] = room_version
 
-        room_member_handler = self.hs.get_room_member_handler()
-
         yield self._send_events_for_new_room(
             requester,
             room_id,
-            room_member_handler,
             preset_config=preset_config,
             invite_list=invite_list,
             initial_state=initial_state,
             creation_content=creation_content,
             room_alias=room_alias,
-            power_level_content_override=config.get("power_level_content_override", {}),
+            power_level_content_override=config.get("power_level_content_override"),
             creator_join_profile=creator_join_profile,
         )
 
@@ -263,7 +568,7 @@ def create_room(self, requester, config, ratelimit=True,
             if is_direct:
                 content["is_direct"] = is_direct
 
-            yield room_member_handler.update_membership(
+            yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
                 requester,
                 UserID.from_string(invitee),
                 room_id,
@@ -301,14 +606,13 @@ def _send_events_for_new_room(
             self,
             creator,  # A Requester object.
             room_id,
-            room_member_handler,
             preset_config,
             invite_list,
             initial_state,
             creation_content,
-            room_alias,
-            power_level_content_override,
-            creator_join_profile,
+            room_alias=None,
+            power_level_content_override=None,
+            creator_join_profile=None,
     ):
         def create(etype, content, **kwargs):
             e = {
@@ -324,6 +628,7 @@ def create(etype, content, **kwargs):
         @defer.inlineCallbacks
         def send(etype, content, **kwargs):
             event = create(etype, content, **kwargs)
+            logger.info("Sending %s in new room", etype)
             yield self.event_creation_handler.create_and_send_nonmember_event(
                 creator,
                 event,
@@ -346,7 +651,8 @@ def send(etype, content, **kwargs):
             content=creation_content,
         )
 
-        yield room_member_handler.update_membership(
+        logger.info("Sending %s in new room", EventTypes.Member)
+        yield self.room_member_handler.update_membership(
             creator,
             creator.user,
             room_id,
@@ -388,7 +694,8 @@ def send(etype, content, **kwargs):
                 for invitee in invite_list:
                     power_level_content["users"][invitee] = 100
 
-            power_level_content.update(power_level_content_override)
+            if power_level_content_override:
+                power_level_content.update(power_level_content_override)
 
             yield send(
                 etype=EventTypes.PowerLevels,
@@ -427,6 +734,30 @@ def send(etype, content, **kwargs):
                 content=content,
             )
 
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _generate_room_id(self, creator_id, is_public):
+        # autogen room IDs and try to create it. We may clash, so just
+        # try a few times till one goes through, giving up eventually.
+        attempts = 0
+        while attempts < 5:
+            try:
+                random_string = stringutils.random_string(18)
+                gen_room_id = RoomID(
+                    random_string,
+                    self.hs.hostname,
+                ).to_string()
+                if isinstance(gen_room_id, bytes):
+                    gen_room_id = gen_room_id.decode('utf-8')
+                yield self.store.store_room(
+                    room_id=gen_room_id,
+                    room_creator_user_id=creator_id,
+                    is_public=is_public,
+                )
+                defer.returnValue(gen_room_id)
+            except StoreError:
+                attempts += 1
+        raise StoreError(500, "Couldn't generate a room ID.")
+
 
 class RoomContextHandler(object):
     def __init__(self, hs):
diff --git a/synapse/handlers/typing.py b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
index c610933dd474..a61bbf939274 100644
--- a/synapse/handlers/typing.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
@@ -63,11 +63,8 @@ def __init__(self, hs):
         self._member_typing_until = {}  # clock time we expect to stop
         self._member_last_federation_poke = {}
 
-        # map room IDs to serial numbers
-        self._room_serials = {}
         self._latest_room_serial = 0
-        # map room IDs to sets of users currently typing
-        self._room_typing = {}
+        self._reset()
 
         # caches which room_ids changed at which serials
         self._typing_stream_change_cache = StreamChangeCache(
@@ -79,6 +76,15 @@ def __init__(self, hs):
             5000,
         )
 
+    def _reset(self):
+        """
+        Reset the typing handler's data caches.
+        """
+        # map room IDs to serial numbers
+        self._room_serials = {}
+        # map room IDs to sets of users currently typing
+        self._room_typing = {}
+
     def _handle_timeouts(self):
         logger.info("Checking for typing timeouts")
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/server.py b/synapse/http/server.py
index b4b25cab19b8..6a427d96a642 100644
--- a/synapse/http/server.py
+++ b/synapse/http/server.py
@@ -468,13 +468,13 @@ def set_cors_headers(request):
     Args:
         request (twisted.web.http.Request): The http request to add CORs to.
     """
-    request.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+    request.setHeader(b"Access-Control-Allow-Origin", b"*")
     request.setHeader(
-        "Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS"
+        b"Access-Control-Allow-Methods", b"GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS"
     )
     request.setHeader(
-        "Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
-        "Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization"
+        b"Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
+        b"Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization"
     )
 
 
diff --git a/synapse/http/servlet.py b/synapse/http/servlet.py
index a1e4b88e6ddc..528125e73768 100644
--- a/synapse/http/servlet.py
+++ b/synapse/http/servlet.py
@@ -121,16 +121,15 @@ def parse_string(request, name, default=None, required=False,
 
     Args:
         request: the twisted HTTP request.
-        name (bytes/unicode): the name of the query parameter.
-        default (bytes/unicode|None): value to use if the parameter is absent,
+        name (bytes|unicode): the name of the query parameter.
+        default (bytes|unicode|None): value to use if the parameter is absent,
             defaults to None. Must be bytes if encoding is None.
         required (bool): whether to raise a 400 SynapseError if the
             parameter is absent, defaults to False.
-        allowed_values (list[bytes/unicode]): List of allowed values for the
+        allowed_values (list[bytes|unicode]): List of allowed values for the
             string, or None if any value is allowed, defaults to None. Must be
             the same type as name, if given.
-        encoding: The encoding to decode the name to, and decode the string
-            content with.
+        encoding (str|None): The encoding to decode the string content with.
 
     Returns:
         bytes/unicode|None: A string value or the default. Unicode if encoding
diff --git a/synapse/push/emailpusher.py b/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
index f369124258ee..50e1007d849a 100644
--- a/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/emailpusher.py
@@ -85,7 +85,10 @@ def on_stop(self):
             self.timed_call = None
 
     def on_new_notifications(self, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering):
-        self.max_stream_ordering = max(max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering)
+        if self.max_stream_ordering:
+            self.max_stream_ordering = max(max_stream_ordering, self.max_stream_ordering)
+        else:
+            self.max_stream_ordering = max_stream_ordering
         self._start_processing()
 
     def on_new_receipts(self, min_stream_id, max_stream_id):
diff --git a/synapse/push/httppusher.py b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
index 6bd703632d69..87fa7f006a86 100644
--- a/synapse/push/httppusher.py
+++ b/synapse/push/httppusher.py
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@ def _build_notification_dict(self, event, tweaks, badge):
                 ]
             }
         }
-        if event.type == 'm.room.member':
+        if event.type == 'm.room.member' and event.is_state():
             d['notification']['membership'] = event.content['membership']
             d['notification']['user_is_target'] = event.state_key == self.user_id
-        if self.hs.config.push_include_content and 'content' in event:
+        if self.hs.config.push_include_content and event.content:
             d['notification']['content'] = event.content
 
         # We no longer send aliases separately, instead, we send the human
diff --git a/synapse/push/mailer.py b/synapse/push/mailer.py
index 16fb5e847160..ebcb93bfc7fb 100644
--- a/synapse/push/mailer.py
+++ b/synapse/push/mailer.py
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 import jinja2
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
-from twisted.mail.smtp import sendmail
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import StoreError
@@ -85,6 +84,7 @@ def __init__(self, hs, app_name, notif_template_html, notif_template_text):
         self.notif_template_html = notif_template_html
         self.notif_template_text = notif_template_text
 
+        self.sendmail = self.hs.get_sendmail()
         self.store = self.hs.get_datastore()
         self.macaroon_gen = self.hs.get_macaroon_generator()
         self.state_handler = self.hs.get_state_handler()
@@ -191,11 +191,11 @@ def _fetch_room_state(room_id):
         multipart_msg.attach(html_part)
 
         logger.info("Sending email push notification to %s" % email_address)
-        # logger.debug(html_text)
 
-        yield sendmail(
+        yield self.sendmail(
             self.hs.config.email_smtp_host,
-            raw_from, raw_to, multipart_msg.as_string(),
+            raw_from, raw_to, multipart_msg.as_string().encode('utf8'),
+            reactor=self.hs.get_reactor(),
             port=self.hs.config.email_smtp_port,
             requireAuthentication=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user is not None,
             username=self.hs.config.email_smtp_user,
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ def make_summary_text(self, notifs_by_room, room_state_ids,
                           notif_events, user_id, reason):
         if len(notifs_by_room) == 1:
             # Only one room has new stuff
-            room_id = notifs_by_room.keys()[0]
+            room_id = list(notifs_by_room.keys())[0]
 
             # If the room has some kind of name, use it, but we don't
             # want the generated-from-names one here otherwise we'll
diff --git a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
index 2bd321d530c1..cf6c8b875e04 100644
--- a/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
+++ b/synapse/push/push_rule_evaluator.py
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def _event_match(self, condition, user_id):
 
         # XXX: optimisation: cache our pattern regexps
         if condition['key'] == 'content.body':
-            body = self._event["content"].get("body", None)
+            body = self._event.content.get("body", None)
             if not body:
                 return False
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def _contains_display_name(self, display_name):
         if not display_name:
             return False
 
-        body = self._event["content"].get("body", None)
+        body = self._event.content.get("body", None)
         if not body:
             return False
 
diff --git a/synapse/python_dependencies.py b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
index 943876456ba7..ca62ee763754 100644
--- a/synapse/python_dependencies.py
+++ b/synapse/python_dependencies.py
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
     "daemonize>=2.3.1": ["daemonize"],
     "bcrypt>=3.1.0": ["bcrypt>=3.1.0"],
     "pillow>=3.1.2": ["PIL"],
-    "pydenticon>=0.2": ["pydenticon"],
     "sortedcontainers>=1.4.4": ["sortedcontainers"],
     "psutil>=2.0.0": ["psutil>=2.0.0"],
     "pysaml2>=3.0.0": ["saml2"],
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
index cbe964581711..586dddb40b2d 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def on_rdata(self, stream_name, token, rows):
 
         Can be overriden in subclasses to handle more.
         """
-        logger.info("Received rdata %s -> %s", stream_name, token)
+        logger.debug("Received rdata %s -> %s", stream_name, token)
         return self.store.process_replication_rows(stream_name, token, rows)
 
     def on_position(self, stream_name, token):
diff --git a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
index 5dc7b3fffcf3..0b3fe6cbf584 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/protocol.py
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ def transport_kernel_read_buffer_size(protocol, read=True):
     "",
     ["command", "name"],
     lambda: {
-        (k[0], p.name,): count
+        (k, p.name,): count
         for p in connected_connections
         for k, count in iteritems(p.inbound_commands_counter)
     },
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ def transport_kernel_read_buffer_size(protocol, read=True):
     "",
     ["command", "name"],
     lambda: {
-        (k[0], p.name,): count
+        (k, p.name,): count
         for p in connected_connections
         for k, count in iteritems(p.outbound_commands_counter)
     },
diff --git a/synapse/rest/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
index 4856822a5da5..5f35c2d1be14 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/__init__.py
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
     register,
     report_event,
     room_keys,
+    room_upgrade_rest_servlet,
     sendtodevice,
     sync,
     tags,
@@ -116,3 +117,4 @@ def register_servlets(client_resource, hs):
         sendtodevice.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
         user_directory.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
         groups.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
+        room_upgrade_rest_servlet.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
index 693b3038811a..a8d8ed659080 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/auth.py
@@ -68,6 +68,29 @@
 </html>
 """
 
+TERMS_TEMPLATE = """
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Authentication</title>
+<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1,
+    user-scalable=no, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0'>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/_matrix/static/client/register/style.css">
+</head>
+<body>
+<form id="registrationForm" method="post" action="%(myurl)s">
+    <div>
+        <p>
+            Please click the button below if you agree to the
+            <a href="%(terms_url)s">privacy policy of this homeserver.</a>
+        </p>
+        <input type="hidden" name="session" value="%(session)s" />
+        <input type="submit" value="Agree" />
+    </div>
+</form>
+</body>
+</html>
+"""
+
 SUCCESS_TEMPLATE = """
 <html>
 <head>
@@ -130,6 +153,27 @@ def on_GET(self, request, stagetype):
             request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
             request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (len(html_bytes),))
 
+            request.write(html_bytes)
+            finish_request(request)
+            defer.returnValue(None)
+        elif stagetype == LoginType.TERMS:
+            session = request.args['session'][0]
+
+            html = TERMS_TEMPLATE % {
+                'session': session,
+                'terms_url': "%s/_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                    self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
+                    self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                ),
+                'myurl': "%s/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
+                    CLIENT_V2_ALPHA_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS
+                ),
+            }
+            html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
+            request.setResponseCode(200)
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (len(html_bytes),))
+
             request.write(html_bytes)
             finish_request(request)
             defer.returnValue(None)
@@ -139,7 +183,7 @@ def on_GET(self, request, stagetype):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def on_POST(self, request, stagetype):
         yield
-        if stagetype == "m.login.recaptcha":
+        if stagetype == LoginType.RECAPTCHA:
             if ('g-recaptcha-response' not in request.args or
                     len(request.args['g-recaptcha-response'])) == 0:
                 raise SynapseError(400, "No captcha response supplied")
@@ -178,6 +222,41 @@ def on_POST(self, request, stagetype):
             request.write(html_bytes)
             finish_request(request)
 
+            defer.returnValue(None)
+        elif stagetype == LoginType.TERMS:
+            if ('session' not in request.args or
+                    len(request.args['session'])) == 0:
+                raise SynapseError(400, "No session supplied")
+
+            session = request.args['session'][0]
+            authdict = {'session': session}
+
+            success = yield self.auth_handler.add_oob_auth(
+                LoginType.TERMS,
+                authdict,
+                self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
+            )
+
+            if success:
+                html = SUCCESS_TEMPLATE
+            else:
+                html = TERMS_TEMPLATE % {
+                    'session': session,
+                    'terms_url': "%s/_matrix/consent?v=%s" % (
+                        self.hs.config.public_baseurl,
+                        self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+                    ),
+                    'myurl': "%s/auth/%s/fallback/web" % (
+                        CLIENT_V2_ALPHA_PREFIX, LoginType.TERMS
+                    ),
+                }
+            html_bytes = html.encode("utf8")
+            request.setResponseCode(200)
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (len(html_bytes),))
+
+            request.write(html_bytes)
+            finish_request(request)
             defer.returnValue(None)
         else:
             raise SynapseError(404, "Unknown auth stage type")
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
index 192f52e46271..0515715f7c4a 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/register.py
@@ -359,6 +359,13 @@ def on_POST(self, request):
                     [LoginType.MSISDN, LoginType.EMAIL_IDENTITY]
                 ])
 
+        # Append m.login.terms to all flows if we're requiring consent
+        if self.hs.config.user_consent_at_registration:
+            new_flows = []
+            for flow in flows:
+                flow.append(LoginType.TERMS)
+            flows.extend(new_flows)
+
         auth_result, params, session_id = yield self.auth_handler.check_auth(
             flows, body, self.hs.get_ip_from_request(request)
         )
@@ -445,6 +452,12 @@ def on_POST(self, request):
                 params.get("bind_msisdn")
             )
 
+        if auth_result and LoginType.TERMS in auth_result:
+            logger.info("%s has consented to the privacy policy" % registered_user_id)
+            yield self.store.user_set_consent_version(
+                registered_user_id, self.hs.config.user_consent_version,
+            )
+
         defer.returnValue((200, return_dict))
 
     def on_OPTIONS(self, _):
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
index 45b5817d8b7e..ab3f1bd21a2c 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_keys.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 from twisted.internet import defer
 
-from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.errors import Codes, NotFoundError, SynapseError
 from synapse.http.servlet import (
     RestServlet,
     parse_json_object_from_request,
@@ -208,10 +208,25 @@ def on_GET(self, request, room_id, session_id):
             user_id, version, room_id, session_id
         )
 
+        # Convert room_keys to the right format to return.
         if session_id:
-            room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]['sessions'][session_id]
+            # If the client requests a specific session, but that session was
+            # not backed up, then return an M_NOT_FOUND.
+            if room_keys['rooms'] == {}:
+                raise NotFoundError("No room_keys found")
+            else:
+                room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]['sessions'][session_id]
         elif room_id:
-            room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]
+            # If the client requests all sessions from a room, but no sessions
+            # are found, then return an empty result rather than an error, so
+            # that clients don't have to handle an error condition, and an
+            # empty result is valid.  (Similarly if the client requests all
+            # sessions from the backup, but in that case, room_keys is already
+            # in the right format, so we don't need to do anything about it.)
+            if room_keys['rooms'] == {}:
+                room_keys = {'sessions': {}}
+            else:
+                room_keys = room_keys['rooms'][room_id]
 
         defer.returnValue((200, room_keys))
 
diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e6356101fd62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/v2_alpha/room_upgrade_rest_servlet.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import logging
+
+from twisted.internet import defer
+
+from synapse.api.constants import KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS
+from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError
+from synapse.http.servlet import (
+    RestServlet,
+    assert_params_in_dict,
+    parse_json_object_from_request,
+)
+
+from ._base import client_v2_patterns
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class RoomUpgradeRestServlet(RestServlet):
+    """Handler for room uprade requests.
+
+    Handles requests of the form:
+
+        POST /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/$roomid/upgrade HTTP/1.1
+        Content-Type: application/json
+
+        {
+            "new_version": "2",
+        }
+
+    Creates a new room and shuts down the old one. Returns the ID of the new room.
+
+    Args:
+        hs (synapse.server.HomeServer):
+    """
+    PATTERNS = client_v2_patterns(
+        # /rooms/$roomid/upgrade
+        "/rooms/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)/upgrade$",
+        v2_alpha=False,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, hs):
+        super(RoomUpgradeRestServlet, self).__init__()
+        self._hs = hs
+        self._room_creation_handler = hs.get_room_creation_handler()
+        self._auth = hs.get_auth()
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def on_POST(self, request, room_id):
+        requester = yield self._auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+
+        content = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
+        assert_params_in_dict(content, ("new_version", ))
+        new_version = content["new_version"]
+
+        if new_version not in KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS:
+            raise SynapseError(
+                400,
+                "Your homeserver does not support this room version",
+                Codes.UNSUPPORTED_ROOM_VERSION,
+            )
+
+        new_room_id = yield self._room_creation_handler.upgrade_room(
+            requester, room_id, new_version
+        )
+
+        ret = {
+            "replacement_room": new_room_id,
+        }
+
+        defer.returnValue((200, ret))
+
+
+def register_servlets(hs, http_server):
+    RoomUpgradeRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
diff --git a/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py b/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
index 7362e1858db6..ad525b22e192 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/consent/consent_resource.py
@@ -137,27 +137,36 @@ def _async_render_GET(self, request):
             request (twisted.web.http.Request):
         """
 
-        version = parse_string(request, "v",
-                               default=self._default_consent_version)
-        username = parse_string(request, "u", required=True)
-        userhmac = parse_string(request, "h", required=True, encoding=None)
+        version = parse_string(request, "v", default=self._default_consent_version)
+        username = parse_string(request, "u", required=False, default="")
+        userhmac = None
+        has_consented = False
+        public_version = username == ""
+        if not public_version:
+            userhmac_bytes = parse_string(request, "h", required=True, encoding=None)
 
-        self._check_hash(username, userhmac)
+            self._check_hash(username, userhmac_bytes)
 
-        if username.startswith('@'):
-            qualified_user_id = username
-        else:
-            qualified_user_id = UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
+            if username.startswith('@'):
+                qualified_user_id = username
+            else:
+                qualified_user_id = UserID(username, self.hs.hostname).to_string()
 
-        u = yield self.store.get_user_by_id(qualified_user_id)
-        if u is None:
-            raise NotFoundError("Unknown user")
+            u = yield self.store.get_user_by_id(qualified_user_id)
+            if u is None:
+                raise NotFoundError("Unknown user")
+
+            has_consented = u["consent_version"] == version
+            userhmac = userhmac_bytes.decode("ascii")
 
         try:
             self._render_template(
                 request, "%s.html" % (version,),
-                user=username, userhmac=userhmac, version=version,
-                has_consented=(u["consent_version"] == version),
+                user=username,
+                userhmac=userhmac,
+                version=version,
+                has_consented=has_consented,
+                public_version=public_version,
             )
         except TemplateNotFound:
             raise NotFoundError("Unknown policy version")
@@ -223,7 +232,7 @@ def _check_hash(self, userid, userhmac):
             key=self._hmac_secret,
             msg=userid.encode('utf-8'),
             digestmod=sha256,
-        ).hexdigest()
+        ).hexdigest().encode('ascii')
 
         if not compare_digest(want_mac, userhmac):
             raise SynapseError(http_client.FORBIDDEN, "HMAC incorrect")
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v1/__init__.py b/synapse/rest/key/v1/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fe0ac3f8e952..000000000000
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v1/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v1/server_key_resource.py b/synapse/rest/key/v1/server_key_resource.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 38eb2ee23f93..000000000000
--- a/synapse/rest/key/v1/server_key_resource.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-
-import logging
-
-from canonicaljson import encode_canonical_json
-from signedjson.sign import sign_json
-from unpaddedbase64 import encode_base64
-
-from OpenSSL import crypto
-from twisted.web.resource import Resource
-
-from synapse.http.server import respond_with_json_bytes
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class LocalKey(Resource):
-    """HTTP resource containing encoding the TLS X.509 certificate and NACL
-    signature verification keys for this server::
-
-        GET /key HTTP/1.1
-
-        HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-        Content-Type: application/json
-        {
-            "server_name": "this.server.example.com"
-            "verify_keys": {
-                "algorithm:version": # base64 encoded NACL verification key.
-            },
-            "tls_certificate": # base64 ASN.1 DER encoded X.509 tls cert.
-            "signatures": {
-                "this.server.example.com": {
-                   "algorithm:version": # NACL signature for this server.
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, hs):
-        self.response_body = encode_canonical_json(
-            self.response_json_object(hs.config)
-        )
-        Resource.__init__(self)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def response_json_object(server_config):
-        verify_keys = {}
-        for key in server_config.signing_key:
-            verify_key_bytes = key.verify_key.encode()
-            key_id = "%s:%s" % (key.alg, key.version)
-            verify_keys[key_id] = encode_base64(verify_key_bytes)
-
-        x509_certificate_bytes = crypto.dump_certificate(
-            crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1,
-            server_config.tls_certificate
-        )
-        json_object = {
-            u"server_name": server_config.server_name,
-            u"verify_keys": verify_keys,
-            u"tls_certificate": encode_base64(x509_certificate_bytes)
-        }
-        for key in server_config.signing_key:
-            json_object = sign_json(
-                json_object,
-                server_config.server_name,
-                key,
-            )
-
-        return json_object
-
-    def render_GET(self, request):
-        return respond_with_json_bytes(
-            request, 200, self.response_body,
-        )
-
-    def getChild(self, name, request):
-        if name == b'':
-            return self
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/identicon_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/identicon_resource.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bdbd8d50dd47..000000000000
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/identicon_resource.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from pydenticon import Generator
-
-from twisted.web.resource import Resource
-
-from synapse.http.servlet import parse_integer
-
-FOREGROUND = [
-    "rgb(45,79,255)",
-    "rgb(254,180,44)",
-    "rgb(226,121,234)",
-    "rgb(30,179,253)",
-    "rgb(232,77,65)",
-    "rgb(49,203,115)",
-    "rgb(141,69,170)"
-]
-
-BACKGROUND = "rgb(224,224,224)"
-SIZE = 5
-
-
-class IdenticonResource(Resource):
-    isLeaf = True
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        Resource.__init__(self)
-        self.generator = Generator(
-            SIZE, SIZE, foreground=FOREGROUND, background=BACKGROUND,
-        )
-
-    def generate_identicon(self, name, width, height):
-        v_padding = width % SIZE
-        h_padding = height % SIZE
-        top_padding = v_padding // 2
-        left_padding = h_padding // 2
-        bottom_padding = v_padding - top_padding
-        right_padding = h_padding - left_padding
-        width -= v_padding
-        height -= h_padding
-        padding = (top_padding, bottom_padding, left_padding, right_padding)
-        identicon = self.generator.generate(
-            name, width, height, padding=padding
-        )
-        return identicon
-
-    def render_GET(self, request):
-        name = "/".join(request.postpath)
-        width = parse_integer(request, "width", default=96)
-        height = parse_integer(request, "height", default=96)
-        identicon_bytes = self.generate_identicon(name, width, height)
-        request.setHeader(b"Content-Type", b"image/png")
-        request.setHeader(
-            b"Cache-Control", b"public,max-age=86400,s-maxage=86400"
-        )
-        return identicon_bytes
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
index 08b1867fab59..d6c5f07af0d4 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/media_repository.py
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
 from .config_resource import MediaConfigResource
 from .download_resource import DownloadResource
 from .filepath import MediaFilePaths
-from .identicon_resource import IdenticonResource
 from .media_storage import MediaStorage
 from .preview_url_resource import PreviewUrlResource
 from .storage_provider import StorageProviderWrapper
@@ -769,7 +768,6 @@ def __init__(self, hs):
         self.putChild(b"thumbnail", ThumbnailResource(
             hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage,
         ))
-        self.putChild(b"identicon", IdenticonResource())
         if hs.config.url_preview_enabled:
             self.putChild(b"preview_url", PreviewUrlResource(
                 hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage,
diff --git a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
index 1a7bfd6b56f1..91d1dafe647e 100644
--- a/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/media/v1/preview_url_resource.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+
 import cgi
 import datetime
 import errno
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
 import sys
 import traceback
 
+import six
 from six import string_types
 from six.moves import urllib_parse as urlparse
 
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ def _async_render_GET(self, request):
         # XXX: if get_user_by_req fails, what should we do in an async render?
         requester = yield self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
         url = parse_string(request, "url")
-        if "ts" in request.args:
+        if b"ts" in request.args:
             ts = parse_integer(request, "ts")
         else:
             ts = self.clock.time_msec()
@@ -180,7 +182,12 @@ def _do_preview(self, url, user, ts):
             cache_result["expires_ts"] > ts and
             cache_result["response_code"] / 100 == 2
         ):
-            defer.returnValue(cache_result["og"])
+            # It may be stored as text in the database, not as bytes (such as
+            # PostgreSQL). If so, encode it back before handing it on.
+            og = cache_result["og"]
+            if isinstance(og, six.text_type):
+                og = og.encode('utf8')
+            defer.returnValue(og)
             return
 
         media_info = yield self._download_url(url, user)
@@ -213,14 +220,17 @@ def _do_preview(self, url, user, ts):
         elif _is_html(media_info['media_type']):
             # TODO: somehow stop a big HTML tree from exploding synapse's RAM
 
-            file = open(media_info['filename'])
-            body = file.read()
-            file.close()
+            with open(media_info['filename'], 'rb') as file:
+                body = file.read()
 
             # clobber the encoding from the content-type, or default to utf-8
             # XXX: this overrides any <meta/> or XML charset headers in the body
             # which may pose problems, but so far seems to work okay.
-            match = re.match(r'.*; *charset=(.*?)(;|$)', media_info['media_type'], re.I)
+            match = re.match(
+                r'.*; *charset="?(.*?)"?(;|$)',
+                media_info['media_type'],
+                re.I
+            )
             encoding = match.group(1) if match else "utf-8"
 
             og = decode_and_calc_og(body, media_info['uri'], encoding)
diff --git a/synapse/server.py b/synapse/server.py
index cf6b872cbd70..9985687b95d9 100644
--- a/synapse/server.py
+++ b/synapse/server.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import logging
 
 from twisted.enterprise import adbapi
+from twisted.mail.smtp import sendmail
 from twisted.web.client import BrowserLikePolicyForHTTPS
 
 from synapse.api.auth import Auth
@@ -174,6 +175,7 @@ def build_DEPENDENCY(self)
         'message_handler',
         'pagination_handler',
         'room_context_handler',
+        'sendmail',
     ]
 
     # This is overridden in derived application classes
@@ -269,6 +271,9 @@ def build_simple_http_client(self):
     def build_room_creation_handler(self):
         return RoomCreationHandler(self)
 
+    def build_sendmail(self):
+        return sendmail
+
     def build_state_handler(self):
         return StateHandler(self)
 
diff --git a/synapse/server.pyi b/synapse/server.pyi
index ce2848623391..06cd083a7489 100644
--- a/synapse/server.pyi
+++ b/synapse/server.pyi
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import synapse.handlers.auth
 import synapse.handlers.deactivate_account
 import synapse.handlers.device
 import synapse.handlers.e2e_keys
+import synapse.handlers.room
+import synapse.handlers.room_member
+import synapse.handlers.message
 import synapse.handlers.set_password
 import synapse.rest.media.v1.media_repository
 import synapse.server_notices.server_notices_manager
@@ -50,6 +53,9 @@ class HomeServer(object):
     def get_room_creation_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.room.RoomCreationHandler:
         pass
 
+    def get_room_member_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.room_member.RoomMemberHandler:
+        pass
+
     def get_event_creation_handler(self) -> synapse.handlers.message.EventCreationHandler:
         pass
 
diff --git a/synapse/state/__init__.py b/synapse/state/__init__.py
index 9b40b18d5bdb..70048b0c09a2 100644
--- a/synapse/state/__init__.py
+++ b/synapse/state/__init__.py
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def compute_event_context(self, event, old_state=None):
         logger.debug("calling resolve_state_groups from compute_event_context")
 
         entry = yield self.resolve_state_groups_for_events(
-            event.room_id, [e for e, _ in event.prev_events],
+            event.room_id, event.prev_event_ids(),
         )
 
         prev_state_ids = entry.state
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(room_version, state_sets, event_map, state_res_sto
         return v1.resolve_events_with_store(
             state_sets, event_map, state_res_store.get_events,
         )
-    elif room_version == RoomVersions.VDH_TEST:
+    elif room_version in (RoomVersions.VDH_TEST, RoomVersions.STATE_V2_TEST):
         return v2.resolve_events_with_store(
             state_sets, event_map, state_res_store,
         )
diff --git a/synapse/state/v2.py b/synapse/state/v2.py
index 5d06f7e92880..3573bb00285b 100644
--- a/synapse/state/v2.py
+++ b/synapse/state/v2.py
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ def resolve_events_with_store(state_sets, event_map, state_res_store):
 
     logger.debug("Computing conflicted state")
 
+    # We use event_map as a cache, so if its None we need to initialize it
+    if event_map is None:
+        event_map = {}
+
     # First split up the un/conflicted state
     unconflicted_state, conflicted_state = _seperate(state_sets)
 
@@ -155,7 +159,7 @@ def _get_power_level_for_sender(event_id, event_map, state_res_store):
     event = yield _get_event(event_id, event_map, state_res_store)
 
     pl = None
-    for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+    for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
         aev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
         if (aev.type, aev.state_key) == (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""):
             pl = aev
@@ -163,7 +167,7 @@ def _get_power_level_for_sender(event_id, event_map, state_res_store):
 
     if pl is None:
         # Couldn't find power level. Check if they're the creator of the room
-        for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+        for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
             aev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
             if (aev.type, aev.state_key) == (EventTypes.Create, ""):
                 if aev.content.get("creator") == event.sender:
@@ -295,7 +299,7 @@ def _add_event_and_auth_chain_to_graph(graph, event_id, event_map,
         graph.setdefault(eid, set())
 
         event = yield _get_event(eid, event_map, state_res_store)
-        for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+        for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
             if aid in auth_diff:
                 if aid not in graph:
                     state.append(aid)
@@ -365,7 +369,7 @@ def _iterative_auth_checks(event_ids, base_state, event_map, state_res_store):
         event = event_map[event_id]
 
         auth_events = {}
-        for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+        for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
             ev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
 
             if ev.rejected_reason is None:
@@ -413,9 +417,9 @@ def _mainline_sort(event_ids, resolved_power_event_id, event_map,
     while pl:
         mainline.append(pl)
         pl_ev = yield _get_event(pl, event_map, state_res_store)
-        auth_events = pl_ev.auth_events
+        auth_events = pl_ev.auth_event_ids()
         pl = None
-        for aid, _ in auth_events:
+        for aid in auth_events:
             ev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
             if (ev.type, ev.state_key) == (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""):
                 pl = aid
@@ -460,10 +464,10 @@ def _get_mainline_depth_for_event(event, mainline_map, event_map, state_res_stor
         if depth is not None:
             defer.returnValue(depth)
 
-        auth_events = event.auth_events
+        auth_events = event.auth_event_ids()
         event = None
 
-        for aid, _ in auth_events:
+        for aid in auth_events:
             aev = yield _get_event(aid, event_map, state_res_store)
             if (aev.type, aev.state_key) == (EventTypes.PowerLevels, ""):
                 event = aev
diff --git a/synapse/storage/devices.py b/synapse/storage/devices.py
index d10ff9e4b982..ecdab34e7d12 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/devices.py
@@ -22,14 +22,19 @@
 
 from synapse.api.errors import StoreError
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
+from synapse.storage.background_updates import BackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedInlineCallbacks, cachedList
 
-from ._base import Cache, SQLBaseStore, db_to_json
+from ._base import Cache, db_to_json
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+DROP_DEVICE_LIST_STREAMS_NON_UNIQUE_INDEXES = (
+    "drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes"
+)
 
-class DeviceStore(SQLBaseStore):
+
+class DeviceStore(BackgroundUpdateStore):
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(DeviceStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
 
@@ -52,6 +57,30 @@ def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
             columns=["user_id", "device_id"],
         )
 
+        # create a unique index on device_lists_remote_cache
+        self.register_background_index_update(
+            "device_lists_remote_cache_unique_idx",
+            index_name="device_lists_remote_cache_unique_id",
+            table="device_lists_remote_cache",
+            columns=["user_id", "device_id"],
+            unique=True,
+        )
+
+        # And one on device_lists_remote_extremeties
+        self.register_background_index_update(
+            "device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx",
+            index_name="device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx",
+            table="device_lists_remote_extremeties",
+            columns=["user_id"],
+            unique=True,
+        )
+
+        # once they complete, we can remove the old non-unique indexes.
+        self.register_background_update_handler(
+            DROP_DEVICE_LIST_STREAMS_NON_UNIQUE_INDEXES,
+            self._drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes,
+        )
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def store_device(self, user_id, device_id,
                      initial_device_display_name):
@@ -239,7 +268,19 @@ def mark_remote_user_device_list_as_unsubscribed(self, user_id):
 
     def update_remote_device_list_cache_entry(self, user_id, device_id, content,
                                               stream_id):
-        """Updates a single user's device in the cache.
+        """Updates a single device in the cache of a remote user's devicelist.
+
+        Note: assumes that we are the only thread that can be updating this user's
+        device list.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id (str): User to update device list for
+            device_id (str): ID of decivice being updated
+            content (dict): new data on this device
+            stream_id (int): the version of the device list
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[None]
         """
         return self.runInteraction(
             "update_remote_device_list_cache_entry",
@@ -272,7 +313,11 @@ def _update_remote_device_list_cache_entry_txn(self, txn, user_id, device_id,
                 },
                 values={
                     "content": json.dumps(content),
-                }
+                },
+
+                # we don't need to lock, because we assume we are the only thread
+                # updating this user's devices.
+                lock=False,
             )
 
         txn.call_after(self._get_cached_user_device.invalidate, (user_id, device_id,))
@@ -289,11 +334,26 @@ def _update_remote_device_list_cache_entry_txn(self, txn, user_id, device_id,
             },
             values={
                 "stream_id": stream_id,
-            }
+            },
+
+            # again, we can assume we are the only thread updating this user's
+            # extremity.
+            lock=False,
         )
 
     def update_remote_device_list_cache(self, user_id, devices, stream_id):
-        """Replace the cache of the remote user's devices.
+        """Replace the entire cache of the remote user's devices.
+
+        Note: assumes that we are the only thread that can be updating this user's
+        device list.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id (str): User to update device list for
+            devices (list[dict]): list of device objects supplied over federation
+            stream_id (int): the version of the device list
+
+        Returns:
+            Deferred[None]
         """
         return self.runInteraction(
             "update_remote_device_list_cache",
@@ -338,7 +398,11 @@ def _update_remote_device_list_cache_txn(self, txn, user_id, devices,
             },
             values={
                 "stream_id": stream_id,
-            }
+            },
+
+            # we don't need to lock, because we can assume we are the only thread
+            # updating this user's extremity.
+            lock=False,
         )
 
     def get_devices_by_remote(self, destination, from_stream_id):
@@ -589,10 +653,14 @@ def get_all_device_list_changes_for_remotes(self, from_key, to_key):
         combined list of changes to devices, and which destinations need to be
         poked. `destination` may be None if no destinations need to be poked.
         """
+        # We do a group by here as there can be a large number of duplicate
+        # entries, since we throw away device IDs.
         sql = """
-            SELECT stream_id, user_id, destination FROM device_lists_stream
+            SELECT MAX(stream_id) AS stream_id, user_id, destination
+            FROM device_lists_stream
             LEFT JOIN device_lists_outbound_pokes USING (stream_id, user_id, device_id)
             WHERE ? < stream_id AND stream_id <= ?
+            GROUP BY user_id, destination
         """
         return self._execute(
             "get_all_device_list_changes_for_remotes", None,
@@ -718,3 +786,19 @@ def _prune_txn(txn):
             "_prune_old_outbound_device_pokes",
             _prune_txn,
         )
+
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def _drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes(self, progress, batch_size):
+        def f(conn):
+            txn = conn.cursor()
+            txn.execute(
+                "DROP INDEX IF EXISTS device_lists_remote_cache_id"
+            )
+            txn.execute(
+                "DROP INDEX IF EXISTS device_lists_remote_extremeties_id"
+            )
+            txn.close()
+
+        yield self.runWithConnection(f)
+        yield self._end_background_update(DROP_DEVICE_LIST_STREAMS_NON_UNIQUE_INDEXES)
+        defer.returnValue(1)
diff --git a/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py b/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
index f25ded229520..16b7f005aa9a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -118,6 +118,11 @@ def get_e2e_room_keys(
             these room keys.
         """
 
+        try:
+            version = int(version)
+        except ValueError:
+            defer.returnValue({'rooms': {}})
+
         keyvalues = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "version": version,
@@ -212,14 +217,23 @@ def get_e2e_room_keys_version_info(self, user_id, version=None):
         Raises:
             StoreError: with code 404 if there are no e2e_room_keys_versions present
         Returns:
-            A deferred dict giving the info metadata for this backup version
+            A deferred dict giving the info metadata for this backup version, with
+            fields including:
+                version(str)
+                algorithm(str)
+                auth_data(object): opaque dict supplied by the client
         """
 
         def _get_e2e_room_keys_version_info_txn(txn):
             if version is None:
                 this_version = self._get_current_version(txn, user_id)
             else:
-                this_version = version
+                try:
+                    this_version = int(version)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # Our versions are all ints so if we can't convert it to an integer,
+                    # it isn't there.
+                    raise StoreError(404, "No row found")
 
             result = self._simple_select_one_txn(
                 txn,
@@ -236,6 +250,7 @@ def _get_e2e_room_keys_version_info_txn(txn):
                 ),
             )
             result["auth_data"] = json.loads(result["auth_data"])
+            result["version"] = str(result["version"])
             return result
 
         return self.runInteraction(
diff --git a/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py b/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py
index 1f1721e82083..2a0f6cfca9b6 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/end_to_end_keys.py
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ def _set_e2e_device_keys_txn(txn):
                 allow_none=True,
             )
 
-            new_key_json = encode_canonical_json(device_keys)
+            # In py3 we need old_key_json to match new_key_json type. The DB
+            # returns unicode while encode_canonical_json returns bytes.
+            new_key_json = encode_canonical_json(device_keys).decode("utf-8")
+
             if old_key_json == new_key_json:
                 return False
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/event_federation.py b/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
index 3faca2a04282..d3b9dea1d6de 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/event_federation.py
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ def _handle_mult_prev_events(self, txn, events):
                     "is_state": False,
                 }
                 for ev in events
-                for e_id, _ in ev.prev_events
+                for e_id in ev.prev_event_ids()
             ],
         )
 
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ def _update_backward_extremeties(self, txn, events):
 
         txn.executemany(query, [
             (e_id, ev.room_id, e_id, ev.room_id, e_id, ev.room_id, False)
-            for ev in events for e_id, _ in ev.prev_events
+            for ev in events for e_id in ev.prev_event_ids()
             if not ev.internal_metadata.is_outlier()
         ])
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/events.py b/synapse/storage/events.py
index 8881b009dfda..2047110b1d5a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/events.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/events.py
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 from synapse.storage.background_updates import BackgroundUpdateStore
 from synapse.storage.event_federation import EventFederationStore
 from synapse.storage.events_worker import EventsWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.state import StateGroupWorkerStore
 from synapse.types import RoomStreamToken, get_domain_from_id
 from synapse.util import batch_iter
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import ObservableDeferred
@@ -205,7 +206,8 @@ def f(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
 # inherits from EventFederationStore so that we can call _update_backward_extremities
 # and _handle_mult_prev_events (though arguably those could both be moved in here)
-class EventsStore(EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore):
+class EventsStore(StateGroupWorkerStore, EventFederationStore, EventsWorkerStore,
+                  BackgroundUpdateStore):
     EVENT_ORIGIN_SERVER_TS_NAME = "event_origin_server_ts"
     EVENT_FIELDS_SENDER_URL_UPDATE_NAME = "event_fields_sender_url"
 
@@ -414,7 +416,7 @@ def _persist_events(self, events_and_contexts, backfilled=False,
                             )
                             if len_1:
                                 all_single_prev_not_state = all(
-                                    len(event.prev_events) == 1
+                                    len(event.prev_event_ids()) == 1
                                     and not event.is_state()
                                     for event, ctx in ev_ctx_rm
                                 )
@@ -438,7 +440,7 @@ def _persist_events(self, events_and_contexts, backfilled=False,
                                 # guess this by looking at the prev_events and checking
                                 # if they match the current forward extremities.
                                 for ev, _ in ev_ctx_rm:
-                                    prev_event_ids = set(e for e, _ in ev.prev_events)
+                                    prev_event_ids = set(ev.prev_event_ids())
                                     if latest_event_ids == prev_event_ids:
                                         state_delta_reuse_delta_counter.inc()
                                         break
@@ -549,7 +551,7 @@ def _calculate_new_extremities(self, room_id, event_contexts, latest_event_ids):
         result.difference_update(
             e_id
             for event in new_events
-            for e_id, _ in event.prev_events
+            for e_id in event.prev_event_ids()
         )
 
         # Finally, remove any events which are prev_events of any existing events.
@@ -867,7 +869,7 @@ def _persist_events_txn(self, txn, events_and_contexts, backfilled,
                     "auth_id": auth_id,
                 }
                 for event, _ in events_and_contexts
-                for auth_id, _ in event.auth_events
+                for auth_id in event.auth_event_ids()
                 if event.is_state()
             ],
         )
@@ -2034,55 +2036,37 @@ def _purge_history_txn(
 
         logger.info("[purge] finding redundant state groups")
 
-        # Get all state groups that are only referenced by events that are
-        # to be deleted.
-        # This works by first getting state groups that we may want to delete,
-        # joining against event_to_state_groups to get events that use that
-        # state group, then left joining against events_to_purge again. Any
-        # state group where the left join produce *no nulls* are referenced
-        # only by events that are going to be purged.
+        # Get all state groups that are referenced by events that are to be
+        # deleted. We then go and check if they are referenced by other events
+        # or state groups, and if not we delete them.
         txn.execute("""
-            SELECT state_group FROM
-            (
-                SELECT DISTINCT state_group FROM events_to_purge
-                INNER JOIN event_to_state_groups USING (event_id)
-            ) AS sp
-            INNER JOIN event_to_state_groups USING (state_group)
-            LEFT JOIN events_to_purge AS ep USING (event_id)
-            GROUP BY state_group
-            HAVING SUM(CASE WHEN ep.event_id IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) = 0
+            SELECT DISTINCT state_group FROM events_to_purge
+            INNER JOIN event_to_state_groups USING (event_id)
         """)
 
-        state_rows = txn.fetchall()
-        logger.info("[purge] found %i redundant state groups", len(state_rows))
-
-        # make a set of the redundant state groups, so that we can look them up
-        # efficiently
-        state_groups_to_delete = set([sg for sg, in state_rows])
-
-        # Now we get all the state groups that rely on these state groups
-        logger.info("[purge] finding state groups which depend on redundant"
-                    " state groups")
-        remaining_state_groups = []
-        for i in range(0, len(state_rows), 100):
-            chunk = [sg for sg, in state_rows[i:i + 100]]
-            # look for state groups whose prev_state_group is one we are about
-            # to delete
-            rows = self._simple_select_many_txn(
-                txn,
-                table="state_group_edges",
-                column="prev_state_group",
-                iterable=chunk,
-                retcols=["state_group"],
-                keyvalues={},
-            )
-            remaining_state_groups.extend(
-                row["state_group"] for row in rows
+        referenced_state_groups = set(sg for sg, in txn)
+        logger.info(
+            "[purge] found %i referenced state groups",
+            len(referenced_state_groups),
+        )
 
-                # exclude state groups we are about to delete: no point in
-                # updating them
-                if row["state_group"] not in state_groups_to_delete
+        logger.info("[purge] finding state groups that can be deleted")
+
+        state_groups_to_delete, remaining_state_groups = (
+            self._find_unreferenced_groups_during_purge(
+                txn, referenced_state_groups,
             )
+        )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "[purge] found %i state groups to delete",
+            len(state_groups_to_delete),
+        )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "[purge] de-delta-ing %i remaining state groups",
+            len(remaining_state_groups),
+        )
 
         # Now we turn the state groups that reference to-be-deleted state
         # groups to non delta versions.
@@ -2127,11 +2111,11 @@ def _purge_history_txn(
         logger.info("[purge] removing redundant state groups")
         txn.executemany(
             "DELETE FROM state_groups_state WHERE state_group = ?",
-            state_rows
+            ((sg,) for sg in state_groups_to_delete),
         )
         txn.executemany(
             "DELETE FROM state_groups WHERE id = ?",
-            state_rows
+            ((sg,) for sg in state_groups_to_delete),
         )
 
         logger.info("[purge] removing events from event_to_state_groups")
@@ -2227,6 +2211,85 @@ def _purge_history_txn(
 
         logger.info("[purge] done")
 
+    def _find_unreferenced_groups_during_purge(self, txn, state_groups):
+        """Used when purging history to figure out which state groups can be
+        deleted and which need to be de-delta'ed (due to one of its prev groups
+        being scheduled for deletion).
+
+        Args:
+            txn
+            state_groups (set[int]): Set of state groups referenced by events
+                that are going to be deleted.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[set[int], set[int]]: The set of state groups that can be
+            deleted and the set of state groups that need to be de-delta'ed
+        """
+        # Graph of state group -> previous group
+        graph = {}
+
+        # Set of events that we have found to be referenced by events
+        referenced_groups = set()
+
+        # Set of state groups we've already seen
+        state_groups_seen = set(state_groups)
+
+        # Set of state groups to handle next.
+        next_to_search = set(state_groups)
+        while next_to_search:
+            # We bound size of groups we're looking up at once, to stop the
+            # SQL query getting too big
+            if len(next_to_search) < 100:
+                current_search = next_to_search
+                next_to_search = set()
+            else:
+                current_search = set(itertools.islice(next_to_search, 100))
+                next_to_search -= current_search
+
+            # Check if state groups are referenced
+            sql = """
+                SELECT DISTINCT state_group FROM event_to_state_groups
+                LEFT JOIN events_to_purge AS ep USING (event_id)
+                WHERE state_group IN (%s) AND ep.event_id IS NULL
+            """ % (",".join("?" for _ in current_search),)
+            txn.execute(sql, list(current_search))
+
+            referenced = set(sg for sg, in txn)
+            referenced_groups |= referenced
+
+            # We don't continue iterating up the state group graphs for state
+            # groups that are referenced.
+            current_search -= referenced
+
+            rows = self._simple_select_many_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="state_group_edges",
+                column="prev_state_group",
+                iterable=current_search,
+                keyvalues={},
+                retcols=("prev_state_group", "state_group",),
+            )
+
+            prevs = set(row["state_group"] for row in rows)
+            # We don't bother re-handling groups we've already seen
+            prevs -= state_groups_seen
+            next_to_search |= prevs
+            state_groups_seen |= prevs
+
+            for row in rows:
+                # Note: Each state group can have at most one prev group
+                graph[row["state_group"]] = row["prev_state_group"]
+
+        to_delete = state_groups_seen - referenced_groups
+
+        to_dedelta = set()
+        for sg in referenced_groups:
+            prev_sg = graph.get(sg)
+            if prev_sg and prev_sg in to_delete:
+                to_dedelta.add(sg)
+
+        return to_delete, to_dedelta
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def is_event_after(self, event_id1, event_id2):
         """Returns True if event_id1 is after event_id2 in the stream
diff --git a/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py b/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
index b364719312d6..bd740e1e4553 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/prepare_database.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 # Remember to update this number every time a change is made to database
 # schema files, so the users will be informed on server restarts.
-SCHEMA_VERSION = 51
+SCHEMA_VERSION = 52
 
 dir_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 
diff --git a/synapse/storage/room.py b/synapse/storage/room.py
index 61013b891939..41c65e112a65 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/room.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/room.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def get_room(self, room_id):
         Args:
             room_id (str): The ID of the room to retrieve.
         Returns:
-            A namedtuple containing the room information, or an empty list.
+            A dict containing the room information, or None if the room is unknown.
         """
         return self._simple_select_one(
             table="rooms",
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql
index 54841b384384..dd6dcb65f190 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/40/device_list_streams.sql
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@ CREATE TABLE device_lists_remote_cache (
     content TEXT NOT NULL
 );
 
-CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_cache_id ON device_lists_remote_cache(user_id, device_id);
-
-
 -- The last update we got for a user. Empty if we're not receiving updates for
 -- that user.
 CREATE TABLE device_lists_remote_extremeties (
@@ -30,7 +27,11 @@ CREATE TABLE device_lists_remote_extremeties (
     stream_id TEXT NOT NULL
 );
 
-CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_extremeties_id ON device_lists_remote_extremeties(user_id, stream_id);
+-- we used to create non-unique indexes on these tables, but as of update 52 we create
+-- unique indexes concurrently:
+--
+-- CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_cache_id ON device_lists_remote_cache(user_id, device_id);
+-- CREATE INDEX device_lists_remote_extremeties_id ON device_lists_remote_extremeties(user_id, stream_id);
 
 
 -- Stream of device lists updates. Includes both local and remotes
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/add_event_to_state_group_index.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/add_event_to_state_group_index.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..91e03d13e155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/add_event_to_state_group_index.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- This is needed to efficiently check for unreferenced state groups during
+-- purge. Added events_to_state_group(state_group) index
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json)
+    VALUES ('event_to_state_groups_sg_index', '{}');
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/device_list_streams_unique_idx.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/device_list_streams_unique_idx.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bfa49e6f9280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/device_list_streams_unique_idx.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+-- register a background update which will create a unique index on
+-- device_lists_remote_cache
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json)
+    VALUES ('device_lists_remote_cache_unique_idx', '{}');
+
+-- and one on device_lists_remote_extremeties
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json, depends_on)
+    VALUES (
+        'device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx', '{}',
+
+        -- doesn't really depend on this, but we need to make sure both happen
+        -- before we drop the old indexes.
+        'device_lists_remote_cache_unique_idx'
+    );
+
+-- once they complete, we can drop the old indexes.
+INSERT into background_updates (update_name, progress_json, depends_on)
+    VALUES (
+        'drop_device_list_streams_non_unique_indexes', '{}',
+        'device_lists_remote_extremeties_unique_idx'
+    );
diff --git a/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/e2e_room_keys.sql b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/e2e_room_keys.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..db687cccae88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/synapse/storage/schema/delta/52/e2e_room_keys.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/* Change version column to an integer so we can do MAX() sensibly
+ */
+CREATE TABLE e2e_room_keys_versions_new (
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    version BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    algorithm TEXT NOT NULL,
+    auth_data TEXT NOT NULL,
+    deleted SMALLINT DEFAULT 0 NOT NULL
+);
+
+INSERT INTO e2e_room_keys_versions_new
+    SELECT user_id, CAST(version as BIGINT), algorithm, auth_data, deleted FROM e2e_room_keys_versions;
+
+DROP TABLE e2e_room_keys_versions;
+ALTER TABLE e2e_room_keys_versions_new RENAME TO e2e_room_keys_versions;
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX e2e_room_keys_versions_idx ON e2e_room_keys_versions(user_id, version);
+
+/* Change e2e_rooms_keys to match
+ */
+CREATE TABLE e2e_room_keys_new (
+    user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    room_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    session_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    version BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    first_message_index INT,
+    forwarded_count INT,
+    is_verified BOOLEAN,
+    session_data TEXT NOT NULL
+);
+
+INSERT INTO e2e_room_keys_new
+    SELECT user_id, room_id, session_id, CAST(version as BIGINT), first_message_index, forwarded_count, is_verified, session_data FROM e2e_room_keys;
+
+DROP TABLE e2e_room_keys;
+ALTER TABLE e2e_room_keys_new RENAME TO e2e_room_keys;
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX e2e_room_keys_idx ON e2e_room_keys(user_id, room_id, session_id);
diff --git a/synapse/storage/state.py b/synapse/storage/state.py
index ef65929bb212..d737bd67788a 100644
--- a/synapse/storage/state.py
+++ b/synapse/storage/state.py
@@ -1257,6 +1257,7 @@ class StateStore(StateGroupWorkerStore, BackgroundUpdateStore):
     STATE_GROUP_DEDUPLICATION_UPDATE_NAME = "state_group_state_deduplication"
     STATE_GROUP_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "state_group_state_type_index"
     CURRENT_STATE_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "current_state_members_idx"
+    EVENT_STATE_GROUP_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME = "event_to_state_groups_sg_index"
 
     def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
         super(StateStore, self).__init__(db_conn, hs)
@@ -1275,6 +1276,12 @@ def __init__(self, db_conn, hs):
             columns=["state_key"],
             where_clause="type='m.room.member'",
         )
+        self.register_background_index_update(
+            self.EVENT_STATE_GROUP_INDEX_UPDATE_NAME,
+            index_name="event_to_state_groups_sg_index",
+            table="event_to_state_groups",
+            columns=["state_group"],
+        )
 
     def _store_event_state_mappings_txn(self, txn, events_and_contexts):
         state_groups = {}
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py b/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
index 9e08eac0a5bf..c8994f416e12 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ def test_delete_version(self):
         self.assertEqual(res, 404)
 
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def test_get_missing_room_keys(self):
-        """Check that we get a 404 on querying missing room_keys
+    def test_get_missing_backup(self):
+        """Check that we get a 404 on querying missing backup
         """
         res = None
         try:
@@ -179,19 +179,20 @@ def test_get_missing_room_keys(self):
             res = e.code
         self.assertEqual(res, 404)
 
-        # check we also get a 404 even if the version is valid
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def test_get_missing_room_keys(self):
+        """Check we get an empty response from an empty backup
+        """
         version = yield self.handler.create_version(self.local_user, {
             "algorithm": "m.megolm_backup.v1",
             "auth_data": "first_version_auth_data",
         })
         self.assertEqual(version, "1")
 
-        res = None
-        try:
-            yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
-        except errors.SynapseError as e:
-            res = e.code
-        self.assertEqual(res, 404)
+        res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
+        self.assertDictEqual(res, {
+            "rooms": {}
+        })
 
     # TODO: test the locking semantics when uploading room_keys,
     # although this is probably best done in sytest
@@ -345,17 +346,15 @@ def test_delete_room_keys(self):
         # check for bulk-delete
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, room_keys)
         yield self.handler.delete_room_keys(self.local_user, version)
-        res = None
-        try:
-            yield self.handler.get_room_keys(
-                self.local_user,
-                version,
-                room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
-                session_id="c0ff33",
-            )
-        except errors.SynapseError as e:
-            res = e.code
-        self.assertEqual(res, 404)
+        res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(
+            self.local_user,
+            version,
+            room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
+            session_id="c0ff33",
+        )
+        self.assertDictEqual(res, {
+            "rooms": {}
+        })
 
         # check for bulk-delete per room
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, room_keys)
@@ -364,17 +363,15 @@ def test_delete_room_keys(self):
             version,
             room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
         )
-        res = None
-        try:
-            yield self.handler.get_room_keys(
-                self.local_user,
-                version,
-                room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
-                session_id="c0ff33",
-            )
-        except errors.SynapseError as e:
-            res = e.code
-        self.assertEqual(res, 404)
+        res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(
+            self.local_user,
+            version,
+            room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
+            session_id="c0ff33",
+        )
+        self.assertDictEqual(res, {
+            "rooms": {}
+        })
 
         # check for bulk-delete per session
         yield self.handler.upload_room_keys(self.local_user, version, room_keys)
@@ -384,14 +381,12 @@ def test_delete_room_keys(self):
             room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
             session_id="c0ff33",
         )
-        res = None
-        try:
-            yield self.handler.get_room_keys(
-                self.local_user,
-                version,
-                room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
-                session_id="c0ff33",
-            )
-        except errors.SynapseError as e:
-            res = e.code
-        self.assertEqual(res, 404)
+        res = yield self.handler.get_room_keys(
+            self.local_user,
+            version,
+            room_id="!abc:matrix.org",
+            session_id="c0ff33",
+        )
+        self.assertDictEqual(res, {
+            "rooms": {}
+        })
diff --git a/tests/push/__init__.py b/tests/push/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e69de29bb2d1
diff --git a/tests/push/test_email.py b/tests/push/test_email.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..50ee6910d16a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/push/test_email.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2018 New Vector
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import os
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
+
+from synapse.rest.client.v1 import admin, login, room
+
+from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
+
+try:
+    from synapse.push.mailer import load_jinja2_templates
+except Exception:
+    load_jinja2_templates = None
+
+
+class EmailPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    skip = "No Jinja installed" if not load_jinja2_templates else None
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+    user_id = True
+    hijack_auth = False
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+
+        # List[Tuple[Deferred, args, kwargs]]
+        self.email_attempts = []
+
+        def sendmail(*args, **kwargs):
+            d = Deferred()
+            self.email_attempts.append((d, args, kwargs))
+            return d
+
+        config = self.default_config()
+        config.email_enable_notifs = True
+        config.start_pushers = True
+
+        config.email_template_dir = os.path.abspath(
+            pkg_resources.resource_filename('synapse', 'res/templates')
+        )
+        config.email_notif_template_html = "notif_mail.html"
+        config.email_notif_template_text = "notif_mail.txt"
+        config.email_smtp_host = "127.0.0.1"
+        config.email_smtp_port = 20
+        config.require_transport_security = False
+        config.email_smtp_user = None
+        config.email_app_name = "Matrix"
+        config.email_notif_from = "test@example.com"
+
+        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config, sendmail=sendmail)
+
+        return hs
+
+    def test_sends_email(self):
+
+        # Register the user who gets notified
+        user_id = self.register_user("user", "pass")
+        access_token = self.login("user", "pass")
+
+        # Register the user who sends the message
+        other_user_id = self.register_user("otheruser", "pass")
+        other_access_token = self.login("otheruser", "pass")
+
+        # Register the pusher
+        user_tuple = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_user_by_access_token(access_token)
+        )
+        token_id = user_tuple["token_id"]
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_pusherpool().add_pusher(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                access_token=token_id,
+                kind="email",
+                app_id="m.email",
+                app_display_name="Email Notifications",
+                device_display_name="a@example.com",
+                pushkey="a@example.com",
+                lang=None,
+                data={},
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Create a room
+        room = self.helper.create_room_as(user_id, tok=access_token)
+
+        # Invite the other person
+        self.helper.invite(room=room, src=user_id, tok=access_token, targ=other_user_id)
+
+        # The other user joins
+        self.helper.join(room=room, user=other_user_id, tok=other_access_token)
+
+        # The other user sends some messages
+        self.helper.send(room, body="Hi!", tok=other_access_token)
+        self.helper.send(room, body="There!", tok=other_access_token)
+
+        # Get the stream ordering before it gets sent
+        pushers = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by(dict(user_name=user_id))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        last_stream_ordering = pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"]
+
+        # Advance time a bit, so the pusher will register something has happened
+        self.pump(100)
+
+        # It hasn't succeeded yet, so the stream ordering shouldn't have moved
+        pushers = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by(dict(user_name=user_id))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(last_stream_ordering, pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"])
+
+        # One email was attempted to be sent
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.email_attempts), 1)
+
+        # Make the email succeed
+        self.email_attempts[0][0].callback(True)
+        self.pump()
+
+        # One email was attempted to be sent
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.email_attempts), 1)
+
+        # The stream ordering has increased
+        pushers = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by(dict(user_name=user_id))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"] > last_stream_ordering)
diff --git a/tests/push/test_http.py b/tests/push/test_http.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..addc01ab7f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/push/test_http.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2018 New Vector
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from mock import Mock
+
+from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
+
+from synapse.rest.client.v1 import admin, login, room
+
+from tests.unittest import HomeserverTestCase
+
+try:
+    from synapse.push.mailer import load_jinja2_templates
+except Exception:
+    load_jinja2_templates = None
+
+
+class HTTPPusherTests(HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    skip = "No Jinja installed" if not load_jinja2_templates else None
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+    user_id = True
+    hijack_auth = False
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+
+        self.push_attempts = []
+
+        m = Mock()
+
+        def post_json_get_json(url, body):
+            d = Deferred()
+            self.push_attempts.append((d, url, body))
+            return d
+
+        m.post_json_get_json = post_json_get_json
+
+        config = self.default_config()
+        config.start_pushers = True
+
+        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config, simple_http_client=m)
+
+        return hs
+
+    def test_sends_http(self):
+        """
+        The HTTP pusher will send pushes for each message to a HTTP endpoint
+        when configured to do so.
+        """
+        # Register the user who gets notified
+        user_id = self.register_user("user", "pass")
+        access_token = self.login("user", "pass")
+
+        # Register the user who sends the message
+        other_user_id = self.register_user("otheruser", "pass")
+        other_access_token = self.login("otheruser", "pass")
+
+        # Register the pusher
+        user_tuple = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_user_by_access_token(access_token)
+        )
+        token_id = user_tuple["token_id"]
+
+        self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_pusherpool().add_pusher(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                access_token=token_id,
+                kind="http",
+                app_id="m.http",
+                app_display_name="HTTP Push Notifications",
+                device_display_name="pushy push",
+                pushkey="a@example.com",
+                lang=None,
+                data={"url": "example.com"},
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Create a room
+        room = self.helper.create_room_as(user_id, tok=access_token)
+
+        # Invite the other person
+        self.helper.invite(room=room, src=user_id, tok=access_token, targ=other_user_id)
+
+        # The other user joins
+        self.helper.join(room=room, user=other_user_id, tok=other_access_token)
+
+        # The other user sends some messages
+        self.helper.send(room, body="Hi!", tok=other_access_token)
+        self.helper.send(room, body="There!", tok=other_access_token)
+
+        # Get the stream ordering before it gets sent
+        pushers = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by(dict(user_name=user_id))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        last_stream_ordering = pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"]
+
+        # Advance time a bit, so the pusher will register something has happened
+        self.pump()
+
+        # It hasn't succeeded yet, so the stream ordering shouldn't have moved
+        pushers = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by(dict(user_name=user_id))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(last_stream_ordering, pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"])
+
+        # One push was attempted to be sent -- it'll be the first message
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.push_attempts), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(self.push_attempts[0][1], "example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.push_attempts[0][2]["notification"]["content"]["body"], "Hi!"
+        )
+
+        # Make the push succeed
+        self.push_attempts[0][0].callback({})
+        self.pump()
+
+        # The stream ordering has increased
+        pushers = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by(dict(user_name=user_id))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"] > last_stream_ordering)
+        last_stream_ordering = pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"]
+
+        # Now it'll try and send the second push message, which will be the second one
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.push_attempts), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self.push_attempts[1][1], "example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.push_attempts[1][2]["notification"]["content"]["body"], "There!"
+        )
+
+        # Make the second push succeed
+        self.push_attempts[1][0].callback({})
+        self.pump()
+
+        # The stream ordering has increased, again
+        pushers = self.get_success(
+            self.hs.get_datastore().get_pushers_by(dict(user_name=user_id))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(pushers[0]["last_stream_ordering"] > last_stream_ordering)
diff --git a/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py b/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
index 41be5d5a1a1d..1688a741d115 100644
--- a/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
+++ b/tests/replication/slave/storage/test_events.py
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 
 
 def dict_equals(self, other):
-    me = encode_canonical_json(self._event_dict)
-    them = encode_canonical_json(other._event_dict)
+    me = encode_canonical_json(self.get_pdu_json())
+    them = encode_canonical_json(other.get_pdu_json())
     return me == them
 
 
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py b/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4294bbec2a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/rest/client/test_consent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2018 New Vector
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import os
+
+from synapse.api.urls import ConsentURIBuilder
+from synapse.rest.client.v1 import admin, login, room
+from synapse.rest.consent import consent_resource
+
+from tests import unittest
+from tests.server import render
+
+try:
+    from synapse.push.mailer import load_jinja2_templates
+except Exception:
+    load_jinja2_templates = None
+
+
+class ConsentResourceTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    skip = "No Jinja installed" if not load_jinja2_templates else None
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+    ]
+    user_id = True
+    hijack_auth = False
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+
+        config = self.default_config()
+        config.user_consent_version = "1"
+        config.public_baseurl = ""
+        config.form_secret = "123abc"
+
+        # Make some temporary templates...
+        temp_consent_path = self.mktemp()
+        os.mkdir(temp_consent_path)
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, 'en'))
+        config.user_consent_template_dir = os.path.abspath(temp_consent_path)
+
+        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/1.html"), 'w') as f:
+            f.write("{{version}},{{has_consented}}")
+
+        with open(os.path.join(temp_consent_path, "en/success.html"), 'w') as f:
+            f.write("yay!")
+
+        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config)
+        return hs
+
+    def test_render_public_consent(self):
+        """You can observe the terms form without specifying a user"""
+        resource = consent_resource.ConsentResource(self.hs)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("GET", "/consent?v=1", shorthand=False)
+        render(request, resource, self.reactor)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+    def test_accept_consent(self):
+        """
+        A user can use the consent form to accept the terms.
+        """
+        uri_builder = ConsentURIBuilder(self.hs.config)
+        resource = consent_resource.ConsentResource(self.hs)
+
+        # Register a user
+        user_id = self.register_user("user", "pass")
+        access_token = self.login("user", "pass")
+
+        # Fetch the consent page, to get the consent version
+        consent_uri = (
+            uri_builder.build_user_consent_uri(user_id).replace("_matrix/", "")
+            + "&u=user"
+        )
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", consent_uri, access_token=access_token, shorthand=False
+        )
+        render(request, resource, self.reactor)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        # Get the version from the body, and whether we've consented
+        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode('ascii').split(",")
+        self.assertEqual(consented, "False")
+
+        # POST to the consent page, saying we've agreed
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "POST",
+            consent_uri + "&v=" + version,
+            access_token=access_token,
+            shorthand=False,
+        )
+        render(request, resource, self.reactor)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        # Fetch the consent page, to get the consent version -- it should have
+        # changed
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", consent_uri, access_token=access_token, shorthand=False
+        )
+        render(request, resource, self.reactor)
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+
+        # Get the version from the body, and check that it's the version we
+        # agreed to, and that we've consented to it.
+        version, consented = channel.result["body"].decode('ascii').split(",")
+        self.assertEqual(consented, "True")
+        self.assertEqual(version, "1")
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_admin.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_admin.py
index 1a553fa3f928..e38eb628a95b 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_admin.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_admin.py
@@ -19,24 +19,17 @@
 
 from mock import Mock
 
-from synapse.http.server import JsonResource
 from synapse.rest.client.v1.admin import register_servlets
-from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests import unittest
-from tests.server import (
-    ThreadedMemoryReactorClock,
-    make_request,
-    render,
-    setup_test_homeserver,
-)
 
 
-class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
+class UserRegisterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    servlets = [register_servlets]
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
 
-        self.clock = ThreadedMemoryReactorClock()
-        self.hs_clock = Clock(self.clock)
         self.url = "/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register"
 
         self.registration_handler = Mock()
@@ -50,17 +43,14 @@ def setUp(self):
 
         self.secrets = Mock()
 
-        self.hs = setup_test_homeserver(
-            self.addCleanup, http_client=None, clock=self.hs_clock, reactor=self.clock
-        )
+        self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver()
 
         self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = u"shared"
 
         self.hs.get_media_repository = Mock()
         self.hs.get_deactivate_account_handler = Mock()
 
-        self.resource = JsonResource(self.hs)
-        register_servlets(self.hs, self.resource)
+        return self.hs
 
     def test_disabled(self):
         """
@@ -69,8 +59,8 @@ def test_disabled(self):
         """
         self.hs.config.registration_shared_secret = None
 
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, b'{}')
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, b'{}')
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -87,8 +77,8 @@ def test_get_nonce(self):
 
         self.hs.get_secrets = Mock(return_value=secrets)
 
-        request, channel = make_request("GET", self.url)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body, {"nonce": "abcd"})
 
@@ -97,25 +87,25 @@ def test_expired_nonce(self):
         Calling GET on the endpoint will return a randomised nonce, which will
         only last for SALT_TIMEOUT (60s).
         """
-        request, channel = make_request("GET", self.url)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url)
+        self.render(request)
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         # 59 seconds
-        self.clock.advance(59)
+        self.reactor.advance(59)
 
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('username must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # 61 seconds
-        self.clock.advance(2)
+        self.reactor.advance(2)
 
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('unrecognised nonce', channel.json_body["error"])
@@ -124,8 +114,8 @@ def test_register_incorrect_nonce(self):
         """
         Only the provided nonce can be used, as it's checked in the MAC.
         """
-        request, channel = make_request("GET", self.url)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url)
+        self.render(request)
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
@@ -141,8 +131,8 @@ def test_register_incorrect_nonce(self):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(403, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual("HMAC incorrect", channel.json_body["error"])
@@ -152,8 +142,8 @@ def test_register_correct_nonce(self):
         When the correct nonce is provided, and the right key is provided, the
         user is registered.
         """
-        request, channel = make_request("GET", self.url)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url)
+        self.render(request)
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
@@ -169,8 +159,8 @@ def test_register_correct_nonce(self):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual("@bob:test", channel.json_body["user_id"])
@@ -179,8 +169,8 @@ def test_nonce_reuse(self):
         """
         A valid unrecognised nonce.
         """
-        request, channel = make_request("GET", self.url)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url)
+        self.render(request)
         nonce = channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         want_mac = hmac.new(key=b"shared", digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
@@ -196,15 +186,15 @@ def test_nonce_reuse(self):
                 "mac": want_mac,
             }
         )
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(200, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual("@bob:test", channel.json_body["user_id"])
 
         # Now, try and reuse it
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('unrecognised nonce', channel.json_body["error"])
@@ -217,8 +207,8 @@ def test_missing_parts(self):
         """
 
         def nonce():
-            request, channel = make_request("GET", self.url)
-            render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+            request, channel = self.make_request("GET", self.url)
+            self.render(request)
             return channel.json_body["nonce"]
 
         #
@@ -227,8 +217,8 @@ def nonce():
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('nonce must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
@@ -239,32 +229,32 @@ def nonce():
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce()})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('username must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must be a string
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": 1234})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": u"abcd\u0000"})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must not have null bytes
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a" * 1000})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('Invalid username', channel.json_body["error"])
@@ -275,16 +265,16 @@ def nonce():
 
         # Must be present
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a"})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('password must be specified', channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Must be a string
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": 1234})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
@@ -293,16 +283,16 @@ def nonce():
         body = json.dumps(
             {"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": u"abcd\u0000"}
         )
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
 
         # Super long
         body = json.dumps({"nonce": nonce(), "username": "a", "password": "A" * 1000})
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", self.url, body.encode('utf8'))
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(400, int(channel.result["code"]), msg=channel.result["body"])
         self.assertEqual('Invalid password', channel.json_body["error"])
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_register.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_register.py
index 6b7ff813d567..f973eff8cf8a 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/test_register.py
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ def setUp(self):
         )
 
         handlers = Mock(registration_handler=self.registration_handler)
-        self.clock = MemoryReactorClock()
-        self.hs_clock = Clock(self.clock)
+        self.reactor = MemoryReactorClock()
+        self.hs_clock = Clock(self.reactor)
 
         self.hs = self.hs = setup_test_homeserver(
-            self.addCleanup, http_client=None, clock=self.hs_clock, reactor=self.clock
+            self.addCleanup, http_client=None, clock=self.hs_clock, reactor=self.reactor
         )
         self.hs.get_datastore = Mock(return_value=self.datastore)
         self.hs.get_handlers = Mock(return_value=handlers)
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ def test_POST_createuser_with_valid_user(self):
             return_value=(user_id, token)
         )
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"POST", url, request_data)
-        render(request, res, self.clock)
+        request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"POST", url, request_data)
+        render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
         self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"200")
 
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py b/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
index 530dc8ba6d92..9c401bf30081 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v1/utils.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def create_room_as(self, room_creator, is_public=True, tok=None):
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
         request, channel = make_request(
-            "POST", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "POST", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
         )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
@@ -217,7 +217,9 @@ def change_membership(self, room, src, targ, membership, tok=None, expect_code=2
 
         data = {"membership": membership}
 
-        request, channel = make_request("PUT", path, json.dumps(data).encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = make_request(
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(data).encode('utf8')
+        )
 
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
@@ -228,18 +230,6 @@ def change_membership(self, room, src, targ, membership, tok=None, expect_code=2
 
         self.auth_user_id = temp_id
 
-    @defer.inlineCallbacks
-    def register(self, user_id):
-        (code, response) = yield self.mock_resource.trigger(
-            "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/r0/register",
-            json.dumps(
-                {"user": user_id, "password": "test", "type": "m.login.password"}
-            ),
-        )
-        self.assertEquals(200, code)
-        defer.returnValue(response)
-
     def send(self, room_id, body=None, txn_id=None, tok=None, expect_code=200):
         if txn_id is None:
             txn_id = "m%s" % (str(time.time()))
@@ -251,7 +241,9 @@ def send(self, room_id, body=None, txn_id=None, tok=None, expect_code=200):
         if tok:
             path = path + "?access_token=%s" % tok
 
-        request, channel = make_request("PUT", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8'))
+        request, channel = make_request(
+            self.hs.get_reactor(), "PUT", path, json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
+        )
         render(request, self.resource, self.hs.get_reactor())
 
         assert int(channel.result["code"]) == expect_code, (
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_filter.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_filter.py
index 6a886ee3b832..f42a8efbf47f 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_filter.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_filter.py
@@ -13,84 +13,47 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-import synapse.types
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes
-from synapse.http.server import JsonResource
 from synapse.rest.client.v2_alpha import filter
-from synapse.types import UserID
-from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests import unittest
-from tests.server import (
-    ThreadedMemoryReactorClock as MemoryReactorClock,
-    make_request,
-    render,
-    setup_test_homeserver,
-)
 
 PATH_PREFIX = "/_matrix/client/v2_alpha"
 
 
-class FilterTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+class FilterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
-    USER_ID = "@apple:test"
+    user_id = "@apple:test"
+    hijack_auth = True
     EXAMPLE_FILTER = {"room": {"timeline": {"types": ["m.room.message"]}}}
     EXAMPLE_FILTER_JSON = b'{"room": {"timeline": {"types": ["m.room.message"]}}}'
-    TO_REGISTER = [filter]
+    servlets = [filter.register_servlets]
 
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.clock = MemoryReactorClock()
-        self.hs_clock = Clock(self.clock)
-
-        self.hs = setup_test_homeserver(
-            self.addCleanup, http_client=None, clock=self.hs_clock, reactor=self.clock
-        )
-
-        self.auth = self.hs.get_auth()
-
-        def get_user_by_access_token(token=None, allow_guest=False):
-            return {
-                "user": UserID.from_string(self.USER_ID),
-                "token_id": 1,
-                "is_guest": False,
-            }
-
-        def get_user_by_req(request, allow_guest=False, rights="access"):
-            return synapse.types.create_requester(
-                UserID.from_string(self.USER_ID), 1, False, None
-            )
-
-        self.auth.get_user_by_access_token = get_user_by_access_token
-        self.auth.get_user_by_req = get_user_by_req
-
-        self.store = self.hs.get_datastore()
-        self.filtering = self.hs.get_filtering()
-        self.resource = JsonResource(self.hs)
-
-        for r in self.TO_REGISTER:
-            r.register_servlets(self.hs, self.resource)
+    def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
+        self.filtering = hs.get_filtering()
+        self.store = hs.get_datastore()
 
     def test_add_filter(self):
-        request, channel = make_request(
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter" % (self.USER_ID),
+            "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter" % (self.user_id),
             self.EXAMPLE_FILTER_JSON,
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"200")
         self.assertEqual(channel.json_body, {"filter_id": "0"})
         filter = self.store.get_user_filter(user_localpart="apple", filter_id=0)
-        self.clock.advance(0)
+        self.pump()
         self.assertEquals(filter.result, self.EXAMPLE_FILTER)
 
     def test_add_filter_for_other_user(self):
-        request, channel = make_request(
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
             "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter" % ("@watermelon:test"),
             self.EXAMPLE_FILTER_JSON,
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"403")
         self.assertEquals(channel.json_body["errcode"], Codes.FORBIDDEN)
@@ -98,12 +61,12 @@ def test_add_filter_for_other_user(self):
     def test_add_filter_non_local_user(self):
         _is_mine = self.hs.is_mine
         self.hs.is_mine = lambda target_user: False
-        request, channel = make_request(
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
             "POST",
-            "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter" % (self.USER_ID),
+            "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter" % (self.user_id),
             self.EXAMPLE_FILTER_JSON,
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.hs.is_mine = _is_mine
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"403")
@@ -113,21 +76,21 @@ def test_get_filter(self):
         filter_id = self.filtering.add_user_filter(
             user_localpart="apple", user_filter=self.EXAMPLE_FILTER
         )
-        self.clock.advance(1)
+        self.reactor.advance(1)
         filter_id = filter_id.result
-        request, channel = make_request(
-            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/%s" % (self.USER_ID, filter_id)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/%s" % (self.user_id, filter_id)
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"200")
         self.assertEquals(channel.json_body, self.EXAMPLE_FILTER)
 
     def test_get_filter_non_existant(self):
-        request, channel = make_request(
-            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/12382148321" % (self.USER_ID)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/12382148321" % (self.user_id)
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"400")
         self.assertEquals(channel.json_body["errcode"], Codes.NOT_FOUND)
@@ -135,18 +98,18 @@ def test_get_filter_non_existant(self):
     # Currently invalid params do not have an appropriate errcode
     # in errors.py
     def test_get_filter_invalid_id(self):
-        request, channel = make_request(
-            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/foobar" % (self.USER_ID)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/foobar" % (self.user_id)
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"400")
 
     # No ID also returns an invalid_id error
     def test_get_filter_no_id(self):
-        request, channel = make_request(
-            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/" % (self.USER_ID)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "/_matrix/client/r0/user/%s/filter/" % (self.user_id)
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b"400")
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
index 1c128e81f5ac..753d5c3e80c4 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_register.py
@@ -3,22 +3,19 @@
 from mock import Mock
 
 from twisted.python import failure
-from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactorClock
 
 from synapse.api.errors import InteractiveAuthIncompleteError
-from synapse.http.server import JsonResource
 from synapse.rest.client.v2_alpha.register import register_servlets
-from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests import unittest
-from tests.server import make_request, render, setup_test_homeserver
 
 
-class RegisterRestServletTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
+class RegisterRestServletTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    servlets = [register_servlets]
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
 
-        self.clock = MemoryReactorClock()
-        self.hs_clock = Clock(self.clock)
         self.url = b"/_matrix/client/r0/register"
 
         self.appservice = None
@@ -46,9 +43,7 @@ def setUp(self):
             identity_handler=self.identity_handler,
             login_handler=self.login_handler,
         )
-        self.hs = setup_test_homeserver(
-            self.addCleanup, http_client=None, clock=self.hs_clock, reactor=self.clock
-        )
+        self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver()
         self.hs.get_auth = Mock(return_value=self.auth)
         self.hs.get_handlers = Mock(return_value=self.handlers)
         self.hs.get_auth_handler = Mock(return_value=self.auth_handler)
@@ -58,8 +53,7 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.hs.config.registrations_require_3pid = []
         self.hs.config.auto_join_rooms = []
 
-        self.resource = JsonResource(self.hs)
-        register_servlets(self.hs, self.resource)
+        return self.hs
 
     def test_POST_appservice_registration_valid(self):
         user_id = "@kermit:muppet"
@@ -69,10 +63,10 @@ def test_POST_appservice_registration_valid(self):
         self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id = Mock(return_value=token)
         request_data = json.dumps({"username": "kermit"})
 
-        request, channel = make_request(
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
             b"POST", self.url + b"?access_token=i_am_an_app_service", request_data
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"200", channel.result)
         det_data = {
@@ -85,25 +79,25 @@ def test_POST_appservice_registration_valid(self):
     def test_POST_appservice_registration_invalid(self):
         self.appservice = None  # no application service exists
         request_data = json.dumps({"username": "kermit"})
-        request, channel = make_request(
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
             b"POST", self.url + b"?access_token=i_am_an_app_service", request_data
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"401", channel.result)
 
     def test_POST_bad_password(self):
         request_data = json.dumps({"username": "kermit", "password": 666})
-        request, channel = make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"400", channel.result)
         self.assertEquals(channel.json_body["error"], "Invalid password")
 
     def test_POST_bad_username(self):
         request_data = json.dumps({"username": 777, "password": "monkey"})
-        request, channel = make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"400", channel.result)
         self.assertEquals(channel.json_body["error"], "Invalid username")
@@ -121,8 +115,8 @@ def test_POST_user_valid(self):
         self.auth_handler.get_access_token_for_user_id = Mock(return_value=token)
         self.device_handler.check_device_registered = Mock(return_value=device_id)
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
+        self.render(request)
 
         det_data = {
             "user_id": user_id,
@@ -143,8 +137,8 @@ def test_POST_disabled_registration(self):
         self.auth_result = (None, {"username": "kermit", "password": "monkey"}, None)
         self.registration_handler.register = Mock(return_value=("@user:id", "t"))
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"403", channel.result)
         self.assertEquals(channel.json_body["error"], "Registration has been disabled")
@@ -155,8 +149,8 @@ def test_POST_guest_registration(self):
         self.hs.config.allow_guest_access = True
         self.registration_handler.register = Mock(return_value=(user_id, None))
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"POST", self.url + b"?kind=guest", b"{}")
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url + b"?kind=guest", b"{}")
+        self.render(request)
 
         det_data = {
             "user_id": user_id,
@@ -169,8 +163,8 @@ def test_POST_guest_registration(self):
     def test_POST_disabled_guest_registration(self):
         self.hs.config.allow_guest_access = False
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"POST", self.url + b"?kind=guest", b"{}")
-        render(request, self.resource, self.clock)
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url + b"?kind=guest", b"{}")
+        self.render(request)
 
         self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"403", channel.result)
         self.assertEquals(channel.json_body["error"], "Guest access is disabled")
diff --git a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_sync.py b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_sync.py
index 4c30c5f258f0..99b716f00aab 100644
--- a/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_sync.py
+++ b/tests/rest/client/v2_alpha/test_sync.py
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
 
 from mock import Mock
 
+from synapse.rest.client.v1 import admin, login, room
 from synapse.rest.client.v2_alpha import sync
 
 from tests import unittest
+from tests.server import TimedOutException
 
 
 class FilterTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
@@ -65,3 +67,124 @@ def test_sync_presence_disabled(self):
                 ["next_batch", "rooms", "account_data", "to_device", "device_lists"]
             ).issubset(set(channel.json_body.keys()))
         )
+
+
+class SyncTypingTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    servlets = [
+        admin.register_servlets,
+        room.register_servlets,
+        login.register_servlets,
+        sync.register_servlets,
+    ]
+    user_id = True
+    hijack_auth = False
+
+    def test_sync_backwards_typing(self):
+        """
+        If the typing serial goes backwards and the typing handler is then reset
+        (such as when the master restarts and sets the typing serial to 0), we
+        do not incorrectly return typing information that had a serial greater
+        than the now-reset serial.
+        """
+        typing_url = "/rooms/%s/typing/%s?access_token=%s"
+        sync_url = "/sync?timeout=3000000&access_token=%s&since=%s"
+
+        # Register the user who gets notified
+        user_id = self.register_user("user", "pass")
+        access_token = self.login("user", "pass")
+
+        # Register the user who sends the message
+        other_user_id = self.register_user("otheruser", "pass")
+        other_access_token = self.login("otheruser", "pass")
+
+        # Create a room
+        room = self.helper.create_room_as(user_id, tok=access_token)
+
+        # Invite the other person
+        self.helper.invite(room=room, src=user_id, tok=access_token, targ=other_user_id)
+
+        # The other user joins
+        self.helper.join(room=room, user=other_user_id, tok=other_access_token)
+
+        # The other user sends some messages
+        self.helper.send(room, body="Hi!", tok=other_access_token)
+        self.helper.send(room, body="There!", tok=other_access_token)
+
+        # Start typing.
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            typing_url % (room, other_user_id, other_access_token),
+            b'{"typing": true, "timeout": 30000}',
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
+
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "/sync?access_token=%s" % (access_token,)
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
+        next_batch = channel.json_body["next_batch"]
+
+        # Stop typing.
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            typing_url % (room, other_user_id, other_access_token),
+            b'{"typing": false}',
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
+
+        # Start typing.
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "PUT",
+            typing_url % (room, other_user_id, other_access_token),
+            b'{"typing": true, "timeout": 30000}',
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
+
+        # Should return immediately
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", sync_url % (access_token, next_batch)
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
+        next_batch = channel.json_body["next_batch"]
+
+        # Reset typing serial back to 0, as if the master had.
+        typing = self.hs.get_typing_handler()
+        typing._latest_room_serial = 0
+
+        # Since it checks the state token, we need some state to update to
+        # invalidate the stream token.
+        self.helper.send(room, body="There!", tok=other_access_token)
+
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", sync_url % (access_token, next_batch)
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
+        next_batch = channel.json_body["next_batch"]
+
+        # This should time out! But it does not, because our stream token is
+        # ahead, and therefore it's saying the typing (that we've actually
+        # already seen) is new, since it's got a token above our new, now-reset
+        # stream token.
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", sync_url % (access_token, next_batch)
+        )
+        self.render(request)
+        self.assertEquals(200, channel.code)
+        next_batch = channel.json_body["next_batch"]
+
+        # Clear the typing information, so that it doesn't think everything is
+        # in the future.
+        typing._reset()
+
+        # Now it SHOULD fail as it never completes!
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", sync_url % (access_token, next_batch)
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(TimedOutException, self.render, request)
diff --git a/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..29579cf09150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/rest/media/v1/test_url_preview.py
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import os
+
+from mock import Mock
+
+from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
+
+from synapse.config.repository import MediaStorageProviderConfig
+from synapse.util.module_loader import load_module
+
+from tests import unittest
+
+
+class URLPreviewTests(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+
+    hijack_auth = True
+    user_id = "@test:user"
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+
+        self.storage_path = self.mktemp()
+        os.mkdir(self.storage_path)
+
+        config = self.default_config()
+        config.url_preview_enabled = True
+        config.max_spider_size = 9999999
+        config.url_preview_url_blacklist = []
+        config.media_store_path = self.storage_path
+
+        provider_config = {
+            "module": "synapse.rest.media.v1.storage_provider.FileStorageProviderBackend",
+            "store_local": True,
+            "store_synchronous": False,
+            "store_remote": True,
+            "config": {"directory": self.storage_path},
+        }
+
+        loaded = list(load_module(provider_config)) + [
+            MediaStorageProviderConfig(False, False, False)
+        ]
+
+        config.media_storage_providers = [loaded]
+
+        hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(config=config)
+
+        return hs
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
+
+        self.fetches = []
+
+        def get_file(url, output_stream, max_size):
+            """
+            Returns tuple[int,dict,str,int] of file length, response headers,
+            absolute URI, and response code.
+            """
+
+            def write_to(r):
+                data, response = r
+                output_stream.write(data)
+                return response
+
+            d = Deferred()
+            d.addCallback(write_to)
+            self.fetches.append((d, url))
+            return d
+
+        client = Mock()
+        client.get_file = get_file
+
+        self.media_repo = hs.get_media_repository_resource()
+        preview_url = self.media_repo.children[b'preview_url']
+        preview_url.client = client
+        self.preview_url = preview_url
+
+    def test_cache_returns_correct_type(self):
+
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "url_preview?url=matrix.org", shorthand=False
+        )
+        request.render(self.preview_url)
+        self.pump()
+
+        # We've made one fetch
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.fetches), 1)
+
+        end_content = (
+            b'<html><head>'
+            b'<meta property="og:title" content="~matrix~" />'
+            b'<meta property="og:description" content="hi" />'
+            b'</head></html>'
+        )
+
+        self.fetches[0][0].callback(
+            (
+                end_content,
+                (
+                    len(end_content),
+                    {
+                        b"Content-Length": [b"%d" % (len(end_content))],
+                        b"Content-Type": [b'text/html; charset="utf8"'],
+                    },
+                    "https://example.com",
+                    200,
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.pump()
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.json_body, {"og:title": "~matrix~", "og:description": "hi"}
+        )
+
+        # Check the cache returns the correct response
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "url_preview?url=matrix.org", shorthand=False
+        )
+        request.render(self.preview_url)
+        self.pump()
+
+        # Only one fetch, still, since we'll lean on the cache
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.fetches), 1)
+
+        # Check the cache response has the same content
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.json_body, {"og:title": "~matrix~", "og:description": "hi"}
+        )
+
+        # Clear the in-memory cache
+        self.assertIn("matrix.org", self.preview_url._cache)
+        self.preview_url._cache.pop("matrix.org")
+        self.assertNotIn("matrix.org", self.preview_url._cache)
+
+        # Check the database cache returns the correct response
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "url_preview?url=matrix.org", shorthand=False
+        )
+        request.render(self.preview_url)
+        self.pump()
+
+        # Only one fetch, still, since we'll lean on the cache
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.fetches), 1)
+
+        # Check the cache response has the same content
+        self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            channel.json_body, {"og:title": "~matrix~", "og:description": "hi"}
+        )
diff --git a/tests/server.py b/tests/server.py
index 7bee58dff162..7919a1f12498 100644
--- a/tests/server.py
+++ b/tests/server.py
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@
 from tests.utils import setup_test_homeserver as _sth
 
 
+class TimedOutException(Exception):
+    """
+    A web query timed out.
+    """
+
+
 @attr.s
 class FakeChannel(object):
     """
@@ -28,6 +34,7 @@ class FakeChannel(object):
     wire).
     """
 
+    _reactor = attr.ib()
     result = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(dict))
     _producer = None
 
@@ -50,6 +57,8 @@ def writeHeaders(self, version, code, reason, headers):
         self.result["headers"] = headers
 
     def write(self, content):
+        assert isinstance(content, bytes), "Should be bytes! " + repr(content)
+
         if "body" not in self.result:
             self.result["body"] = b""
 
@@ -57,6 +66,15 @@ def write(self, content):
 
     def registerProducer(self, producer, streaming):
         self._producer = producer
+        self.producerStreaming = streaming
+
+        def _produce():
+            if self._producer:
+                self._producer.resumeProducing()
+                self._reactor.callLater(0.1, _produce)
+
+        if not streaming:
+            self._reactor.callLater(0.0, _produce)
 
     def unregisterProducer(self):
         if self._producer is None:
@@ -98,10 +116,30 @@ def info(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return FakeLogger()
 
 
-def make_request(method, path, content=b"", access_token=None, request=SynapseRequest):
+def make_request(
+    reactor,
+    method,
+    path,
+    content=b"",
+    access_token=None,
+    request=SynapseRequest,
+    shorthand=True,
+):
     """
     Make a web request using the given method and path, feed it the
     content, and return the Request and the Channel underneath.
+
+    Args:
+        method (bytes/unicode): The HTTP request method ("verb").
+        path (bytes/unicode): The HTTP path, suitably URL encoded (e.g.
+        escaped UTF-8 & spaces and such).
+        content (bytes or dict): The body of the request. JSON-encoded, if
+        a dict.
+        shorthand: Whether to try and be helpful and prefix the given URL
+        with the usual REST API path, if it doesn't contain it.
+
+    Returns:
+        A synapse.http.site.SynapseRequest.
     """
     if not isinstance(method, bytes):
         method = method.encode('ascii')
@@ -109,8 +147,8 @@ def make_request(method, path, content=b"", access_token=None, request=SynapseRe
     if not isinstance(path, bytes):
         path = path.encode('ascii')
 
-    # Decorate it to be the full path
-    if not path.startswith(b"/_matrix"):
+    # Decorate it to be the full path, if we're using shorthand
+    if shorthand and not path.startswith(b"/_matrix"):
         path = b"/_matrix/client/r0/" + path
         path = path.replace(b"//", b"/")
 
@@ -118,14 +156,16 @@ def make_request(method, path, content=b"", access_token=None, request=SynapseRe
         content = content.encode('utf8')
 
     site = FakeSite()
-    channel = FakeChannel()
+    channel = FakeChannel(reactor)
 
     req = request(site, channel)
     req.process = lambda: b""
     req.content = BytesIO(content)
 
     if access_token:
-        req.requestHeaders.addRawHeader(b"Authorization", b"Bearer " + access_token)
+        req.requestHeaders.addRawHeader(
+            b"Authorization", b"Bearer " + access_token.encode('ascii')
+        )
 
     if content:
         req.requestHeaders.addRawHeader(b"Content-Type", b"application/json")
@@ -151,7 +191,7 @@ def wait_until_result(clock, request, timeout=100):
         x += 1
 
         if x > timeout:
-            raise Exception("Timed out waiting for request to finish.")
+            raise TimedOutException("Timed out waiting for request to finish.")
 
         clock.advance(0.1)
 
diff --git a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
index 4701eedd4507..b1551df7ca01 100644
--- a/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
+++ b/tests/server_notices/test_resource_limits_server_notices.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, ServerNoticeMsgType
 from synapse.api.errors import ResourceLimitError
-from synapse.handlers.auth import AuthHandler
 from synapse.server_notices.resource_limits_server_notices import (
     ResourceLimitsServerNotices,
 )
@@ -13,17 +12,10 @@
 from tests.utils import setup_test_homeserver
 
 
-class AuthHandlers(object):
-    def __init__(self, hs):
-        self.auth_handler = AuthHandler(hs)
-
-
 class TestResourceLimitsServerNotices(unittest.TestCase):
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def setUp(self):
-        self.hs = yield setup_test_homeserver(self.addCleanup, handlers=None)
-        self.hs.handlers = AuthHandlers(self.hs)
-        self.auth_handler = self.hs.handlers.auth_handler
+        self.hs = yield setup_test_homeserver(self.addCleanup)
         self.server_notices_sender = self.hs.get_server_notices_sender()
 
         # relying on [1] is far from ideal, but the only case where
diff --git a/tests/state/test_v2.py b/tests/state/test_v2.py
index efd85ebe6c98..2e073a3afcdf 100644
--- a/tests/state/test_v2.py
+++ b/tests/state/test_v2.py
@@ -544,8 +544,7 @@ def do_check(self, events, edges, expected_state_ids):
                     state_res_store=TestStateResolutionStore(event_map),
                 )
 
-                self.assertTrue(state_d.called)
-                state_before = state_d.result
+                state_before = self.successResultOf(state_d)
 
             state_after = dict(state_before)
             if fake_event.state_key is not None:
@@ -599,6 +598,103 @@ def test_simple(self):
         self.assertEqual(["o", "l", "n", "m", "p"], res)
 
 
+class SimpleParamStateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        # We build up a simple DAG.
+
+        event_map = {}
+
+        create_event = FakeEvent(
+            id="CREATE",
+            sender=ALICE,
+            type=EventTypes.Create,
+            state_key="",
+            content={"creator": ALICE},
+        ).to_event([], [])
+        event_map[create_event.event_id] = create_event
+
+        alice_member = FakeEvent(
+            id="IMA",
+            sender=ALICE,
+            type=EventTypes.Member,
+            state_key=ALICE,
+            content=MEMBERSHIP_CONTENT_JOIN,
+        ).to_event([create_event.event_id], [create_event.event_id])
+        event_map[alice_member.event_id] = alice_member
+
+        join_rules = FakeEvent(
+            id="IJR",
+            sender=ALICE,
+            type=EventTypes.JoinRules,
+            state_key="",
+            content={"join_rule": JoinRules.PUBLIC},
+        ).to_event(
+            auth_events=[create_event.event_id, alice_member.event_id],
+            prev_events=[alice_member.event_id],
+        )
+        event_map[join_rules.event_id] = join_rules
+
+        # Bob and Charlie join at the same time, so there is a fork
+        bob_member = FakeEvent(
+            id="IMB",
+            sender=BOB,
+            type=EventTypes.Member,
+            state_key=BOB,
+            content=MEMBERSHIP_CONTENT_JOIN,
+        ).to_event(
+            auth_events=[create_event.event_id, join_rules.event_id],
+            prev_events=[join_rules.event_id],
+        )
+        event_map[bob_member.event_id] = bob_member
+
+        charlie_member = FakeEvent(
+            id="IMC",
+            sender=CHARLIE,
+            type=EventTypes.Member,
+            state_key=CHARLIE,
+            content=MEMBERSHIP_CONTENT_JOIN,
+        ).to_event(
+            auth_events=[create_event.event_id, join_rules.event_id],
+            prev_events=[join_rules.event_id],
+        )
+        event_map[charlie_member.event_id] = charlie_member
+
+        self.event_map = event_map
+        self.create_event = create_event
+        self.alice_member = alice_member
+        self.join_rules = join_rules
+        self.bob_member = bob_member
+        self.charlie_member = charlie_member
+
+        self.state_at_bob = {
+            (e.type, e.state_key): e.event_id
+            for e in [create_event, alice_member, join_rules, bob_member]
+        }
+
+        self.state_at_charlie = {
+            (e.type, e.state_key): e.event_id
+            for e in [create_event, alice_member, join_rules, charlie_member]
+        }
+
+        self.expected_combined_state = {
+            (e.type, e.state_key): e.event_id
+            for e in [create_event, alice_member, join_rules, bob_member, charlie_member]
+        }
+
+    def test_event_map_none(self):
+        # Test that we correctly handle passing `None` as the event_map
+
+        state_d = resolve_events_with_store(
+            [self.state_at_bob, self.state_at_charlie],
+            event_map=None,
+            state_res_store=TestStateResolutionStore(self.event_map),
+        )
+
+        state = self.successResultOf(state_d)
+
+        self.assert_dict(self.expected_combined_state, state)
+
+
 def pairwise(iterable):
     "s -> (s0,s1), (s1,s2), (s2, s3), ..."
     a, b = itertools.tee(iterable)
@@ -657,7 +753,7 @@ def get_auth_chain(self, event_ids):
             result.add(event_id)
 
             event = self.event_map[event_id]
-            for aid, _ in event.auth_events:
+            for aid in event.auth_event_ids():
                 stack.append(aid)
 
         return list(result)
diff --git a/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py b/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
index 8f0aaece4061..b83f7336d3c7 100644
--- a/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
+++ b/tests/storage/test_end_to_end_keys.py
@@ -44,6 +44,21 @@ def test_key_without_device_name(self):
         dev = res["user"]["device"]
         self.assertDictContainsSubset({"keys": json, "device_display_name": None}, dev)
 
+    @defer.inlineCallbacks
+    def test_reupload_key(self):
+        now = 1470174257070
+        json = {"key": "value"}
+
+        yield self.store.store_device("user", "device", None)
+
+        changed = yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user", "device", now, json)
+        self.assertTrue(changed)
+
+        # If we try to upload the same key then we should be told nothing
+        # changed
+        changed = yield self.store.set_e2e_device_keys("user", "device", now, json)
+        self.assertFalse(changed)
+
     @defer.inlineCallbacks
     def test_get_key_with_device_name(self):
         now = 1470174257070
diff --git a/tests/test_federation.py b/tests/test_federation.py
index 952a0a7b51fb..e1a34ccffd83 100644
--- a/tests/test_federation.py
+++ b/tests/test_federation.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def post_json(destination, path, data, headers=None, timeout=0):
                 "origin_server_ts": 1,
                 "type": "m.room.message",
                 "origin": "test.serv",
-                "content": "hewwo?",
+                "content": {"body": "hewwo?"},
                 "auth_events": [],
                 "prev_events": [("two:test.serv", {}), (most_recent, {})],
             }
diff --git a/tests/test_mau.py b/tests/test_mau.py
index bdbacb844848..0afdeb0818fd 100644
--- a/tests/test_mau.py
+++ b/tests/test_mau.py
@@ -21,30 +21,20 @@
 
 from synapse.api.constants import LoginType
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, HttpResponseException, SynapseError
-from synapse.http.server import JsonResource
 from synapse.rest.client.v2_alpha import register, sync
-from synapse.util import Clock
 
 from tests import unittest
-from tests.server import (
-    ThreadedMemoryReactorClock,
-    make_request,
-    render,
-    setup_test_homeserver,
-)
 
 
-class TestMauLimit(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.reactor = ThreadedMemoryReactorClock()
-        self.clock = Clock(self.reactor)
+class TestMauLimit(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
 
-        self.hs = setup_test_homeserver(
-            self.addCleanup,
+    servlets = [register.register_servlets, sync.register_servlets]
+
+    def make_homeserver(self, reactor, clock):
+
+        self.hs = self.setup_test_homeserver(
             "red",
             http_client=None,
-            clock=self.clock,
-            reactor=self.reactor,
             federation_client=Mock(),
             ratelimiter=NonCallableMock(spec_set=["send_message"]),
         )
@@ -63,10 +53,7 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.hs.config.server_notices_mxid_display_name = None
         self.hs.config.server_notices_mxid_avatar_url = None
         self.hs.config.server_notices_room_name = "Test Server Notice Room"
-
-        self.resource = JsonResource(self.hs)
-        register.register_servlets(self.hs, self.resource)
-        sync.register_servlets(self.hs, self.resource)
+        return self.hs
 
     def test_simple_deny_mau(self):
         # Create and sync so that the MAU counts get updated
@@ -193,8 +180,8 @@ def create_user(self, localpart):
             }
         )
 
-        request, channel = make_request("POST", "/register", request_data)
-        render(request, self.resource, self.reactor)
+        request, channel = self.make_request("POST", "/register", request_data)
+        self.render(request)
 
         if channel.code != 200:
             raise HttpResponseException(
@@ -206,10 +193,10 @@ def create_user(self, localpart):
         return access_token
 
     def do_sync_for_user(self, token):
-        request, channel = make_request(
-            "GET", "/sync", access_token=token.encode('ascii')
+        request, channel = self.make_request(
+            "GET", "/sync", access_token=token
         )
-        render(request, self.resource, self.reactor)
+        self.render(request)
 
         if channel.code != 200:
             raise HttpResponseException(
diff --git a/tests/test_server.py b/tests/test_server.py
index 4045fdadc3fa..f0e6291b7e15 100644
--- a/tests/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/test_server.py
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ def _callback(request, **kwargs):
             "GET", [re.compile("^/_matrix/foo/(?P<room_id>[^/]*)$")], _callback
         )
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo/%E2%98%83?a=%E2%98%83")
+        request, channel = make_request(
+            self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo/%E2%98%83?a=%E2%98%83"
+        )
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
         self.assertEqual(request.args, {b'a': [u"\N{SNOWMAN}".encode('utf8')]})
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ def _callback(request, **kwargs):
         res = JsonResource(self.homeserver)
         res.register_paths("GET", [re.compile("^/_matrix/foo$")], _callback)
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
+        request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'500')
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ def _callback(request, **kwargs):
         res = JsonResource(self.homeserver)
         res.register_paths("GET", [re.compile("^/_matrix/foo$")], _callback)
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
+        request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'500')
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ def _callback(request, **kwargs):
         res = JsonResource(self.homeserver)
         res.register_paths("GET", [re.compile("^/_matrix/foo$")], _callback)
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
+        request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foo")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'403')
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ def _callback(request, **kwargs):
         res = JsonResource(self.homeserver)
         res.register_paths("GET", [re.compile("^/_matrix/foo$")], _callback)
 
-        request, channel = make_request(b"GET", b"/_matrix/foobar")
+        request, channel = make_request(self.reactor, b"GET", b"/_matrix/foobar")
         render(request, res, self.reactor)
 
         self.assertEqual(channel.result["code"], b'400')
diff --git a/tests/test_terms_auth.py b/tests/test_terms_auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9ecc3ef14f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_terms_auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# Copyright 2018 New Vector Ltd
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import json
+
+import six
+from mock import Mock
+
+from twisted.test.proto_helpers import MemoryReactorClock
+
+from synapse.rest.client.v2_alpha.register import register_servlets
+from synapse.util import Clock
+
+from tests import unittest
+
+
+class TermsTestCase(unittest.HomeserverTestCase):
+    servlets = [register_servlets]
+
+    def prepare(self, reactor, clock, hs):
+        self.clock = MemoryReactorClock()
+        self.hs_clock = Clock(self.clock)
+        self.url = "/_matrix/client/r0/register"
+        self.registration_handler = Mock()
+        self.auth_handler = Mock()
+        self.device_handler = Mock()
+        hs.config.enable_registration = True
+        hs.config.registrations_require_3pid = []
+        hs.config.auto_join_rooms = []
+        hs.config.enable_registration_captcha = False
+
+    def test_ui_auth(self):
+        self.hs.config.user_consent_at_registration = True
+        self.hs.config.user_consent_policy_name = "My Cool Privacy Policy"
+        self.hs.config.public_baseurl = "https://example.org"
+        self.hs.config.user_consent_version = "1.0"
+
+        # Do a UI auth request
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url, b"{}")
+        self.render(request)
+
+        self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"401", channel.result)
+
+        self.assertTrue(channel.json_body is not None)
+        self.assertIsInstance(channel.json_body["session"], six.text_type)
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(channel.json_body["flows"], list)
+        for flow in channel.json_body["flows"]:
+            self.assertIsInstance(flow["stages"], list)
+            self.assertTrue(len(flow["stages"]) > 0)
+            self.assertEquals(flow["stages"][-1], "m.login.terms")
+
+        expected_params = {
+            "m.login.terms": {
+                "policies": {
+                    "privacy_policy": {
+                        "en": {
+                            "name": "My Cool Privacy Policy",
+                            "url": "https://example.org/_matrix/consent?v=1.0",
+                        },
+                        "version": "1.0"
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        }
+        self.assertIsInstance(channel.json_body["params"], dict)
+        self.assertDictContainsSubset(channel.json_body["params"], expected_params)
+
+        # We have to complete the dummy auth stage before completing the terms stage
+        request_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "username": "kermit",
+                "password": "monkey",
+                "auth": {
+                    "session": channel.json_body["session"],
+                    "type": "m.login.dummy",
+                },
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.registration_handler.check_username = Mock(return_value=True)
+
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
+        self.render(request)
+
+        # We don't bother checking that the response is correct - we'll leave that to
+        # other tests. We just want to make sure we're on the right path.
+        self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"401", channel.result)
+
+        # Finish the UI auth for terms
+        request_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "username": "kermit",
+                "password": "monkey",
+                "auth": {
+                    "session": channel.json_body["session"],
+                    "type": "m.login.terms",
+                },
+            }
+        )
+        request, channel = self.make_request(b"POST", self.url, request_data)
+        self.render(request)
+
+        # We're interested in getting a response that looks like a successful
+        # registration, not so much that the details are exactly what we want.
+
+        self.assertEquals(channel.result["code"], b"200", channel.result)
+
+        self.assertTrue(channel.json_body is not None)
+        self.assertIsInstance(channel.json_body["user_id"], six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(channel.json_body["access_token"], six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(channel.json_body["device_id"], six.text_type)
diff --git a/tests/unittest.py b/tests/unittest.py
index a59291cc6010..a9ce57da9aa1 100644
--- a/tests/unittest.py
+++ b/tests/unittest.py
@@ -146,6 +146,13 @@ def DEBUG(target):
     return target
 
 
+def INFO(target):
+    """A decorator to set the .loglevel attribute to logging.INFO.
+    Can apply to either a TestCase or an individual test method."""
+    target.loglevel = logging.INFO
+    return target
+
+
 class HomeserverTestCase(TestCase):
     """
     A base TestCase that reduces boilerplate for HomeServer-using test cases.
@@ -182,11 +189,11 @@ def setUp(self):
         for servlet in self.servlets:
             servlet(self.hs, self.resource)
 
-        if hasattr(self, "user_id"):
-            from tests.rest.client.v1.utils import RestHelper
+        from tests.rest.client.v1.utils import RestHelper
 
-            self.helper = RestHelper(self.hs, self.resource, self.user_id)
+        self.helper = RestHelper(self.hs, self.resource, getattr(self, "user_id", None))
 
+        if hasattr(self, "user_id"):
             if self.hijack_auth:
 
                 def get_user_by_access_token(token=None, allow_guest=False):
@@ -251,7 +258,13 @@ def prepare(self, reactor, clock, homeserver):
         """
 
     def make_request(
-        self, method, path, content=b"", access_token=None, request=SynapseRequest
+        self,
+        method,
+        path,
+        content=b"",
+        access_token=None,
+        request=SynapseRequest,
+        shorthand=True,
     ):
         """
         Create a SynapseRequest at the path using the method and containing the
@@ -263,6 +276,8 @@ def make_request(
             escaped UTF-8 & spaces and such).
             content (bytes or dict): The body of the request. JSON-encoded, if
             a dict.
+            shorthand: Whether to try and be helpful and prefix the given URL
+            with the usual REST API path, if it doesn't contain it.
 
         Returns:
             A synapse.http.site.SynapseRequest.
@@ -270,7 +285,9 @@ def make_request(
         if isinstance(content, dict):
             content = json.dumps(content).encode('utf8')
 
-        return make_request(method, path, content, access_token, request)
+        return make_request(
+            self.reactor, method, path, content, access_token, request, shorthand
+        )
 
     def render(self, request):
         """
@@ -373,5 +390,5 @@ def login(self, username, password, device_id=None):
         self.render(request)
         self.assertEqual(channel.code, 200)
 
-        access_token = channel.json_body["access_token"].encode('ascii')
+        access_token = channel.json_body["access_token"]
         return access_token
diff --git a/tests/utils.py b/tests/utils.py
index 565bb60d0882..67ab916f30a3 100644
--- a/tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils.py
@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ def default_config(name):
     config.user_directory_search_all_users = False
     config.user_consent_server_notice_content = None
     config.block_events_without_consent_error = None
+    config.user_consent_at_registration = False
+    config.user_consent_policy_name = "Privacy Policy"
     config.media_storage_providers = []
     config.autocreate_auto_join_rooms = True
     config.auto_join_rooms = []
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 9de5a5704a90..03ddaeb0b71b 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -11,6 +11,20 @@ deps =
     # needed by some of the tests
     lxml
 
+    # cyptography 2.2 requires setuptools >= 18.5
+    #
+    # older versions of virtualenv (?) give us a virtualenv with the same
+    # version of setuptools as is installed on the system python (and tox runs
+    # virtualenv under python3, so we get the version of setuptools that is
+    # installed on that).
+    #
+    # anyway, make sure that we have a recent enough setuptools.
+    setuptools>=18.5
+
+    # we also need a semi-recent version of pip, because old ones fail to
+    # install the "enum34" dependency of cryptography.
+    pip>=10
+
 setenv =
     PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE = no_byte_code
 
@@ -108,7 +122,7 @@ skip_install = True
 basepython = python3.6
 deps =
     flake8
-commands = /bin/sh -c "flake8 synapse tests scripts scripts-dev scripts/register_new_matrix_user scripts/synapse_port_db synctl {env:PEP8SUFFIX:}"
+commands = /bin/sh -c "flake8 synapse tests scripts scripts-dev scripts/hash_password scripts/register_new_matrix_user scripts/synapse_port_db synctl {env:PEP8SUFFIX:}"
 
 [testenv:check_isort]
 skip_install = True