PdM.bib

@article{aysanBlockchainBasedSolutionsAchieving2021,
  title = {Blockchain-{{Based Solutions}} in {{Achieving SDGs}} after {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Aysan, Ahmet Faruk and Bergigui, Fouad and Disli, Mustafa},
  date = {2021-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151},
  issn = {2199-8531},
  doi = {10.3390/joitmc7020151},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2199853122009209},
  urldate = {2023-05-29},
  abstract = {In this paper, we attempt to explore the extent to which the hard won development gains over the last several years could be reversed due to the unfolding COVID-19 global pandemic, how we can reboot the global response to accelerate the SDGs in times of uncertainties, and most importantly how to turn the recovery into an opportunity to build back better and more resilient economies. To do so, we examine the case of blockchain as one of the emerging innovative work-streams in development practices that could lead the way forward and pave the path for new developmental narratives as we all navigate the uncharted territories of the new digital age. This paper provides useful insights about the underlying dynamics underpinning the adoption of blockchain backed-solutions for sustainable development, and it showcases some of the promising use-cases being developed through trial-and-error experiments by its early adopters. The paper offers a deep dive into a burgeoning development practice in search of disrupting business-as-usual to solve increasingly complex development challenges by mainstreaming innovations such as blockchain-enabled solutions to rethink the ways in which development solutions are being delivered across the SDG spectrum. This work points to the significant potential of blockchain technology as a game changer in solving some of the most pressing issues hindering the global recovery post Covid-19 to transition towards greener and more inclusive economies. Nevertheless, we also stress that the hype-cycle behind the “let’s blockchain it” trend does not mean that blockchain-backed solutions are necessarily superior to other alternatives which might be less costly and less technical in nature. Development practitioners prototyping and implementing blockchain-based solutions for sustainable development can utilize these insights and discussions to make informed decisions in their journey to harness the disruptive potential of blockchain alone or in tandem with other emerging technologies in the new world of business as unusual.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {blockchain,Covid-19,development,innovation,SDGs},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/GRAPZ6RG/Aysan et al. - 2021 - Blockchain-Based Solutions in Achieving SDGs after.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/KSL2M87R/S2199853122009209.html}
}

@online{blockchairltdBlockchainAPIDocumentation,
  title = {Blockchain {{API Documentation}}},
  author = {Blockchair ltd},
  url = {https://blockchair.com/api/docs},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {API for developers gives access to data in the most popular blockchains (BTC, ETH, BCH, TON, BSV, XRP, XLM, ERC tokens etc)},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Blockchair}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/UX9W6DPB/docs.html}
}

@article{bloombergnewsEthereumMergeYour2022,
  entrysubtype = {newspaper},
  title = {Ethereum’s {{Merge Is Over}}. {{Your Move}}, {{Bitcoin}}},
  author = {Bloomberg News},
  date = {2022-09-15},
  journaltitle = {Bloomberg.com},
  url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-09-15/ethereum-s-merge-is-over-your-move-bitcoin-btc},
  urldate = {2023-08-24},
  abstract = {Welcome to Bloomberg Crypto, our twice-weekly look at Bitcoin, blockchain and more. In today’s edition, Emily Nicolle discusses the potential implications of Ether’s big upgrade for its frenemy Bitcoin:},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bitcoin,Blockchain,Bonds,business,crypto,cryptocurrencies,Cryptocurrency,DEUTSCHE BANK AG-REGISTERED,Ethereum,Europe,MERGE,Non-Fungible Token,Regulation},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/6TLZ4VVW/ethereum-s-merge-is-over-your-move-bitcoin-btc.html}
}

@online{buterinEthereumNextgenerationSmart,
  title = {Ethereum - {{A}} next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform ({{White Paper}})},
  author = {Buterin, Vitalik},
  url = {https://ethereum.org},
  urldate = {2023-08-19},
  abstract = {An introductory paper to Ethereum, published in 2013 before its launch.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{ethereum.org}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/QQVYKFU8/whitepaper.html}
}

@online{CambridgeBitcoinElectricity,
  title = {Cambridge {{Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index}} ({{CBECI}})},
  url = {https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/cbeci/ghg/methodology},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {The Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI) provides a real-time estimate of the total electricity consumption of the Bitcoin network. The CBECI is maintained by the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) at Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/6JAC25SI/methodology.html}
}

@online{CambridgeEthereumElectricity,
  title = {Cambridge {{Ethereum Electricity Consumption Index}} ({{CEECI}})},
  url = {https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/ethereum/ethereum_merge},
  urldate = {2023-09-01},
  abstract = {The Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI) provides a real-time estimate of the total electricity consumption of the Bitcoin network. The CBECI is maintained by the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) at Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Cambridge Center for Alternative Finance}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/G4QYGA6S/ethereum_merge.html}
}

@online{ccriCCRIUnderstandingYour,
  title = {{{CCRI}} - {{Understanding}} Your Climate Impact.},
  author = {CCRI},
  url = {https://carbon-ratings.com/eth-report-2022},
  urldate = {2023-08-29},
  abstract = {CCRI (Crypto Carbon Ratings Institute) provides data on the carbon exposure of investments and business activities in the field of cryptocurrencies and beyond.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/ECNQTHVY/eth-report-2022.html}
}

@online{ccriCryptocurrencySustainabilityAPI,
  title = {Cryptocurrency {{Sustainability API}}},
  author = {CCRI},
  url = {https://docs.api.carbon-ratings.com/},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {The Crypto Carbon Ratings Institute API (ccri-api) provides up-to-date metrics for your cryptocurrency carbon exposure, both on holdings and transactions. The API provides access to 26 cryptocurrencies and all ERC-20 tokens on Ethereum.},
  organization = {{Crypto Carbon Ratings Institute}}
}

@online{coingeckoltdCryptoAPIDocumentation,
  title = {Crypto {{API Documentation}}},
  author = {CoinGecko ltd},
  url = {https://www.coingecko.com/en/api/documentation},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {Power your application with our free \& independently sourced crypto data such as live prices, trading volume, exchange volumes, trading pairs, \& more.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{CoinGecko}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/3J67QUPP/documentation.html}
}

@online{CoursBitcoinGraphique,
  title = {Cours de Bitcoin, graphique de BTC et capitalisation boursière},
  url = {https://www.coingecko.com/fr/pi%C3%A8ces/bitcoin},
  urldate = {2023-09-01},
  abstract = {Consultez le cours et le graphique en direct de la cryptomonnaie Bitcoin, la capitalisation boursière de BTC, le volume d’échange sur 24 heures, l'offre en circulation, les dernières actualités et plus encore.},
  langid = {french},
  organization = {{CoinGecko}}
}

@article{coutinhoCarbonEmissionCost2022,
  title = {Carbon Emission and Cost of Blockchain Mining in a Case of Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading},
  author = {Coutinho, Kevin and Wongthongtham, Pornpit and Abu-Salih, Bilal and Abu Saleh, Mousa A. and Khairwal, Neeraj Kumari},
  date = {2022},
  journaltitle = {Frontiers in Built Environment},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {2297-3362},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2022.945944},
  urldate = {2023-08-27},
  abstract = {Blockchain is an emerging technology that has demonstrated great uptake potential in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading. The revolution of blockchain brings substantial benefits and innovation to sustainability energy transitions through P2P trading. Blockchain enables energy commodities to be traded. However, perceptions of this technology’s impact on the environment and its associated costs have garnered recent adverse publicity. This paper aims to look at the linkages between blockchain technology and energy systems in terms of blockchain power consumption against blockchain advantage over renewable energy transitions via peer-to-peer energy trading. The amount of energy used and carbon released during the blockchain validation process is estimated, and the cost of blockchain is computed to assess its economic benefit in a peer-to-peer energy trading scenario. Real data from running peer-to-peer energy trading systems are used, and numerous insights on the transformation of peer-to-peer energy trading utilising various blockchain scaling methods are provided. Based on the analysis, this paper concludes that the cost of processing trading transactions is lower using blockchain than current coordination costs. Also, blockchain-based energy can be traded more frequently than current regulations allow in order to reap the full benefits of renewable energy. A secure blockchain-enabled P2P trading environment would lead to fair rates for energy providers and prosumers resulting in stimulating the renewable energy market.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/LDUIZDUS/Coutinho et al. - 2022 - Carbon emission and cost of blockchain mining in a.pdf}
}

@article{devriesBitcoinGrowingEnergy2018,
  title = {Bitcoin's {{Growing Energy Problem}}},
  author = {family=Vries, given=Alex, prefix=de, useprefix=true},
  date = {2018-05-16},
  journaltitle = {Joule},
  shortjournal = {Joule},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {801--805},
  issn = {2542-4351},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.016},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435118301776},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {The electricity that is expended in the process of mining Bitcoin has become a topic of heavy debate over the past few years. It is a process that makes Bitcoin extremely energy-hungry by design, as the currency requires a huge amount of hash calculations for its ultimate goal of processing financial transactions without intermediaries (peer-to-peer). The primary fuel for each of these calculations is electricity. The Bitcoin network can be estimated to consume at least 2.55 gigawatts of electricity currently, and potentially 7.67 gigawatts in the future, making it~comparable with countries such as Ireland (3.1 gigawatts) and Austria (8.2~gigawatts). Economic models tell us that Bitcoin's electricity consumption will gravitate toward the latter number. A look at Bitcoin miner production estimates suggests that this number could already be reached in 2018.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/4BUSTM8C/de Vries - 2018 - Bitcoin's Growing Energy Problem.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/JEU6EANL/S2542435118301776.html}
}

@article{devriesBitcoinGrowingEwaste2021,
  title = {Bitcoin's Growing e-Waste Problem},
  author = {family=Vries, given=Alex, prefix=de, useprefix=true and Stoll, Christian},
  date = {2021-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  shortjournal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  volume = {175},
  pages = {105901},
  issn = {0921-3449},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344921005103},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  abstract = {Bitcoin's increasing energy consumption has triggered a passionate debate about the sustainability of the digital currency. And yet, most studies have thus far ignored that Bitcoin miners cycle through a growing amount of short-lived hardware that could exacerbate the growth in global electronic waste. E-waste represents a growing threat to our environment, from toxic chemicals and heavy metals leaching into soils, to air and water pollutions caused by improper recycling. Here we present a methodology to estimate Bitcoin's e-waste and find that it adds up to 30.7 metric kilotons annually, per May 2021. This number is comparable to the amount of small IT and telecommunication equipment waste produced by a country like the Netherlands. At peak Bitcoin price levels seen early in 2021, the annual amount of e-waste may grow beyond 64.4 metric kilotons in the midterm, which highlights the dynamic trend if the Bitcoin price rises further. Moreover, the demand for mining hardware already today disrupts the global semiconductor supply chain. The strategies we present may help to mitigate Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem.},
  keywords = {Bitcoin,Electronic waste,Proof of work,Semiconductor supply chain,Sustainability},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/249NBTNR/S0921344921005103.html}
}

@article{devriesCryptocurrenciesRoadSustainability2022,
  title = {Cryptocurrencies on the Road to Sustainability: {{Ethereum}} Paving the Way for {{Bitcoin}}},
  shorttitle = {Cryptocurrencies on the Road to Sustainability},
  author = {family=Vries, given=Alex, prefix=de, useprefix=true},
  date = {2022-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Patterns},
  shortjournal = {Patterns},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {100633},
  doi = {10.1016/j.patter.2022.100633},
  abstract = {Amid the current climate emergency and global energy crisis, regulators have started to consider their options to limit the power demand of cryptocurrency networks. One specific way crypto-asset communities can limit their environmental impact is by avoiding or replacing the energy-intensive proof-of-work (PoW) mining mechanism. Ethereum, the second largest crypto-asset by market capitalization, had its PoW replaced with an alternative known as proof-of-stake during an event called The Merge on September 15, 2022. In this perspective, the likely range of electricity saved due to this change is estimated, while the limitations in assessing these figures are highlighted. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities in replicating The Merge on other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are discussed.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/NCN5PDWQ/de Vries - 2022 - Cryptocurrencies on the road to sustainability Et.pdf}
}

@article{devriesRevisitingBitcoinCarbon2022,
  title = {Revisiting {{Bitcoin}}’s Carbon Footprint},
  author = {family=Vries, given=Alex, prefix=de, useprefix=true and Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian},
  date = {2022-03-16},
  journaltitle = {Joule},
  shortjournal = {Joule},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {498--502},
  issn = {2542-4351},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2022.02.005},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435122000861},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  abstract = {Alex de Vries is a researcher at the School of Business and Economics at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. In 2014 he founded digiconomist.net, which is best known for featuring the Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index since late 2016 and has played a major role in the global discussion regarding the sustainability of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. Ulrich Gallersdörfer is a research associate in the Department of Informatics at the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on the intersection of blockchain technology and adjacent fields. He is a co-founder of CCRI, a company providing GHG emissions estimates for investments in cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and other technologies. Lena Klaaßen is a PhD student in~the Climate Finance and Policy~group at ETH Zurich. Her research focuses on energy finance for the low-carbon transition as well as the environmental~impact of companies and~technologies. She also co-founded CCRI, a company providing~GHG emissions estimates for~investments in cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and other technologies. Christian Stoll is a research affiliate at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the Center for Energy Markets of the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on the implications of climate change from an economic point of view.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/VE237KL8/de Vries et al. - 2022 - Revisiting Bitcoin’s carbon footprint.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/JTH2HQVF/S2542435122000861.html}
}

@article{devriesTrueCostsDigital2021,
  title = {The True Costs of Digital Currencies: {{Exploring}} Impact beyond Energy Use},
  shorttitle = {The True Costs of Digital Currencies},
  author = {family=Vries, given=Alex, prefix=de, useprefix=true and Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian},
  date = {2021-06-18},
  journaltitle = {One Earth},
  shortjournal = {One Earth},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {786--789},
  issn = {2590-3322},
  doi = {10.1016/j.oneear.2021.05.009},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332221002906},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {The digital currency Bitcoin is known for its energy hunger and associated carbon footprint. Investors, however, must not neglect further environmental, social, and governance issues related to digital currencies. Therefore, we urge the adoption of a more comprehensive view in assessing the externalities of investments in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/RVFAJLMW/de Vries et al. - 2021 - The true costs of digital currencies Exploring im.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/M23XAKIW/S2590332221002906.html}
}

@article{easleyMiningMarketsEvolution2019,
  title = {From Mining to Markets: {{The}} Evolution of Bitcoin Transaction Fees},
  shorttitle = {From Mining to Markets},
  author = {Easley, David and O'Hara, Maureen and Basu, Soumya},
  date = {2019-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Financial Economics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Financial Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {1},
  pages = {91--109},
  issn = {0304-405X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.03.004},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X19300583},
  urldate = {2023-08-26},
  abstract = {We investigate the role that transaction fees play in the bitcoin blockchain's evolution from a mining-based structure to a market-based ecology. We develop a game-theoretic model to explain the factors leading to the emergence of transactions fees, as well as to explain the strategic behavior of miners and users. Our model highlights the role played by mining rewards, transaction fees, price, and waiting time, discusses welfare issues, and examines how microstructure features such as exogenous structural constraints influence the dynamics of user participation on the blockchain. We provide empirical evidence on the model's predictions and discuss implications for bitcoin's evolution.},
  keywords = {Bitcoin,Blockchain,Market microstructure,Transaction fees},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/HK3ZTTDU/Easley et al. - 2019 - From mining to markets The evolution of bitcoin t.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/D7U7DS2B/S0304405X19300583.html}
}

@article{ESGBenchmarkJuly2023,
  title = {{{ESG Benchmark}}: {{July}} 2023},
  date = {2023},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/7CH384IW/2023 - ESG Benchmark July 2023.pdf}
}

@online{EthereumMovedProof,
  title = {Ethereum Moved to Proof of Stake. {{Why}} Can’t {{Bitcoin}}?},
  url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/28/1069190/ethereum-moved-to-proof-of-stake-why-cant-bitcoin/},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  abstract = {There is no technical obstacle to making the notoriously energy-hungry cryptocurrency far more efficient—just a social one.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{MIT Technology Review}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/PP9DH5M2/ethereum-moved-to-proof-of-stake-why-cant-bitcoin.html}
}

@online{etherscanltdAPIDocumentation,
  title = {{{API Documentation}}},
  author = {Etherscan ltd},
  url = {https://docs.etherscan.io/},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {Welcome to the Etherscan APIs documentation 🚀.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Etherscan}}
}

@online{ETHMergeReport,
  title = {{{ETH Merge Report}}},
  url = {https://indices.carbon-ratings.com/},
  urldate = {2023-08-29},
  abstract = {Implications on the Electricity Consumption and Carbon Footprint of the Ethereum Network},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Crypto Carbon Ratings Institute}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/4YVWEIU2/ethereum-merge.html}
}

@article{freitagRealClimateTransformative2021,
  title = {The Real Climate and Transformative Impact of {{ICT}}: {{A}} Critique of Estimates, Trends, and Regulations},
  shorttitle = {The Real Climate and Transformative Impact of {{ICT}}},
  author = {Freitag, Charlotte and Berners-Lee, Mike and Widdicks, Kelly and Knowles, Bran and Blair, Gordon S. and Friday, Adrian},
  date = {2021-09-10},
  journaltitle = {Patterns},
  shortjournal = {PATTER},
  volume = {2},
  number = {9},
  eprint = {34553177},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  publisher = {{Elsevier}},
  issn = {2666-3899},
  doi = {10.1016/j.patter.2021.100340},
  url = {https://www.cell.com/patterns/abstract/S2666-3899(21)00188-4},
  urldate = {2023-05-29},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {AI,big data,blockchain,carbon footprint,data science,ICT,IoT,policy,regulations,trends},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/3SJHN5QE/Freitag et al. - 2021 - The real climate and transformative impact of ICT.pdf}
}

@article{fullertonFINANCEREGENERATIVEWORLD,
  title = {{{FINANCE FOR A REGENERATIVE WORLD}}},
  author = {Fullerton, John},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/IAPZR53G/Fullerton - FINANCE FOR A REGENERATIVE WORLD.pdf}
}

@article{fullertonREGENERATIVECAPITALISM,
  title = {{{REGENERATIVE CAPITALISM}}},
  author = {Fullerton, John},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/YNWFZS3D/Fullerton - REGENERATIVE CAPITALISM.pdf}
}

@online{gallersdorferAccountingCarbonEmissions2023,
  title = {Accounting for Carbon Emissions Caused by Cryptocurrency and Token Systems},
  author = {Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian},
  date = {2023-03-20},
  eprint = {2111.06477},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  eprintclass = {cs},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2111.06477},
  url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06477},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {The energy consumption and related carbon emissions of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are subject to extensive discussion in public, academia, and industry. As cryptocurrencies continue their journey into mainstream finance, incentives to participate in the networks and consume energy to do so remain significant. First guidance on how to allocate the carbon footprint of the Bitcoin network to single investors exist, however a holistic framework capturing a wider range of cryptocurrencies and tokens remains absent. This white paper explores different approaches of how to allocate emissions caused by cryptocurrencies and tokens. Based on our analysis of the strengths and limitations of potential approaches, we propose a framework that combines key drivers of emissions in Proof of Work and Proof of Stake networks.},
  pubstate = {preprint},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society},
  note = {Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, 1 table},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/2INUFETQ/Gallersdörfer et al. - 2023 - Accounting for carbon emissions caused by cryptocu.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/NKW5NPEJ/2111.html}
}

@article{gallersdorferEnergyConsumptionCryptocurrencies2020,
  title = {Energy {{Consumption}} of {{Cryptocurrencies Beyond Bitcoin}}},
  author = {Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian},
  date = {2020-09-16},
  journaltitle = {Joule},
  shortjournal = {Joule},
  volume = {4},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1843--1846},
  issn = {2542-4351},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2020.07.013},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435120303317},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {Ulrich Gallersdörfer is a research associate in the Department of Informatics at the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on identity management in blockchains. His interest extends to further aspects of the technology, ranging from environmental implications to data analytics applications. Lena Klaaßen is a graduate student at TUM School of Management at the Technical University of Munich. She is specialized in energy markets and accounting. Her research focuses on carbon accounting in the corporate and cryptocurrency space. She has previously analyzed blockchain-related firms for a venture capital fund. Christian Stoll conducts research at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the~Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the Center for Energy Markets of the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on the implications of climate change from an economic point of view.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/VK95Z2L9/Gallersdörfer et al. - 2020 - Energy Consumption of Cryptocurrencies Beyond Bitc.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/HS8LPJTY/S2542435120303317.html}
}

@article{gaoComparativeStudyCarbon2014,
  title = {A Comparative Study of Carbon Footprint and Assessment Standards},
  author = {Gao, Tao and Liu, Qing and Wang, Jianping},
  date = {2014-09-01},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies},
  shortjournal = {International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {237--243},
  issn = {1748-1317},
  doi = {10.1093/ijlct/ctt041},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctt041},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {This paper focuses on the research methods and steps involved in carrying out studies on different types of carbon footprints. Furthermore, a comparative study of different carbon footprint assessment standards was carried out to identify their similarities, differences and deficiencies. Goals, principles, research boundaries, calculation methods, data selection and other aspects of organizations footprint and product carbon footprint were analysed, respectively. Organizations carbon footprint assessment standards—ISO14064 and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) protocol and product carbon footprint assessment standards—PAS2050, TSQ0010, ISO14047 and Product and Supply Chain GHG Protocol were analysed comparatively. The selection of GHG, system settings, quantification and carbon footprint, selection of date and treatment of specific emissions are the most important part of the study of the carbon footprint and assessment standards, especially for organizations and products. Guidelines had been made on these issues from existing assessment standards, but further improvement is still needed.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/7ES46LIC/Gao et al. - 2014 - A comparative study of carbon footprint and assess.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/MDMJPT5N/812115.html}
}

@online{GreenBlocks,
  title = {{{GreenBlocks}}},
  url = {https://www.overleaf.com/project/64f0bb739709a74c194dc964},
  urldate = {2023-08-31},
  abstract = {An online LaTeX editor that’s easy to use. No installation, real-time collaboration, version control, hundreds of LaTeX templates, and more.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/U8ECZWYY/64f0bb739709a74c194dc964.html}
}

@article{heywardBeneficiaryPaysPrinciple2021,
  title = {Is the Beneficiary Pays Principle Essential in Climate Justice?},
  author = {Heyward, Clare},
  date = {2021-09-09},
  journaltitle = {Norsk filosofisk tidsskrift},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {125--136},
  publisher = {{Universitetsforlaget}},
  issn = {0029-1943},
  doi = {10.18261/issn.1504-2901-2021-02-03-07},
  url = {https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.18261/issn.1504-2901-2021-02-03-07},
  urldate = {2023-08-31},
  abstract = {SammendragPrinsippet om «felles, men differensiert ansvar» i FNs klimakonvensjon åpner for ulike tolkninger. I den filosofiske litteraturen om klimarettferdighet har prinsippet typisk blitt spesifisert på tre måter: at man bør fordele byrden basert på betalingsevne (ability to pay principle, APP), på i hvor stor grad noen har bidratt til klimaproblemene (contribution to problem principle, CPP), og på i hvor stor grad noen har nytt fordeler som kan knyttes til klimaproblemene (beneficiary pays principle, BPP). Mange av deltakerne i debatten har fremhevet de to første prinsippene, men noen mener at det er grunn til å gi BPP større oppmerksomhet. Denne artikkelen tar opp spørsmålet om BPP inngår som en nødvendig del av en rettferdig fordeling av klimabyrden. Spørsmålet blir undersøkt gjennom en analyse av tre forskjellige måter å inkorporere BPP på. Artikkelen kommer til en «kvitt eller dobbelt»-konklusjon. BPP er overflødig hvis det kun har som rolle å supplere eller begrense APP og CPP. Artikkelen åpner likevel for å at BPP kan ha en rolle, men da som et frittstående prinsipp, på lik linje med de to andre prinsippene.NøkkelordKlimaendringeransvarlighetability to pay principlebeneficiary pays principlecontribution to problem principle},
  keywords = {ability to pay principle,ansvarlighet,beneficiary pays principle,Climate change,contribution to problem principle,Klimaendringer,responsibility},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/NA7XMVHW/Heyward - 2021 - Is the beneficiary pays principle essential in cli.pdf}
}

@article{hrgaDemystifyingDistributedLedger2020,
  title = {Demystifying {{Distributed Ledger Technologies}}: {{Limits}}, {{Challenges}}, and {{Potentials}} in the {{Energy Sector}}},
  shorttitle = {Demystifying {{Distributed Ledger Technologies}}},
  author = {Hrga, Alen and Capuder, Tomislav and Žarko, Ivana Podnar},
  date = {2020},
  journaltitle = {IEEE Access},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {126149--126163},
  issn = {2169-3536},
  doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3007935},
  abstract = {The success of the sustainable transformation of the energy sector, both in terms of planning and operation, relies on new entities, business models, and technologies. The shift from a relatively small number of centralized bulk producers and single direction energy flow to a decentralized multi-actor renewable system with a two-way flow of energy and multi-way flow of information needs to be accompanied by new technological solutions. Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) represent a new technology for the energy sector, creating both opportunities and challenges for different aspects of energy systems, such as energy production, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets, green certificate registries, etc. Due to its decentralized nature and no need for intermediaries, DLT can facilitate energy democratization processes and decentralized energy production. In this paper, we present a systematic review of DLT principles, its theoretical background, and the most notable implementations, as well as an in-depth analysis of representative research projects and companies researching DLT use cases in the energy sector, taking into consideration technical aspects of DLT. We provide an insight into the benefits and limitations of DLT and identify technical challenges that need to be solved to enable widespread usage of DLT in energy systems. Additionally, we provide suggestions and guidelines for implementing DLT in different categories of use cases in the energy sector.},
  eventtitle = {{{IEEE Access}}},
  keywords = {Bitcoin,Blockchain,cryptocurrencies,Data structures,Distributed ledger,Distributed ledger technology (DLT),energy systems,energy transition,Peer-to-peer computing,Power systems,tokenization},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/8V6FLBIN/Hrga et al. - 2020 - Demystifying Distributed Ledger Technologies Limi.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/UPTWS8EE/9136665.html}
}

@online{ibanezEnergyConsumptionProofofStake2023,
  type = {SSRN Scholarly Paper},
  title = {The {{Energy Consumption}} of {{Proof-of-Stake Systems}}: {{Replication}} and {{Expansion}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Energy Consumption}} of {{Proof-of-Stake Systems}}},
  author = {Ibañez, Juan Ignacio and Rua, Francisco},
  date = {2023-01-13},
  number = {4324137},
  location = {{Rochester, NY}},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4324137},
  url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4324137},
  urldate = {2023-01-21},
  abstract = {Blockchain technology and, more generally, distributed ledger technology (DLT) systems, face public scrutiny for their energy consumption levels. However, many point out that high energy consumption is a feature of (small block size) proof-of-work (PoW) DLTs, but not of proof-of-stake (PoS) DLTs. With the energy consumption of PoS systems being an under-researched area, we replicate, expand and update embryonary work modelling it and comparing different PoS-based DLTs with each other and with other non-PoS systems. In doing so, we suggest and implement a number of improvements to an existing PoS energy consumption model. We find that there may be significant differences in the energy consumption of PoS systems analysed and confirm that, regardless of these differences, their energy consumption is several orders of magnitude below that of Bitcoin Core.},
  langid = {english},
  pubstate = {preprint},
  keywords = {blockchain,DLT,energy consumption,proof-of-stake,sustainability,technological innovation},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/EA5FYAKZ/Ibañez et Rua - 2023 - The Energy Consumption of Proof-of-Stake Systems .pdf}
}

@online{Introductiona,
  title = {Introduction},
  url = {https://docs.etherscan.io/},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {Welcome to the Etherscan APIs documentation 🚀.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/JXU75VQX/docs.etherscan.io.html}
}

@online{johnEcosystemFederationsAre2023,
  title = {Ecosystem {{Federations Are A Multi-Trillion Dollar Opportunity}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-03-01T22:15:56},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/ecosystem-federations-are-a-multi-trillion-dollar-opportunity-3203289cf7b7},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {I have written previously that I believe Amazon is the last stage of the previous era of Web2 technology organizations. Of all the…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/KH47ZQJN/ecosystem-federations-are-a-multi-trillion-dollar-opportunity-3203289cf7b7.html}
}

@online{johnGenerativeAIBlockchains2023,
  title = {Generative {{AI Blockchains}} Are {{Comin}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-02-27T01:42:43},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/generative-ai-blockchains-are-comin-69c3305e7468},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {I am writing this to extend my thinking on the topic of how Generative AI represents a massive disruption to both compression and…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/7KDT7HFA/generative-ai-blockchains-are-comin-69c3305e7468.html}
}

@online{johnGovernanceBecomeLeading2023,
  title = {Is {{Governance About To}} Become {{The Leading Crypto Fundamental}}?},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-02-04T14:34:31},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/is-governance-about-to-become-the-leading-crypto-fundamental-50fec1f41ea1},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {I’m working on a theory that the next phase of cryptocurrency growth will be almost entirely driven by governance innovation and not so…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/XSRW9IFR/is-governance-about-to-become-the-leading-crypto-fundamental-50fec1f41ea1.html}
}

@online{johnHarvestedComputePervasive2023,
  title = {Harvested {{Compute}} and {{Pervasive AI}}: {{The Protocol Labs Bull Thesis}}},
  shorttitle = {Harvested {{Compute}} and {{Pervasive AI}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-02-27T00:20:00},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/harvested-compute-and-pervasive-ai-the-protocol-labs-bull-thesis-43a3404a0111},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {The concept of decentralized computing and Edge AI has long been an area of fascination for me. In this article I will spell out a growth…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/EIII5AQD/harvested-compute-and-pervasive-ai-the-protocol-labs-bull-thesis-43a3404a0111.html}
}

@online{johnLetDesignNetwork2023,
  title = {Let’s {{Design A Network State}} - {{Part II}}: {{The Citizenship Primitive}}},
  shorttitle = {Let’s {{Design A Network State}} - {{Part II}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-02-04T22:34:47},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/lets-design-a-network-state-part-i-the-citizenship-bond-b8a70d9d7ea3},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {This is part II of my series on my approach to designing an implementation of a Network State. In this post, lets start with the most…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/9MJQ29EE/lets-design-a-network-state-part-i-the-citizenship-bond-b8a70d9d7ea3.html}
}

@online{johnLetDesignNetwork2023a,
  title = {Let’s {{Design A Network State}} — {{Part I}}: {{The Citizenship Framework}}},
  shorttitle = {Let’s {{Design A Network State}} — {{Part I}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-02-06T01:18:23},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/lets-design-a-network-state-part-i-the-citizenship-framework-101851213801},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {This is part I of a series of posts I am writing to outline a conception for how to actually implement a viable network state.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/HI4YZEPL/lets-design-a-network-state-part-i-the-citizenship-framework-101851213801.html}
}

@online{johnLetDesignNetwork2023b,
  title = {Let’s {{Design A Network State}} — {{Part III}}: {{Messaging}}, {{Petitions}}, {{Sortition}}, {{Elections}} and {{Relaying}}},
  shorttitle = {Let’s {{Design A Network State}} — {{Part III}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-02-06T01:43:18},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/lets-design-a-network-state-part-iii-messaging-petitions-sortition-elections-and-relaying-15e993e4f2e0},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {I am moving on from the topic of the citizenship primitive, which is important, but it is not the most important element of my design…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/HJXXEQNF/lets-design-a-network-state-part-iii-messaging-petitions-sortition-elections-and-relaying-15e99.html}
}

@online{johnReFiNeedsBetter2023,
  title = {{{ReFi Needs Better Plumbing}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-01-21T16:32:43},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/the-purpose-of-this-article-is-to-outline-a-complete-end-to-end-operating-system-grounded-in-the-4a85c0669bfb},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {The purpose of this article is to outline a simplified understanding of what effectiveness means in ReFi. In particular, I want to make the…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/MVIS96HP/the-purpose-of-this-article-is-to-outline-a-complete-end-to-end-operating-system-grounded-in-th.html}
}

@online{johnReplacingBadBusiness2023,
  title = {Replacing {{Bad Business Tropes With Something Better}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-03-17T18:15:20},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/replacing-bad-business-tropes-with-something-better-26caae6d98ce},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {The following advice is common in the business world. The problem with this advice is that it is not too helpful, accurate or useful. In this article, I will provide better beliefs and advice to…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/IQYYUWFS/replacing-bad-business-tropes-with-something-better-26caae6d98ce.html}
}

@online{johnTokenizationWillBe2023,
  title = {Tokenization {{Will Be The Downfall Of AWS}}},
  author = {John, Rex St},
  date = {2023-02-03T17:11:47},
  url = {https://rexstjohn.medium.com/the-end-of-the-line-for-computing-3bb4309914c7},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {I have written before in my book about ecosystems that competition in the silicon industry now has shifted to a race over “who goes…},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Medium}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/6W8RW7ER/the-end-of-the-line-for-computing-3bb4309914c7.html}
}

@article{kohliAnalysisEnergyConsumption2023,
  title = {An Analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprints of Cryptocurrencies and Possible Solutions},
  author = {Kohli, Varun and Chakravarty, Sombuddha and Chamola, Vinay and Sangwan, Kuldip Singh and Zeadally, Sherali},
  date = {2023-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Digital Communications and Networks},
  shortjournal = {Digital Communications and Networks},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {79--89},
  issn = {2352-8648},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dcan.2022.06.017},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352864822001390},
  urldate = {2023-08-24},
  abstract = {There is an urgent need to control global warming caused by humans to achieve a sustainable future. CO2 levels are rising steadily, and while countries worldwide are actively moving toward the sustainability goals proposed during the Paris Agreement in 2015, we are still a long way to go from achieving a sustainable mode of global operation. The increased popularity of cryptocurrencies since the introduction of Bitcoin in 2009 has been accompanied by an increasing trend in greenhouse gas emissions and high electrical energy consumption. Popular energy tracking studies (e.g., Digiconomist and the Cambridge Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index (CBECI)) have estimated energy consumption ranges from 29.96~\hspace{0pt}TWh to 135.12~\hspace{0pt}TWh and 26.41~\hspace{0pt}TWh to 176.98~\hspace{0pt}TWh, respectively for Bitcoin as of July 2021, which are equivalent to the energy consumption of countries such as Sweden and Thailand. The latest estimate by Digiconomist on carbon footprints shows a 64.18 MtCO2 emission by Bitcoin as of July 2021, close to the emissions by Greece and Oman. This review compiles estimates made by various studies from 2018 to 2021. We compare the energy consumption and carbon footprints of these cryptocurrencies with countries around the world and centralized transaction methods such as Visa. We identify the problems associated with cryptocurrencies and propose solutions that can help reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprints. Finally, we present case studies on cryptocurrency networks, namely, Ethereum 2.0 and Pi Network, with a discussion on how they can solve some of the challenges we have identified.},
  keywords = {Blockchain,Carbon footprint,Climate change,Cryptocurrency,Sustainability},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/2MKTD7ZQ/Kohli et al. - 2023 - An analysis of energy consumption and carbon footp.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/MF2AAT58/S2352864822001390.html}
}

@online{mcdonaldEthereumEmissionsBottomup2022,
  title = {Ethereum {{Emissions}}: {{A Bottom-up Estimate}}},
  shorttitle = {Ethereum {{Emissions}}},
  author = {McDonald, Kyle},
  date = {2022-12-07},
  eprint = {2112.01238},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  eprintclass = {cs, math},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2112.01238},
  url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01238},
  urldate = {2023-08-13},
  abstract = {The Ethereum ecosystem was maintained by a distributed global network of computers that required massive amounts of computational power. Previous work on estimating the energy use and emissions of the Ethereum network has relied on top-down economic analysis and rough estimates of hardware efficiency and emissions factors. In this work we provide a bottom-up analysis that works from hashrate to an energy usage estimate, and from mining locations to an emissions factor estimate, and combines these for an overall emissions estimate. We analyze the entire history of PoW Ethereum, from creation to the merge.},
  pubstate = {preprint},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society,Computer Science - Cryptography and Security,Mathematics - Optimization and Control},
  note = {Comment: Code at https://github.com/kylemcdonald/ethereum-emissions},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/J6JCD22H/McDonald - 2022 - Ethereum Emissions A Bottom-up Estimate.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/ZKD8N9D3/2112.html}
}

@online{MiningMarketsEvolution,
  title = {From Mining to Markets: {{The}} Evolution of Bitcoin Transaction Fees - {{ScienceDirect}}},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X19300583},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/7WB5PXS6/S0304405X19300583.html}
}

@article{mulrowStateCarbonFootprint2019,
  title = {The State of Carbon Footprint Calculators: {{An}} Evaluation of Calculator Design and User Interaction Features},
  shorttitle = {The State of Carbon Footprint Calculators},
  author = {Mulrow, John and Machaj, Katherine and Deanes, Joshua and Derrible, Sybil},
  date = {2019-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},
  shortjournal = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {33--40},
  issn = {2352-5509},
  doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2018.12.001},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352550918303944},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {The individual carbon footprint has become a widely used concept for communicating both the causes of climate change and the many opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Thanks to standardized greenhouse gas equivalencies and carbon-intensity metrics for everyday activities, many organizations have created online carbon footprint calculators, often with a great deal of input categories and user customization. This particular study critically examines the state of online carbon footprint calculators that target the individual. A calculator Feature Index was developed using guidance from carbon calculator literature and an extensive review of common calculator features and architecture. This index was then applied to 31 online carbon footprint calculators, summarized in heat index tables and scores generated using radar plot methodology. Overall trends are identified and specific lessons are taken from the cluster of six calculators with highest Feature Index scores. Finally, this review of performance features is paired with a survey of individuals concerning their interactions with online carbon footprint calculators. Using this feedback and the performance evaluation indices, recommendations are made for improving carbon footprint calculator design.},
  keywords = {Calculator comparison,Carbon calculator,Carbon emissions,Footprint,Online},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/MZ85QNAG/Mulrow et al. - 2019 - The state of carbon footprint calculators An eval.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/Y2QYA6Y7/S2352550918303944.html}
}

@article{nakamotoBitcoinPeertopeerElectronic2008,
  title = {Bitcoin: {{A}} Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System},
  author = {Nakamoto, Satoshi},
  date = {2008},
  journaltitle = {Decentralized business review}
}

@online{neumuellerCambridgeBitcoinElectricity2021,
  title = {Cambridge {{Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index}} ({{CBECI}})},
  author = {Neumueller, Alexander},
  date = {2021},
  url = {https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/cbeci/ghg/methodology},
  urldate = {2023-08-24},
  abstract = {The Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI) provides a real-time estimate of the total electricity consumption of the Bitcoin network. The CBECI is maintained by the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) at Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/Q7JWPTG2/methodology.html}
}

@article{pageGiveItClimate2012,
  title = {Give It up for Climate Change: A Defence of the Beneficiary Pays Principle},
  shorttitle = {Give It up for Climate Change},
  author = {Page, Edward A.},
  date = {2012-07},
  journaltitle = {International Theory},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {300--330},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {1752-9727, 1752-9719},
  doi = {10.1017/S175297191200005X},
  url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-theory/article/abs/give-it-up-for-climate-change-a-defence-of-the-beneficiary-pays-principle/5DD7D3EF2F19DDE3E62AC79E87FC297F},
  urldate = {2023-08-31},
  abstract = {This article focuses on the normative problem of establishing how the burdens associated with implementing policies designed to prevent, or manage, climate change should be shared amongst states involved in ongoing international climate change negotiations. This problem has three key features: identifying the nature and extent of the burdens that need to be borne; identifying the type of agent that should be allocated these burdens; and distributing amongst the particular ‘tokens’ of the relevant ‘agent type’ climatic burdens according to principles that none could reasonably reject. The article defends a key role in climatic burden-sharing policy for the principle that states benefiting most from activities that cause climate change should bear the greatest burden in terms of the costs of preventing dangerous climate change. I outline two versions of this ‘beneficiary pays’ principle; examine the strengths and weakness of each version; and explore how the most plausible version (which I call the ‘unjust enrichment’ principle) could be operationalized in the context of global climate governance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,global justice,remedial responsibility,unjust enrichment},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/2NHMBYAD/Page - 2012 - Give it up for climate change a defence of the be.pdf}
}

@article{parkEffectBlockchainTechnology2021,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Blockchain Technology}} on {{Supply Chain Sustainability Performances}}},
  author = {Park, Arim and Li, Huan},
  date = {2021-01},
  journaltitle = {Sustainability},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1726},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su13041726},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1726},
  urldate = {2023-06-08},
  abstract = {Improving supply chain sustainability is an essential part of achieving the UN’s sustainable goals. Digitalization, such as blockchain technology, shows the potential to reshape supply chain management. Using distributed ledger technology, the blockchain platform provides a digital system and database to record the transactions along the supply chain. This decentralized database of transactions brings transparency, reliability, traceability, and efficiency to the supply chain management. This paper focuses on such novel blockchain-based supply chain management and its sustainability performances in the areas of environmental protection, social equity, and governance efficiency. Using a systematic literature review and two case studies, we evaluate whether the three sustainability indicators can be improved indirectly along supply chains based on blockchain technology. Our study shows that blockchain technology has the potential to improve supply chain sustainability performance, and we expect blockchain technology to rise in popularity in supply chain management.},
  issue = {4},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {blockchain,IBM food trust,supply chain,sustainability,TradeLens},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/4S2A5KHS/Park and Li - 2021 - The Effect of Blockchain Technology on Supply Chai.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{plattEnergyFootprintBlockchain2021,
  title = {The {{Energy Footprint}} of {{Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms Beyond Proof-of-Work}}},
  booktitle = {2021 {{IEEE}} 21st {{International Conference}} on {{Software Quality}}, {{Reliability}} and {{Security Companion}} ({{QRS-C}})},
  author = {Platt, Moritz and Sedlmeir, Johannes and Platt, Daniel and Xu, Jiahua and Tasca, Paolo and Vadgama, Nikhil and Ibañez, Juan Ignacio},
  date = {2021-12},
  pages = {1135--1144},
  issn = {2693-9371},
  doi = {10.1109/QRS-C55045.2021.00168},
  abstract = {Popular permissionless distributed ledger technology (DLT) systems using proof-of-work (PoW) for Sybil attack resistance have extreme energy requirements, drawing stern criticism from academia, business and the media. DLT systems building on alternative consensus mechanisms, particularly proof-of-stake (PoS), aim to address this downside. In this paper, we take an initial step towards comparing the energy requirements of such systems to understand whether they achieve this goal equally well. While multiple studies have analysed the energy demands of individual blockchains, little comparative work has been done. We approach this research gap by formalising a basic consumption model for PoS blockchains. Applying this model to six archetypal blockchains generates three main findings. First, we confirm the concerns around the energy footprint of PoW by showing that Bitcoin's energy consumption exceeds the energy consumption of all PoS-based systems analysed by at least three orders of magnitude. Second, we illustrate that there are significant differences in energy consumption among the PoS-based systems analysed, with permissionless systems having a larger energy footprint overall owing to their higher replication factor. Third, we point out that the type of hardware that validators use has a considerable impact on whether the energy consumption of PoS blockchains is comparable with or considerably larger than that of centralised systems.},
  eventtitle = {2021 {{IEEE}} 21st {{International Conference}} on {{Software Quality}}, {{Reliability}} and {{Security Companion}} ({{QRS-C}})},
  keywords = {Bitcoin,Blockchain,Carbon Footprint,Climate Action,Distributed ledger,Distributed Ledger Technology,Energy consumption,Hardware,Mathematical models,Proof-of-Stake,Sustainability,Technological innovation,Throughput},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/PJLSKRMP/Platt et al. - 2021 - The Energy Footprint of Blockchain Consensus Mecha.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/PKR3SXFU/9741872.html}
}

@article{saloOpportunitiesLimitationsCarbon2019,
  title = {Opportunities and Limitations of Carbon Footprint Calculators to Steer Sustainable Household Consumption – {{Analysis}} of {{Nordic}} Calculator Features},
  author = {Salo, M. and Mattinen-Yuryev, M. K. and Nissinen, A.},
  date = {2019-01-10},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  volume = {207},
  pages = {658--666},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.035},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261833049X},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {The current patterns of household consumption are environmentally unsustainable, especially in wealthy societies such as the Nordic countries. Globally, housing and energy use at home, travel, food, and the consumption of other goods and services contribute to roughly 60–70\% of greenhouse gas emissions. Online footprint calculators have been introduced as a soft policy measure in order to raise public awareness of the carbon footprint of ordinary living. We examined ten calculation tools and interviewed six calculator hosts to study calculator features and hosts' expectations and experiences on engaging people to use calculators and to steer consumption. Our findings show that knowledge intensive calculators are designed to support a rational reflection of lifestyle and activities from an environmental perspective. Tips and pledges are presented in calculators to support taking action. However, engaging people to use calculators, especially more than once, is often considered to be challenging. We further discuss our findings with a framework based on practice theories and point out how features of calculators hold potential for further development, as well as have limitations. The limitations should be taken seriously in considering the role of calculators in policy-mixes to steer household consumption. We also propose that future studies on calculators would benefit from practice approaches in order to further explore patterns of calculator (non)use and how calculator use is (dis)connected from the practices they aim to change, and to avoid over emphasising the role of knowledge in reconfiguring practices.},
  keywords = {Calculator,Carbon footprint,Nordic countries,Practises,Sustainable consumption},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/7E7G49CB/Salo et al. - 2019 - Opportunities and limitations of carbon footprint .pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/KKNS8K6X/S095965261833049X.html}
}

@article{sarkodieTradeVolumeAffects2022,
  title = {Trade Volume Affects Bitcoin Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint},
  author = {Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu and Ahmed, Maruf Yakubu and Leirvik, Thomas},
  date = {2022-08-01},
  journaltitle = {Finance Research Letters},
  shortjournal = {Finance Research Letters},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {102977},
  issn = {1544-6123},
  doi = {10.1016/j.frl.2022.102977},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544612322002264},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {The environmental sustainability of bitcoin is making waves in the empirical literature, yet, no study has thus far examined the financial determinants of bitcoin energy consumption and carbon footprint. Here, we use novel estimation methods comprising dynamic ARDL simulations and general-to-specific VAR to examine steady-state effects, cumulative impulse-response, and counterfactual shocks of bitcoin trade volume on bitcoin energy and carbon footprint to ensure genuine causal inferences. We observed an increase in bitcoin trade volume spur both carbon and energy footprint by 24\% in the long-run, whereas a dynamic shock in trade volume escalates bitcoin energy and carbon footprint by 46.54\%.},
  keywords = {Bitcoin carbon footprint,Bitcoin energy consumption,General-to-specific VAR,Granger causality,Steady-state effects},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/XUJQBZ9U/Sarkodie et al. - 2022 - Trade volume affects bitcoin energy consumption an.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/WWBUZ99Z/S1544612322002264.html}
}

@article{sedlmeirEnergyConsumptionBlockchain2020,
  title = {The {{Energy Consumption}} of {{Blockchain Technology}}: {{Beyond Myth}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Energy Consumption}} of {{Blockchain Technology}}},
  author = {Sedlmeir, Johannes and Buhl, Hans Ulrich and Fridgen, Gilbert and Keller, Robert},
  date = {2020-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Business \& Information Systems Engineering},
  shortjournal = {Bus Inf Syst Eng},
  volume = {62},
  number = {6},
  pages = {599--608},
  issn = {1867-0202},
  doi = {10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x},
  urldate = {2023-08-28},
  abstract = {When talking about blockchain technology in academia, business, and society, frequently generalizations are still heared about its – supposedly inherent – enormous energy consumption. This perception inevitably raises concerns about the further adoption of blockchain technology, a fact that inhibits rapid uptake of what is widely considered to be a groundbreaking and disruptive innovation. However, blockchain technology is far from homogeneous, meaning that blanket statements about its energy consumption should be reviewed with care. The article is meant to bring clarity to the topic in a holistic fashion, looking beyond claims regarding the energy consumption of Bitcoin, which have, so far, dominated the discussion.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Blockchain,Cryptocurrency,Distributed ledger technology,Energy consumption,Sustainability},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/H7D4BLBY/Sedlmeir et al. - 2020 - The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology B.pdf}
}

@online{SlasherGhostOther,
  title = {Slasher {{Ghost}}, and {{Other Developments}} in {{Proof}} of {{Stake}}},
  url = {https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/10/03/slasher-ghost-developments-proof-stake},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Ethereum Foundation Blog}},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/YBS8ZDFH/slasher-ghost-developments-proof-stake.html}
}

@report{StateCarbonCredits,
  title = {The {{State}} of {{Carbon Credits}} 2022},
  institution = {{Sylvera Ltd}},
  url = {https://7608351.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/7608351/The%20State%20of%20Carbon%20Credits%202022.pdf},
  urldate = {2023-05-29},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/RIIS76GR/The State of Carbon Credits 2022.pdf}
}

@article{stollCarbonFootprintBitcoin2019,
  title = {The {{Carbon Footprint}} of {{Bitcoin}}},
  author = {Stoll, Christian and Klaaßen, Lena and Gallersdörfer, Ulrich},
  date = {2019-07-17},
  journaltitle = {Joule},
  shortjournal = {Joule},
  volume = {3},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1647--1661},
  issn = {2542-4351},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.012},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435119302557},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  abstract = {Participation in the Bitcoin blockchain validation process requires specialized hardware and vast amounts of electricity, which translates into a significant carbon footprint. Here, we demonstrate a methodology for estimating the power consumption associated with Bitcoin’s blockchain based on IPO filings of major hardware manufacturers, insights on mining facility operations, and mining pool compositions. We then translate our power consumption estimate into carbon emissions, using the localization of IP addresses. We determine the annual electricity consumption of Bitcoin, as of November 2018, to be 45.8 TWh and estimate that annual carbon emissions range from 22.0 to 22.9 MtCO2. This means that the emissions produced by Bitcoin sit between the levels produced by the nations of Jordan and Sri Lanka, which is comparable to the level of Kansas City. With this article, we aim to gauge the external costs of Bitcoin and inform the broader debate on the costs and benefits of cryptocurrencies.},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/KUJTKCZ7/Stoll et al. - 2019 - The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/L2S4PX5A/S2542435119302557.html}
}

@article{trubyBlockchainClimateDamage2022,
  title = {Blockchain, Climate Damage, and Death: {{Policy}} Interventions to Reduce the Carbon Emissions, Mortality, and Net-Zero Implications of Non-Fungible Tokens and {{Bitcoin}}},
  shorttitle = {Blockchain, Climate Damage, and Death},
  author = {Truby, Jon and Brown, Rafael Dean and Dahdal, Andrew and Ibrahim, Imad},
  date = {2022-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
  shortjournal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {102499},
  issn = {2214-6296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2022.102499},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221462962200007X},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  abstract = {The art industry has commercialised and popularised non-fungible tokens (NFTs), with the volume and value of NFT transactions rapidly growing to US\$ 10.7 billion in Q3 2021. The increase in NFT transactions has drawn the attention of the art market to the consequent carbon emissions resulting from verifying transactions in proof-of-work blockchains supporting NFT transactions. With CO2-related deaths attributable to NFT transactions, social pressure from the art market has helped to progress the switch away from the deliberately polluting proof-of-work blockchains to more sustainable consensus protocols. Nonetheless, many popular types of blockchain have resisted the pressure to decrease their environmental impact, including Bitcoin, whose attributed 2021 annual emissions will produce emissions responsible for around 19,000 future deaths. In response, recent global policy interventions have employed legal and fiscal tools to reduce the carbon impact of some or all types of blockchains. Linking the damage caused by proof-of-work blockchains to climate change and human mortality, this study examines the recent policy interventions designed to motivate a shift in blockchain consensus protocols and promote miners' energy efficiency to mitigate environmental damage. This article further explores available policy intervention options that are currently not utilised.},
  keywords = {Bitcoin,Blockchain energy consumption,Carbon emissions,Ethereum,NFTs,Non-fungible token,Sustainable development goals},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/LZJWMNYD/Truby et al. - 2022 - Blockchain, climate damage, and death Policy inte.pdf;/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/54BL6F6Z/S221462962200007X.html}
}

@article{wongTechnicalSustainabilityCloudBased2021,
  title = {Technical {{Sustainability}} of {{Cloud-Based Blockchain Integrated}} with {{Machine Learning}} for {{Supply Chain Management}}},
  author = {Wong, Simon and Yeung, John-Kun-Woon and Lau, Yui-Yip and So, Joseph},
  date = {2021-01},
  journaltitle = {Sustainability},
  volume = {13},
  number = {15},
  pages = {8270},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  issn = {2071-1050},
  doi = {10.3390/su13158270},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/15/8270},
  urldate = {2023-05-29},
  abstract = {Knowing the challenges of keeping and manipulating more and more immutable transaction records in a blockchain network of various supply chain parties and the opportunities of leveraging sophisticated analyses on the big data generated from these records, design of a robust blockchain architecture based on a cloud infrastructure is proposed. This paper presents this technical design with consideration of the technical sustainability in terms of scalability and big data processing and analytics. A case study was used to illustrate how the technical sustainability is achieved by applying the proposed technical design to the real-time detection of the maritime risk management. This case also illustrates how machine learning mechanism helps to reduce maritime risk by guiding a cargo ship to adjust to the planned or safe route from a detour to a danger zone. This paper also discusses the implications for further research direction.},
  issue = {15},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {blockchain,cloud infrastructure,data analytics,machine learning,supply chain,technical sustainability},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Zotero/storage/JVKM443N/Wong et al. - 2021 - Technical Sustainability of Cloud-Based Blockchain.pdf}
}

@article{woodEthereumSecuredDecentralised2023,
  title = {Ethereum: {{A Secured Decentralised Transaction Ledger}} ({{Yellow Paper}})},
  author = {Wood, Gavin},
  date = {2023-08-20T07:43:02Z},
  origdate = {2014-04-02T04:09:12Z},
  url = {https://github.com/ethereum/yellowpaper},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  abstract = {The "Yellow Paper": Ethereum's formal specification},
  file = {/Users/mathieu.belanger/Downloads/ethereum-yellow.pdf}
}