作者:吃遍全国汉堡,编程导航 编号 24506
介绍RabbitMQ死信队列的基本概念和其在项目中的应用
最近在做一个BI项目,用到了RabbitMQ异步化生成图表,同时还添加了死信队列处理无法被消费者正常消费的消息。于是便有了这篇文章,下面由我带大家介绍RabbitMQ的死信队列和其在项目中的应用吧。
什么是死信?简单来说就是无法被消费和处理的消息。一般生产者将消息投递到broker或者queue,消费者直接从中取出消息进行消费。但有时因为某些原因导致消息不能被消费,导致消息积压在队列中,这样的消息如果没有后续的处理就会变成死信,那么专门存放死信的队列就是死信队列。
那么什么是死信交换机呢?死信交换机是指专门将死信路由到死信队列的交换机。
根据官方文档,我们发现一般有三种场景会产生死信。
- 消息超过TTL,即消息过期
- 消息被nack或reject,且不予重新入队
- 队列达到最大长度
死信队列的应用并不难,无非就是多定义了一个交换机、routingKey和队列罢了。在声明普通队列时传入Map参数,往Map中put死信队列名称、死信routingKey、消息TTL等参数即可完成死信自动投递到死信队列的流程。通过如下代码即可绑定普通队列和死信交换机了,而且还能设置routingKey和队列长度等参数,无需像传统的那样通过channel绑定。
Map<String, Object> arguments = new HashMap<>(); // 过期时间 arguments.put("x-message-ttl", 10000); // 正常队列设置死信交换机 arguments.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_EXCHANGE); // 设置死信routingKey arguments.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "lisi"); // 设置正常队列的长度限制 arguments.put("x-max-length", 10);
流程图:
生产者Producer:
public class Producer { // 普通交换机名称 public static final String NORMAL_EXCHANGE = "normal_exchange";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Channel channel = RabbitMQUtils.getChannel();
//死信消息 设置TTL时间
AMQP.BasicProperties properties = new AMQP.BasicProperties()
.builder().expiration("10000").build();
// 延迟消息
for (int i = 0;i < 10;i++) {
String message = i + "info";
channel.basicPublish(NORMAL_EXCHANGE, "zhangsan", properties, message.getBytes());
}
}
}
普通队列消费者C1:
public class Consumer01 {
// 普通交换机名称
public static final String NORMAL_EXCHANGE = "normal_exchange";
// 死信交换机名称
public static final String DEAD_EXCHANGE = "dead_exchange";
// 普通队列名称
public static final String NORMAL_QUEUE = "normal_queue";
// 死信队列名称
public static final String DEAD_QUEUE = "dead_queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Channel channel = RabbitMQUtils.getChannel();
// 声明死信和普通交换机,类型为direct
channel.exchangeDeclare(NORMAL_EXCHANGE, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
channel.exchangeDeclare(DEAD_EXCHANGE, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
// 声明普通队列
Map<String, Object> arguments = new HashMap<>();
// 过期时间
arguments.put("x-message-ttl", 10000);
// 正常队列设置死信交换机
arguments.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_EXCHANGE);
// 设置死信routingKey
arguments.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "lisi");
// 设置正常队列的长度限制
arguments.put("x-max-length", 10);
// 声明普通队列
channel.queueDeclare(NORMAL_QUEUE, false, false, false, arguments);
// 声明死信队列
channel.queueDeclare(DEAD_QUEUE, false, false, false, null);
channel.queueBind(NORMAL_QUEUE, NORMAL_EXCHANGE, "zhangsan");
channel.queueBind(DEAD_QUEUE, DEAD_EXCHANGE, "lisi");
System.out.println("consumer01等待接收消息");
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, message) -> {
String msg = new String(message.getBody(), "UTF-8");
if (msg.equals("info5")) {
System.out.println("consumer01接收的消息:" + new String(message.getBody()));
System.out.println(msg + ":此消息是被拒绝的");
channel.basicReject(message.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false); //拒绝此消息并不放回普通队列
} else {
System.out.println("consumer01接收的消息:" + new String(message.getBody()));
channel.basicAck(message.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
}
};
CancelCallback cancelCallback = consumerTag -> {
System.out.println("C1取消消息");
};
channel.basicConsume(NORMAL_QUEUE, false, deliverCallback, cancelCallback);
}
}
死信队列消费者C2
public class Consumer02 {
// 死信队列名称
public static final String DEAD_QUEUE = "dead_queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Channel channel = RabbitMQUtils.getChannel();
System.out.println("consumer02等待接收消息");
DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, message) -> {
System.out.println("consumer02接收的消息:" + new String(message.getBody()));
};
CancelCallback cancelCallback = consumerTag -> {
System.out.println("C2取消消息");
};
channel.basicConsume(DEAD_QUEUE, true, deliverCallback, cancelCallback);
}
}
依次启动生产者,和两个消费者,并停掉普通队列的消费者,我们发现生产者发送的消息被死信队列消费者C2给接收了。
在上面的代码中,我在普通队列中设置了消息的TTL为5s,但是我又在生产者设置发送的消息TTL为10s,那么RabbitMQ会以哪个为准呢?其实RabbitMQ会以较短的TTL为准
@Configuration
public class TtlQueueConfig {
private final String COMMON_EXCHANGE = "bi_common_exchange"; // 普通交换机名称
private final String COMMON_QUEUE = "bi_common_queue"; // 普通队列名称
private final String DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE = "bi_dead_letter_exchange"; // 死信交换机名称
private final String DEAD_LETTER_QUEUE = "bi_dead_letter_queue"; // 死信队列名称
private final String COMMON_ROUTINGKEY = "bi_common_routingKey"; // 普通routingKey
private final String DEAD_LETTER_ROUTINGKEY = "bi_dead_letter_routingKey"; // 死信routingKey
// 普通交换机
@Bean("commonExchange")
public DirectExchange commonExchange() {
return new DirectExchange(COMMON_EXCHANGE);
}
// 死信交换机
@Bean("deadLetterExchange")
public DirectExchange deadLetterExchange() {
return new DirectExchange(DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE);
}
// 普通队列
@Bean("commonQueue")
public Queue commonQueue() {
Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>(3);
map.put("x-message-ttl", 20000);
map.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE);
map.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", DEAD_LETTER_ROUTINGKEY);
return QueueBuilder.durable(COMMON_QUEUE).withArguments(map).build();
}
// 死信队列
@Bean("deadLetterQueue")
public Queue deadLetterQueue() {
return QueueBuilder.durable(DEAD_LETTER_QUEUE).build();
}
@Bean
public Binding commonQueueBindingCommonExchange(@Qualifier("commonQueue") Queue commonQueue,
@Qualifier("commonExchange") DirectExchange commonExchange) {
return BindingBuilder.bind(commonQueue).to(commonExchange).with(COMMON_ROUTINGKEY);
}
@Bean
public Binding deadQueueBindingDeadExchange(@Qualifier("deadLetterQueue") Queue deadLetterQueue,
@Qualifier("deadLetterExchange") DirectExchange deadLetterExchange){
return BindingBuilder.bind(deadLetterQueue).to(deadLetterExchange).with(DEAD_LETTER_ROUTINGKEY);
}
}
@Configuration
public class TtlQueueConfig {
private final String COMMON_EXCHANGE = "bi_common_exchange"; // 普通交换机名称
private final String COMMON_QUEUE = "bi_common_queue"; // 普通队列名称
private final String DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE = "bi_dead_letter_exchange"; // 死信交换机名称
private final String DEAD_LETTER_QUEUE = "bi_dead_letter_queue"; // 死信队列名称
private final String COMMON_ROUTINGKEY = "bi_common_routingKey"; // 普通routingKey
private final String DEAD_LETTER_ROUTINGKEY = "bi_dead_letter_routingKey"; // 死信routingKey
// 普通交换机
@Bean("commonExchange")
public DirectExchange commonExchange() {
return new DirectExchange(COMMON_EXCHANGE);
}
// 死信交换机
@Bean("deadLetterExchange")
public DirectExchange deadLetterExchange() {
return new DirectExchange(DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE);
}
// 普通队列
@Bean("commonQueue")
public Queue commonQueue() {
Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>(3);
map.put("x-message-ttl", 20000);
map.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE);
map.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", DEAD_LETTER_ROUTINGKEY);
return QueueBuilder.durable(COMMON_QUEUE).withArguments(map).build();
}
// 死信队列
@Bean("deadLetterQueue")
public Queue deadLetterQueue() {
return QueueBuilder.durable(DEAD_LETTER_QUEUE).build();
}
@Bean
public Binding commonQueueBindingCommonExchange(@Qualifier("commonQueue") Queue commonQueue,
@Qualifier("commonExchange") DirectExchange commonExchange) {
return BindingBuilder.bind(commonQueue).to(commonExchange).with(COMMON_ROUTINGKEY);
}
@Bean
public Binding deadQueueBindingDeadExchange(@Qualifier("deadLetterQueue") Queue deadLetterQueue,
@Qualifier("deadLetterExchange") DirectExchange deadLetterExchange){
return BindingBuilder.bind(deadLetterQueue).to(deadLetterExchange).with(DEAD_LETTER_ROUTINGKEY);
}
}
普通消费者(负责异步生成图表)
@Component
@Slf4j
public class BIMessageConsumer {
@Resource
private ChartService chartService;
@Resource
private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
@Resource
private AIManager aiManager;
@Resource
RedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate;
// 制定消费者监听哪个队列和消息确认机制
@SneakyThrows
@RabbitListener(queues = {"bi_common_queue"}, ackMode = "MANUAL")
public void receiveMessage(String message, Channel channel, @Header(AmqpHeaders.DELIVERY_TAG) long deliveryTag) {
log.info("receiveMessage is {}", message);
if(StringUtils.isBlank(message)) {
// 如果失败,消息拒绝
channel.basicNack(deliveryTag, false, false);
log.info("消息为空拒绝接收");
log.info("此消息正在被转发到死信队列中");
}
long chartId = Long.parseLong(message);
Chart chart = chartService.getById(chartId);
if (chart == null) {
channel.basicNack(deliveryTag, false, false);
log.info("图标为空拒绝接收");
throw new BusinessException(ErrorCode.NOT_FOUND_ERROR, "图表为空");
}
// 先修改图表任务状态为“执行中”。等执行成功后,修改为“已完成”、保存执行结果;执行失败后,状态修改为“失败”,记录任务失败信息。
Chart updateChart = new Chart();
updateChart.setId(chart.getId());
updateChart.setStatus("running");
boolean b = chartService.updateById(updateChart);
if (!b) {
channel.basicNack(deliveryTag, false, false);
handlerChartUpdateError(chart.getId(), "更新图表执行状态失败");
return;
}
// 调用AI
String result = aiManager.doChat(CommonConstant.BI_MODEL_ID, buildUserInput(chart));
String[] splits = result.split("【【【【【");
if (splits.length < 3) {
channel.basicNack(deliveryTag, false, false);
handlerChartUpdateError(chart.getId(), "AI生成错误");
return;
}
String genChart = splits[1].trim();
String genResult = splits[2].trim();
Chart updateChartResult = new Chart();
updateChartResult.setId(chart.getId());
updateChartResult.setGenChart(genChart);
updateChartResult.setGenResult(genResult);
updateChartResult.setStatus("succeed");
boolean updateResult = chartService.updateById(updateChartResult);
if (!updateResult) {
channel.basicNack(deliveryTag, false, false);
handlerChartUpdateError(chart.getId(), "更新图表成功状态失败");
}
Long userId = chartService.queryUserIdByChartId(chartId);
String myChartId = String.format("lingxibi:chart:list:%s", userId);
redisTemplate.delete(myChartId);
// 如果任务执行成功,手动执行ack
channel.basicAck(deliveryTag, false);
}
private void handlerChartUpdateError(long chartId, String execMessage) {
Chart updateChartResult = new Chart();
updateChartResult.setId(chartId);
updateChartResult.setStatus("failed");
updateChartResult.setExecMessage(execMessage);
boolean updateResult = chartService.updateById(updateChartResult);
if (!updateResult) {
log.error("更新图表失败状态失败" + chartId + "," + execMessage);
}
}
/**
* 构建用户输入
* @param chart
* @return
*/
private String buildUserInput(Chart chart) {
String goal = chart.getGoal();
String chartType = chart.getChartType();
String csvData = chart.getChartData();
// 构造用户输入
StringBuilder userInput = new StringBuilder();
userInput.append("分析需求:").append("\n");
// 拼接分析目标
String userGoal = goal;
if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(chartType)) {
userGoal += ",请使用" + chartType;
}
userInput.append(userGoal).append("\n");
userInput.append("原始数据:").append("\n");
// 压缩后的数据
userInput.append(csvData).append("\n");
return userInput.toString();
}
}
收到死信后我是直接确认了,这种方式可能不好,你也可以换成其他方式比如重新入队,或者写入数据库并打上日志等等。
@Component
@Slf4j
public class TtlQueueConsumer {
@Resource
BIMessageProducer biMessageProducer;
@SneakyThrows
@RabbitListener(queues = "bi_dead_letter_queue", ackMode = "MANUAL")
public void doTTLMessage(String message, Channel channel, @Header(AmqpHeaders.DELIVERY_TAG) long deliveryTag) {
log.info("已经接受到死信消息:{}", message);
biMessageProducer.sendMessage(message);
channel.basicAck(deliveryTag, false);
}
}
如果我的文章对你有帮助的话,不妨给我点个赞呗,我会持续带来不一样的内容。如果对Java相关知识感兴趣的话,可以关注我,带你走进Java的世界。