diff --git a/cmd/d2vm/build.go b/cmd/d2vm/build.go
index 68d3c4f..bcd2019 100644
--- a/cmd/d2vm/build.go
+++ b/cmd/d2vm/build.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
@@ -40,7 +41,41 @@ var (
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			// TODO(adphi): resolve context path
 			if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
-				return docker.RunD2VM(cmd.Context(), d2vm.Image, d2vm.Version, cmd.Name(), os.Args[2:]...)
+				ctxAbsPath, err := filepath.Abs(args[0])
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				dockerFileAbsPath, err := filepath.Abs(file)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				if !strings.HasPrefix(dockerFileAbsPath, ctxAbsPath) {
+					return fmt.Errorf("Dockerfile must be in the context directory path")
+				}
+				outputPath, err := filepath.Abs(output)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				var (
+					in  = ctxAbsPath
+					out = filepath.Dir(outputPath)
+				)
+				dargs := os.Args[2:]
+				for i, v := range dargs {
+					switch v {
+					case file:
+						rel, err := filepath.Rel(in, file)
+						if err != nil {
+							return fmt.Errorf("failed to construct Dockerfile container paths: %w", err)
+						}
+						dargs[i] = filepath.Join("/in", rel)
+					case output:
+						dargs[i] = filepath.Join("/out", output)
+					case args[0]:
+						dargs[i] = "/in"
+					}
+				}
+				return docker.RunD2VM(cmd.Context(), d2vm.Image, d2vm.Version, in, out, cmd.Name(), os.Args[2:]...)
 			}
 			size, err := parseSize(size)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -49,11 +84,25 @@ var (
 			if file == "" {
 				file = filepath.Join(args[0], "Dockerfile")
 			}
+			if _, err := os.Stat(output); err == nil || !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				if !force {
+					return fmt.Errorf("%s already exists", output)
+				}
+			}
 			logrus.Infof("building docker image from %s", file)
 			if err := docker.Build(cmd.Context(), tag, file, args[0], buildArgs...); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			return d2vm.Convert(cmd.Context(), tag, size, password, output, cmdLineExtra, d2vm.NetworkManager(networkManager))
+			return d2vm.Convert(
+				cmd.Context(),
+				tag,
+				d2vm.WithSize(size),
+				d2vm.WithPassword(password),
+				d2vm.WithOutput(output),
+				d2vm.WithCmdLineExtra(cmdLineExtra),
+				d2vm.WithNetworkManager(d2vm.NetworkManager(networkManager)),
+				d2vm.WithRaw(raw),
+			)
 		},
 	}
 )
@@ -70,4 +119,5 @@ func init() {
 	buildCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&force, "force", false, "Override output image")
 	buildCmd.Flags().StringVar(&cmdLineExtra, "append-to-cmdline", "", "Extra kernel cmdline arguments to append to the generated one")
 	buildCmd.Flags().StringVar(&networkManager, "network-manager", "", "Network manager to use for the image: none, netplan, ifupdown")
+	buildCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&raw, "raw", false, "Just convert the container to virtual machine image without installing anything more")
 }
diff --git a/cmd/d2vm/convert.go b/cmd/d2vm/convert.go
index e845136..5c6bb49 100644
--- a/cmd/d2vm/convert.go
+++ b/cmd/d2vm/convert.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
+	raw          bool
 	pull         = false
 	cmdLineExtra = ""
 
@@ -39,7 +41,19 @@ var (
 		SilenceUsage: true,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
-				return docker.RunD2VM(cmd.Context(), d2vm.Image, d2vm.Version, cmd.Name(), os.Args[2:]...)
+				abs, err := filepath.Abs(output)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				out := filepath.Dir(abs)
+				dargs := os.Args[2:]
+				for i, v := range dargs {
+					if v == output {
+						dargs[i] = filepath.Join("/out", filepath.Base(output))
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				return docker.RunD2VM(cmd.Context(), d2vm.Image, d2vm.Version, out, out, cmd.Name(), dargs...)
 			}
 			img := args[0]
 			tag := "latest"
@@ -55,11 +69,6 @@ var (
 					return fmt.Errorf("%s already exists", output)
 				}
 			}
-			if _, err := os.Stat(output); err == nil || !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-				if !force {
-					return fmt.Errorf("%s already exists", output)
-				}
-			}
 			found := false
 			if !pull {
 				imgs, err := docker.ImageList(cmd.Context(), img)
@@ -77,7 +86,16 @@ var (
 					return err
 				}
 			}
-			return d2vm.Convert(cmd.Context(), img, size, password, output, cmdLineExtra, d2vm.NetworkManager(networkManager))
+			return d2vm.Convert(
+				cmd.Context(),
+				img,
+				d2vm.WithSize(size),
+				d2vm.WithPassword(password),
+				d2vm.WithOutput(output),
+				d2vm.WithCmdLineExtra(cmdLineExtra),
+				d2vm.WithNetworkManager(d2vm.NetworkManager(networkManager)),
+				d2vm.WithRaw(raw),
+			)
 		},
 	}
 )
@@ -98,5 +116,6 @@ func init() {
 	convertCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&force, "force", "f", false, "Override output qcow2 image")
 	convertCmd.Flags().StringVar(&cmdLineExtra, "append-to-cmdline", "", "Extra kernel cmdline arguments to append to the generated one")
 	convertCmd.Flags().StringVar(&networkManager, "network-manager", "", "Network manager to use for the image: none, netplan, ifupdown")
+	convertCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&raw, "raw", false, "Just convert the container to virtual machine image without installing anything more")
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(convertCmd)
 }
diff --git a/cmd/d2vm/run/sparsecat-linux-amd64 b/cmd/d2vm/run/sparsecat-linux-amd64
index bdf2fee..90fdeff 100755
Binary files a/cmd/d2vm/run/sparsecat-linux-amd64 and b/cmd/d2vm/run/sparsecat-linux-amd64 differ
diff --git a/convert.go b/convert.go
index b19c578..a5b881a 100644
--- a/convert.go
+++ b/convert.go
@@ -28,7 +28,11 @@ import (
 	"go.linka.cloud/d2vm/pkg/docker"
 )
 
-func Convert(ctx context.Context, img string, size int64, password string, output string, cmdLineExtra string, networkManager NetworkManager) error {
+func Convert(ctx context.Context, img string, opts ...ConvertOption) error {
+	o := &convertOptions{}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(o)
+	}
 	imgUUID := uuid.New().String()
 	tmpPath := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "d2vm", imgUUID)
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(tmpPath, os.ModePerm); err != nil {
@@ -41,33 +45,41 @@ func Convert(ctx context.Context, img string, size int64, password string, outpu
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	d, err := NewDockerfile(r, img, password, networkManager)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	logrus.Infof("docker image based on %s", d.Release.Name)
-	p := filepath.Join(tmpPath, docker.FormatImgName(img))
-	dir := filepath.Dir(p)
-	f, err := os.Create(p)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-	if err := d.Render(f); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	logrus.Infof("building kernel enabled image")
-	if err := docker.Build(ctx, imgUUID, p, dir); err != nil {
-		return err
+	if !o.raw {
+		d, err := NewDockerfile(r, img, o.password, o.networkManager)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		logrus.Infof("docker image based on %s", d.Release.Name)
+		p := filepath.Join(tmpPath, docker.FormatImgName(img))
+		dir := filepath.Dir(p)
+		f, err := os.Create(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer f.Close()
+		if err := d.Render(f); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		logrus.Infof("building kernel enabled image")
+		if err := docker.Build(ctx, imgUUID, p, dir); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer docker.Remove(ctx, imgUUID)
+	} else {
+		// for raw images, we just tag the image with the uuid
+		if err := docker.Tag(ctx, img, imgUUID); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer docker.Remove(ctx, imgUUID)
 	}
-	defer docker.Remove(ctx, imgUUID)
 
 	logrus.Infof("creating vm image")
-	format := strings.TrimPrefix(filepath.Ext(output), ".")
+	format := strings.TrimPrefix(filepath.Ext(o.output), ".")
 	if format == "" {
 		format = "raw"
 	}
-	b, err := NewBuilder(ctx, tmpPath, imgUUID, "", size, r, format, cmdLineExtra)
+	b, err := NewBuilder(ctx, tmpPath, imgUUID, "", o.size, r, format, o.cmdLineExtra)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -75,10 +87,10 @@ func Convert(ctx context.Context, img string, size int64, password string, outpu
 	if err := b.Build(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := os.RemoveAll(output); err != nil {
+	if err := os.RemoveAll(o.output); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := MoveFile(filepath.Join(tmpPath, "disk0."+format), output); err != nil {
+	if err := MoveFile(filepath.Join(tmpPath, "disk0."+format), o.output); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
diff --git a/convert_options.go b/convert_options.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdb0cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/convert_options.go
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Linka Cloud  All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package d2vm
+
+type ConvertOption func(o *convertOptions)
+
+type convertOptions struct {
+	size           int64
+	password       string
+	output         string
+	cmdLineExtra   string
+	networkManager NetworkManager
+	raw            bool
+}
+
+func WithSize(size int64) ConvertOption {
+	return func(o *convertOptions) {
+		o.size = size
+	}
+}
+
+func WithPassword(password string) ConvertOption {
+	return func(o *convertOptions) {
+		o.password = password
+	}
+}
+
+func WithOutput(output string) ConvertOption {
+	return func(o *convertOptions) {
+		o.output = output
+	}
+}
+
+func WithCmdLineExtra(cmdLineExtra string) ConvertOption {
+	return func(o *convertOptions) {
+		o.cmdLineExtra = cmdLineExtra
+	}
+}
+
+func WithNetworkManager(networkManager NetworkManager) ConvertOption {
+	return func(o *convertOptions) {
+		o.networkManager = networkManager
+	}
+}
+
+func WithRaw(raw bool) ConvertOption {
+	return func(o *convertOptions) {
+		o.raw = raw
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/docker/docker.go b/pkg/docker/docker.go
index 7b6e3fe..3f6aa66 100644
--- a/pkg/docker/docker.go
+++ b/pkg/docker/docker.go
@@ -62,6 +62,19 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, tag, dockerfile, dir string, buildArgs ...string
 	return Cmd(ctx, args...)
 }
 
+func Tag(ctx context.Context, img string, tags ...string) error {
+	if len(tags) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no tags specified")
+	}
+	args := []string{"image", "tag"}
+	for _, tag := range tags {
+		if err := Cmd(ctx, append(args, img, tag)...); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func Remove(ctx context.Context, tag string) error {
 	return Cmd(ctx, "image", "rm", tag)
 }
@@ -97,11 +110,17 @@ func RunAndRemove(ctx context.Context, args ...string) error {
 	return Cmd(ctx, append([]string{"run", "--rm"}, args...)...)
 }
 
-func RunD2VM(ctx context.Context, image, version, cmd string, args ...string) error {
+func RunD2VM(ctx context.Context, image, version, in, out, cmd string, args ...string) error {
 	pwd, err := os.Getwd()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if in == "" {
+		in = pwd
+	}
+	if out == "" {
+		out = pwd
+	}
 	if image == "" {
 		image = "linkacloud/d2vm"
 	}
@@ -113,7 +132,9 @@ func RunD2VM(ctx context.Context, image, version, cmd string, args ...string) er
 		"-v",
 		fmt.Sprintf("%s:/var/run/docker.sock", dockerSocket()),
 		"-v",
-		fmt.Sprintf("%s:/d2vm", pwd),
+		fmt.Sprintf("%s:/in", in),
+		"-v",
+		fmt.Sprintf("%s:/out", out),
 		"-w",
 		"/d2vm",
 		fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", image, version),