diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index d6f38cb3a..45e5797c6 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ docs
 node_modules
 # Lock files
 package-lock.json
-yarn.lock
\ No newline at end of file
+yarn.lock
+.vscode
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/package.json b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/package.json
index d1e163e2b..faf021fdf 100644
--- a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/package.json
+++ b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/package.json
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@
     "it-pair": "^2.0.2",
     "it-pipe": "^2.0.3",
     "it-stream-types": "^1.0.4",
+    "uint8arraylist": "^2.1.1",
     "uint8arrays": "^3.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/index.ts b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/index.ts
index 16ee443ad..e624f2be5 100644
--- a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/index.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { createMaConnPair } from './utils/index.js'
 import type { TestSetup } from '@libp2p/interface-compliance-tests'
 import type { ConnectionEncrypter } from '@libp2p/interface-connection-encrypter'
 import type { PeerId } from '@libp2p/interface-peer-id'
-import type { Source } from 'it-stream-types'
+import { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 
 export default (common: TestSetup<ConnectionEncrypter>) => {
   describe('interface-connection-encrypter compliance tests', () => {
@@ -56,16 +56,10 @@ export default (common: TestSetup<ConnectionEncrypter>) => {
       void pipe(inboundResult.conn, inboundResult.conn)
 
       // Send some data and collect the result
-      const input = uint8ArrayFromString('data to encrypt')
+      const input = new Uint8ArrayList(uint8ArrayFromString('data to encrypt'))
       const result = await pipe(
         [input],
         outboundResult.conn,
-        // Convert BufferList to Buffer via slice
-        (source: Source<Uint8Array>) => (async function * toBuffer () {
-          for await (const chunk of source) {
-            yield chunk.slice()
-          }
-        })(),
         async (source) => await all(source)
       )
 
diff --git a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/utils/index.ts b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/utils/index.ts
index 99b300729..5b65f924f 100644
--- a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/utils/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter-compliance-tests/src/utils/index.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ import { duplexPair } from 'it-pair/duplex'
 import { Multiaddr } from '@multiformats/multiaddr'
 import type { MultiaddrConnection } from '@libp2p/interface-connection'
 import type { Duplex } from 'it-stream-types'
+import type { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 
-export function createMaConnPair (): [MultiaddrConnection, MultiaddrConnection] {
-  const [local, remote] = duplexPair<Uint8Array>()
+export function createMaConnPair (): [MultiaddrConnection<Uint8ArrayList>, MultiaddrConnection<Uint8ArrayList>] {
+  const [local, remote] = duplexPair<Uint8ArrayList>()
 
-  function duplexToMaConn (duplex: Duplex<Uint8Array>): MultiaddrConnection {
-    const output: MultiaddrConnection = {
+  function duplexToMaConn (duplex: Duplex<Uint8ArrayList>): MultiaddrConnection<Uint8ArrayList> {
+    const output: MultiaddrConnection<Uint8ArrayList> = {
       ...duplex,
       close: async () => {},
       remoteAddr: new Multiaddr('/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/4001'),
diff --git a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/package.json b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/package.json
index 786ceafa6..0b1534602 100644
--- a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/package.json
+++ b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/package.json
@@ -153,7 +153,8 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@libp2p/interface-peer-id": "^1.0.0",
-    "it-stream-types": "^1.0.4"
+    "it-stream-types": "^1.0.4",
+    "uint8arraylist": "^2.1.1"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "aegir": "^37.4.0"
diff --git a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/src/index.ts b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/src/index.ts
index f815b30cf..2ff11dbe6 100644
--- a/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface-connection-encrypter/src/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { PeerId } from '@libp2p/interface-peer-id'
 import type { Duplex } from 'it-stream-types'
+import type { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 
 /**
  * A libp2p connection encrypter module must be compliant to this interface
@@ -11,15 +12,15 @@ export interface ConnectionEncrypter {
   /**
    * Encrypt outgoing data to the remote party.
    */
-  secureOutbound: (localPeer: PeerId, connection: Duplex<Uint8Array>, remotePeer: PeerId) => Promise<SecuredConnection>
+  secureOutbound: (localPeer: PeerId, connection: Duplex<Uint8ArrayList>, remotePeer: PeerId) => Promise<SecuredConnection>
   /**
    * Decrypt incoming data.
    */
-  secureInbound: (localPeer: PeerId, connection: Duplex<Uint8Array>, remotePeer?: PeerId) => Promise<SecuredConnection>
+  secureInbound: (localPeer: PeerId, connection: Duplex<Uint8ArrayList>, remotePeer?: PeerId) => Promise<SecuredConnection>
 }
 
 export interface SecuredConnection {
-  conn: Duplex<Uint8Array>
+  conn: Duplex<Uint8ArrayList>
   remoteEarlyData: Uint8Array
   remotePeer: PeerId
 }
diff --git a/packages/interface-connection/package.json b/packages/interface-connection/package.json
index 3cad3b1eb..ac5f30f80 100644
--- a/packages/interface-connection/package.json
+++ b/packages/interface-connection/package.json
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@
     "@libp2p/interface-peer-id": "^1.0.0",
     "@libp2p/interfaces": "^3.0.0",
     "@multiformats/multiaddr": "^10.2.0",
-    "it-stream-types": "^1.0.4"
+    "it-stream-types": "^1.0.4",
+    "uint8arraylist": "^2.1.1"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "aegir": "^37.4.0"
diff --git a/packages/interface-connection/src/index.ts b/packages/interface-connection/src/index.ts
index 56cf9f6bc..1f68d8a9a 100644
--- a/packages/interface-connection/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/interface-connection/src/index.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { PeerId } from '@libp2p/interface-peer-id'
 import type * as Status from './status.js'
 import type { Duplex } from 'it-stream-types'
 import type { AbortOptions } from '@libp2p/interfaces'
+import type { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 
 export interface ConnectionTimeline {
   open: number
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ export interface StreamStat {
  * It may be encrypted and multiplexed depending on the
  * configuration of the nodes.
  */
-export interface Stream extends Duplex<Uint8Array> {
+export interface Stream<T extends Uint8Array | Uint8ArrayList = Uint8Array> extends Duplex<T> {
   /**
    * Close a stream for reading and writing
    */
@@ -119,23 +120,23 @@ export interface Stream extends Duplex<Uint8Array> {
  * multiplexed, depending on the configuration of the nodes
  * between which the connection is made.
  */
-export interface Connection {
+export interface Connection<T extends Uint8Array | Uint8ArrayList = Uint8Array> {
   id: string
   stat: ConnectionStat
   remoteAddr: Multiaddr
   remotePeer: PeerId
   tags: string[]
-  streams: Stream[]
+  streams: Array<Stream<T>>
 
   newStream: (multicodecs: string | string[], options?: AbortOptions) => Promise<Stream>
-  addStream: (stream: Stream) => void
+  addStream: (stream: Stream<T>) => void
   removeStream: (id: string) => void
   close: () => Promise<void>
 }
 
 export const symbol = Symbol.for('@libp2p/connection')
 
-export function isConnection (other: any): other is Connection {
+export function isConnection (other: any): other is Connection<Uint8Array | Uint8ArrayList> {
   return other != null && Boolean(other[symbol])
 }
 
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ export interface MultiaddrConnectionTimeline {
  * a peer. It is a low-level primitive and is the raw connection
  * without encryption or stream multiplexing.
  */
-export interface MultiaddrConnection extends Duplex<Uint8Array> {
+export interface MultiaddrConnection<T extends Uint8Array | Uint8ArrayList = Uint8Array> extends Duplex<T> {
   close: (err?: Error) => Promise<void>
   remoteAddr: Multiaddr
   timeline: MultiaddrConnectionTimeline
diff --git a/packages/interface-mocks/src/connection-encrypter.ts b/packages/interface-mocks/src/connection-encrypter.ts
index 96e58f90f..6f2b06220 100644
--- a/packages/interface-mocks/src/connection-encrypter.ts
+++ b/packages/interface-mocks/src/connection-encrypter.ts
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ import { UnexpectedPeerError } from '@libp2p/interface-connection-encrypter/erro
 import { Multiaddr } from '@multiformats/multiaddr'
 import type { ConnectionEncrypter } from '@libp2p/interface-connection-encrypter'
 import type { Transform, Source } from 'it-stream-types'
+import { Uint8ArrayList } from 'uint8arraylist'
 
 // A basic transform that does nothing to the data
-const transform = (): Transform<Uint8Array, Uint8Array> => {
-  return (source: Source<Uint8Array>) => (async function * () {
+const transform = <T>(): Transform<T, T> => {
+  return (source: Source<T>) => (async function * () {
     for await (const chunk of source) {
       yield chunk
     }
@@ -21,8 +22,8 @@ export function mockConnectionEncrypter () {
     protocol: 'insecure',
     secureInbound: async (localPeer, duplex, expectedPeer) => {
       // 1. Perform a basic handshake.
-      const shake = handshake(duplex)
-      shake.write(localPeer.toBytes())
+      const shake = handshake<Uint8ArrayList>(duplex)
+      shake.write(new Uint8ArrayList(localPeer.toBytes()))
       const remoteId = await shake.read()
 
       if (remoteId == null) {
@@ -37,9 +38,9 @@ export function mockConnectionEncrypter () {
       }
 
       // 2. Create your encryption box/unbox wrapper
-      const wrapper = duplexPair<Uint8Array>()
-      const encrypt = transform() // Use transform iterables to modify data
-      const decrypt = transform()
+      const wrapper = duplexPair<Uint8ArrayList>()
+      const encrypt = transform<Uint8ArrayList>() // Use transform iterables to modify data
+      const decrypt = transform<Uint8ArrayList>()
 
       void pipe(
         wrapper[0], // We write to wrapper
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ export function mockConnectionEncrypter () {
     },
     secureOutbound: async (localPeer, duplex, remotePeer) => {
       // 1. Perform a basic handshake.
-      const shake = handshake(duplex)
-      shake.write(localPeer.toBytes())
+      const shake = handshake<Uint8ArrayList>(duplex)
+      shake.write(new Uint8ArrayList(localPeer.toBytes()))
       const remoteId = await shake.read()
 
       if (remoteId == null) {
@@ -77,9 +78,9 @@ export function mockConnectionEncrypter () {
       shake.rest()
 
       // 2. Create your encryption box/unbox wrapper
-      const wrapper = duplexPair<Uint8Array>()
-      const encrypt = transform()
-      const decrypt = transform()
+      const wrapper = duplexPair<Uint8ArrayList>()
+      const encrypt = transform<Uint8ArrayList>()
+      const decrypt = transform<Uint8ArrayList>()
 
       void pipe(
         wrapper[0], // We write to wrapper