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Update:

We have published two follow-up papers to the original "DeepSolar for Germany" paper:

  • "3D-PV-Locator: Large-scale detection of rooftop-mounted photovoltaic systems in 3D" published in Applied Energy in 2022 and
  • "An Enriched Automated PV Registry: Combining Image Recognition and 3D Building Data" published at NeurIPS 2020.

Please have a look at the following repo in order to find instructions on how to access all the data and models produced in the follow-up studies.

Pipeline overview

About:

Repo for "DeepSolar for Germany"

  • Pipeline to process more than 133 million aerial images from Germany's most populous state NRW in order to locate PV systems
  • Google Maps-based model (PyTorch) achieves precision and recall scores of 92% and 98% on imagery with a spatial resolution of 5 cm/pixel
  • OpenNRW-based model (PyTorch) achieves precision and recall scores of 64% and 87% on imagery with a spatial resolution of 10 cm/pixel
  • Paper

OpenNRW Platform:

  • The openNRW platform provides exhaustive aerial imagery for the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)
  • Aerial imagery is characterized by a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 10 cm

Goal:

  • Detect solar panels on aerial imagery to create a database which records all PV system locations

    PV_system PV_system

Workflow:

Just set your configuration in config.yml and execute run_pipeline.py. In the background, the following three steps will happen:

  • When "run_tile_creator:" is set to "1", Tile_creator.py will automatically create the list of coordinates for all 596,722 tiles covering NRW, if TileCoords.pickle does not yet exist. Alternatively, you can simply upload your own list of tile coordinates for your area of interest. However, please adhere to the format found in TileCoords.pickle in case you choose to upload a specific area of interest.
  • When "run_tile_downloader:" is set to "1", Tile_downloader.py will automatically download the tiles specified in TileCoords.pickle in a multi-threaded fashion. If you don't want to download all tiles specified in TileCoords.pickle, feel free to abort this step at anytime.
  • When "run_tile_processor:" is set to "1", Tile_processor.py will automatically process all completely downloaded files to identify and locate existing PV panels. To do so, Tile_processor.py splits tiles into images with a resolution of 320x320 pixels and classifies them with a CNN called DeepSolar. Images are classified as positive if they contain solar panels, negative otherwise

If not all tiles have been processed in the first run, just set "run_tile_coords_updater" to "1" and re-run run_pipeline.py. By running "tile_updater.py", all tiles that have already been completely processed will be removed from Tile_coords.pickle, i.e. only tile coordinates not yet processed remain in the Tile_coords.pickle file.

Hint:

  • TileCoords.pickle should be splitted into multiple parts. By doing so, you can run multiple pipelines simultaneously, each of which only downloads and processes tiles specified in its respective TileCoords.pickle file.

  • Tiles covering an area of 240x240m are downloaded (4800x4800 pixels), splitted into images of size 16x16m, and then classified in order to record the GPS coordinates of solar panels in a database

License:

MIT

BibTex Citation:

Please cite our work as

@inproceedings{Mayer2020,
author = {Mayer, Kevin and Wang, Zhecheng and Arlt, Marie-Louise and Rajagopal, Ram and Neumann, Dirk},
conference = {IEEE Smart Energy Systems and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey, September 07 - 09, 2020},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9203258},
publisher = {IEEE},
title = {{DeepSolar for Germany: A deep learning framework for PV system mapping from aerial imagery}},
year = {2020}
}