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Smoke Test

In this lab you will complete a series of tasks to ensure your Kubernetes cluster is functioning correctly.

Data Encryption

In this section you will verify the ability to encrypt secret data at rest.

Create a generic secret:

kubectl create secret generic kubernetes-the-hard-way \
  --from-literal="mykey=mydata"

Print a hexdump of the kubernetes-the-hard-way secret stored in etcd:

ssh root@server \
    'etcdctl get /registry/secrets/default/kubernetes-the-hard-way | hexdump -C'
00000000  2f 72 65 67 69 73 74 72  79 2f 73 65 63 72 65 74  |/registry/secret|
00000010  73 2f 64 65 66 61 75 6c  74 2f 6b 75 62 65 72 6e  |s/default/kubern|
00000020  65 74 65 73 2d 74 68 65  2d 68 61 72 64 2d 77 61  |etes-the-hard-wa|
00000030  79 0a 6b 38 73 3a 65 6e  63 3a 61 65 73 63 62 63  |y.k8s:enc:aescbc|
00000040  3a 76 31 3a 6b 65 79 31  3a 9b 79 a5 b9 49 a2 77  |:v1:key1:.y..I.w|
00000050  c0 6a c9 12 7c b4 c7 c4  64 41 37 97 4a 83 a9 c1  |.j..|...dA7.J...|
00000060  4f 14 ae 73 ab b8 38 26  11 14 0a 40 b8 f3 0e 0a  |O..s..8&...@....|
00000070  f5 a7 a2 2c b6 35 b1 83  22 15 aa d0 dd 25 11 3e  |...,.5.."....%.>|
00000080  c4 e9 69 1c 10 7a 9d f7  dc 22 28 89 2c 83 dd 0b  |..i..z..."(.,...|
00000090  a4 5f 3a 93 0f ff 1f f8  bc 97 43 0e e5 05 5d f9  |._:.......C...].|
000000a0  ef 88 02 80 49 81 f1 58  b0 48 39 19 14 e1 b1 34  |....I..X.H9....4|
000000b0  f6 b0 9b 0a 9c 53 27 2b  23 b9 e6 52 b4 96 81 70  |.....S'+#..R...p|
000000c0  a7 b6 7b 4f 44 d4 9c 07  51 a3 1b 22 96 4c 24 6c  |..{OD...Q..".L$l|
000000d0  44 6c db 53 f5 31 e6 3f  15 7b 4c 23 06 c1 37 73  |Dl.S.1.?.{L#..7s|
000000e0  e1 97 8e 4e 1a 2e 2c 1a  da 85 c3 ff 42 92 d0 f1  |...N..,.....B...|
000000f0  87 b8 39 89 e8 46 2e b3  56 68 41 b8 1e 29 3d ba  |..9..F..VhA..)=.|
00000100  dd d8 27 4c 7f d5 fe 97  3c a3 92 e9 3d ae 47 ee  |..'L....<...=.G.|
00000110  24 6a 0b 7c ac b8 28 e6  25 a6 ce 04 80 ee c2 eb  |$j.|..(.%.......|
00000120  4c 86 fa 70 66 13 63 59  03 c2 70 57 8b fb a1 d6  |L..pf.cY..pW....|
00000130  f2 58 08 84 43 f3 70 7f  ad d8 30 63 3e ef ff b6  |.X..C.p...0c>...|
00000140  b2 06 c3 45 c5 d8 89 d3  47 4a 72 ca 20 9b cf b5  |...E....GJr. ...|
00000150  4b 3d 6d b4 58 ae 42 4b  7f 0a                    |K=m.X.BK..|
0000015a

The etcd key should be prefixed with k8s:enc:aescbc:v1:key1, which indicates the aescbc provider was used to encrypt the data with the key1 encryption key.

Deployments

In this section you will verify the ability to create and manage Deployments.

Create a deployment for the nginx web server:

kubectl create deployment nginx \
  --image=nginx:latest

List the pod created by the nginx deployment:

kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-56fcf95486-c8dnx   1/1     Running   0          8s

Port Forwarding

In this section you will verify the ability to access applications remotely using port forwarding.

Retrieve the full name of the nginx pod:

POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -l app=nginx \
  -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")

Forward port 8080 on your local machine to port 80 of the nginx pod:

kubectl port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:80
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 80
Forwarding from [::1]:8080 -> 80

In a new terminal make an HTTP request using the forwarding address:

curl --head http://127.0.0.1:8080
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.27.2
Date: Thu, 14 Nov 2024 00:16:32 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 615
Last-Modified: Wed, 02 Oct 2024 15:13:19 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "66fd630f-267"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

Switch back to the previous terminal and stop the port forwarding to the nginx pod:

Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 80
Forwarding from [::1]:8080 -> 80
Handling connection for 8080
^C

Logs

In this section you will verify the ability to retrieve container logs.

Print the nginx pod logs:

kubectl logs $POD_NAME
...
127.0.0.1 - - [14/Nov/2024:00:16:32 +0000] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "curl/7.88.1" "-"

Exec

In this section you will verify the ability to execute commands in a container.

Print the nginx version by executing the nginx -v command in the nginx container:

kubectl exec -ti $POD_NAME -- nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.27.2

Services

In this section you will verify the ability to expose applications using a Service.

Expose the nginx deployment using a NodePort service:

kubectl expose deployment nginx \
  --port 80 --type NodePort

The LoadBalancer service type can not be used because your cluster is not configured with cloud provider integration. Setting up cloud provider integration is out of scope for this tutorial.

Retrieve the node port assigned to the nginx service:

NODE_PORT=$(kubectl get svc nginx \
  --output=jsonpath='{range .spec.ports[0]}{.nodePort}')

Make an HTTP request using the IP address and the nginx node port:

curl -I http://node-0:${NODE_PORT}
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.25.3
Date: Sun, 29 Oct 2023 05:11:15 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 615
Last-Modified: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 13:46:47 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "6537cac7-267"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

Next: Cleaning Up