Fix docker deployment for ubuntu 23 EOL.

[rick-github]

Summary

Ubuntu 23 has EOL'd and the docker image fails to build. Updates to Ubuntu 24 LTS and replaces libgl1-mesa-glx which is no longer available. Also fixes a broken continuation in the Dockerfile, does a sanity check of the passwd file, and sets some environment variables so that caching is done in $INVOKEAI_ROOT.

Related Issues / Discussions

Closes: #7387

QA Instructions

Merge Plan

Checklist

• [ x] The PR has a short but descriptive title, suitable for a changelog
• Tests added / updated (if applicable)
• Documentation added / updated (if applicable)
• Updated What's New copy (if doing a release after this PR)

[ebr]

Thanks for the contribution @rick-github . I think the best path forward would be to upgrade to ubuntu 24.04. We should be able to get this sorted in the next couple of days.
EDIT: mind if i contribute to your PR instead of starting a new one?

[rick-github]

Sure, feel free to add/modify.

[rick-github]

Updated to Ubuntu 24, moved python requirement to 3.13.

[ebr]

@rick-github This grew into a bit of a bigger change, and I didn't want to push directly to main of your fork. So I opened another PR: #7401. Your commits are included unchanged, so you're still getting the attribution. Would appreciate you testing it out!
Thanks again for getting this started, it's been long overdue.

[ebr]

I'm gong to close this PR as it's superceded by #7401. Let's continue there.