diff --git a/.textlintrc.js b/.textlintrc.js
index e0a4ad87b..cc626c6e4 100644
--- a/.textlintrc.js
+++ b/.textlintrc.js
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ module.exports = {
     'max-doc-width': 360,
     'unexpanded-acronym': {
       ignore_acronyms: [
+        'JIT',
+        'AOT',
         'UMD',
         'NPM',
         'CDN',
diff --git a/benchmark/complex-jit-aot.mjs b/benchmark/complex-jit-aot.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50a105364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex-jit-aot.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { createCommonJS } from 'mlly'
+import { baseCompile } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import {
+  translate,
+  createCoreContext,
+  compile,
+  registerMessageCompiler,
+  clearCompileCache
+} from '@intlify/core-base'
+import { createI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
+import { resolve, dirname } from 'pathe'
+import { readJson } from './utils.mjs'
+
+const { require } = createCommonJS(import.meta.url)
+const { Suite } = require('benchmark')
+
+function precompile(data) {
+  const keys = Object.keys(data)
+  keys.forEach(key => {
+    const { ast } = baseCompile(data[key], { jit: true, location: false })
+    data[key] = ast
+  })
+  return data
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const resources = await readJson(
+    resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/complex.json')
+  )
+  const len = Object.keys(resources).length
+
+  console.log(`complex pattern on ${len} resources (JIT + AOT):`)
+  console.log()
+
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+  const precompiledResources = precompile(resources)
+
+  const ctx = createCoreContext({
+    locale: 'en',
+    modifiers: {
+      caml: val => val
+    },
+    messages: {
+      en: precompiledResources
+    }
+  })
+
+  const i18n = createI18n({
+    legacy: false,
+    locale: 'en',
+    modifiers: {
+      caml: val => val
+    },
+    messages: {
+      en: precompiledResources
+    }
+  })
+
+  new Suite('complex pattern')
+    .add(`resolve time with core`, () => {
+      translate(ctx, 'complex500', 2)
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition`, () => {
+      clearCompileCache()
+      i18n.global.t('complex500', 2)
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition with compile cache`, () => {
+      i18n.global.t('complex500', 2)
+    })
+    .on('error', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .on('cycle', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .run()
+}
+
+main().catch(err => {
+  console.error(err)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/benchmark/complex-jit.mjs b/benchmark/complex-jit.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a46c9d2d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/complex-jit.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { createCommonJS } from 'mlly'
+import {
+  translate,
+  createCoreContext,
+  compile,
+  registerMessageCompiler,
+  clearCompileCache
+} from '@intlify/core-base'
+import { createI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
+import { resolve, dirname } from 'pathe'
+import { readJson } from './utils.mjs'
+
+const { require } = createCommonJS(import.meta.url)
+const { Suite } = require('benchmark')
+
+async function main() {
+  const resources = await readJson(
+    resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/complex.json')
+  )
+  const len = Object.keys(resources).length
+
+  console.log(`complex pattern on ${len} resources (JIT):`)
+  console.log()
+
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+
+  const ctx = createCoreContext({
+    locale: 'en',
+    modifiers: {
+      caml: val => val
+    },
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
+
+  const i18n = createI18n({
+    legacy: false,
+    locale: 'en',
+    modifiers: {
+      caml: val => val
+    },
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
+
+  new Suite('complex pattern')
+    .add(`resolve time with core`, () => {
+      translate(ctx, 'complex500', 2)
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition`, () => {
+      clearCompileCache()
+      i18n.global.t('complex500', 2)
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition with compile cache`, () => {
+      i18n.global.t('complex500', 2)
+    })
+    .on('error', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .on('cycle', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .run()
+}
+
+main().catch(err => {
+  console.error(err)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/benchmark/complex.mjs b/benchmark/complex.mjs
index a53b188fd..16583efb6 100644
--- a/benchmark/complex.mjs
+++ b/benchmark/complex.mjs
@@ -12,51 +12,45 @@ const { require } = createCommonJS(import.meta.url)
 const { Suite } = require('benchmark')
 
 async function main() {
-  const data = await readJson(resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/complex.json'))
-  const len = Object.keys(data).length
+  const resources = await readJson(
+    resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/complex.json')
+  )
+  const len = Object.keys(resources).length
 
-  console.log(`complex pattern on ${len} resources:`)
+  console.log(`complex pattern on ${len} resources (AOT):`)
   console.log()
 
-  let i18n
+  const ctx = createCoreContext({
+    locale: 'en',
+    modifiers: {
+      caml: val => val
+    },
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
+
+  const i18n = createI18n({
+    legacy: false,
+    locale: 'en',
+    modifiers: {
+      caml: val => val
+    },
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
 
   new Suite('complex pattern')
     .add(`resolve time with core`, () => {
-      const ctx = createCoreContext({
-        locale: 'en',
-        modifiers: {
-          caml: val => val
-        },
-        messages: {
-          en: data
-        }
-      })
-      for (const [key] of Object.entries(data)) {
-        translate(ctx, key, 2)
-      }
+      translate(ctx, 'complex500', 2)
     })
     .add(`resolve time on composition`, () => {
       clearCompileCache()
-
-      i18n = createI18n({
-        legacy: false,
-        locale: 'en',
-        modifiers: {
-          caml: val => val
-        },
-        messages: {
-          en: data
-        }
-      })
-
-      for (const [key] of Object.entries(data)) {
-        i18n.global.t(key, 2)
-      }
+      i18n.global.t('complex500', 2)
     })
     .add(`resolve time on composition with compile cache`, () => {
-      for (const [key] of Object.entries(data)) {
-        i18n.global.t(key, 2)
-      }
+      i18n.global.t('complex500', 2)
     })
     .on('error', event => {
       console.log(String(event.target))
diff --git a/benchmark/index.mjs b/benchmark/index.mjs
index 21ac71591..accf768ad 100644
--- a/benchmark/index.mjs
+++ b/benchmark/index.mjs
@@ -1,26 +1,38 @@
-import { exec } from 'child_process'
-import { dirname } from 'pathe'
+import { spawn } from 'child_process'
 
 function run(pattner) {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    exec(
-      `node ./benchmark/${pattner}.mjs`,
-      { cwd: dirname('.') },
-      (error, stdout) => {
-        if (error) {
-          return reject(error)
-        }
-        console.log(stdout)
+    const child = spawn('node', [`./benchmark/${pattner}.mjs`], {
+      stdio: 'inherit'
+    })
+
+    child.once('error', err => {
+      reject(err)
+    })
+
+    child.once('exit', code => {
+      if (code !== 0) {
+        reject(new Error(`exit with code ${code}`))
+      } else {
         resolve()
       }
-    )
+    })
   })
 }
 
 ;(async () => {
   try {
-    for (const p of ['compile', 'simple', 'complex']) {
+    for (const p of [
+      'compile',
+      'simple',
+      'simple-jit',
+      'simple-jit-aot',
+      'complex',
+      'complex-jit',
+      'complex-jit-aot'
+    ]) {
       await run(p)
+      console.log()
     }
   } catch (e) {
     console.error(e)
diff --git a/benchmark/simple-jit-aot.mjs b/benchmark/simple-jit-aot.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9229bb37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/simple-jit-aot.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { createCommonJS } from 'mlly'
+import { baseCompile } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import {
+  translate,
+  createCoreContext,
+  compile,
+  registerMessageCompiler,
+  clearCompileCache
+} from '@intlify/core-base'
+import { createI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
+import { resolve, dirname } from 'pathe'
+import { readJson } from './utils.mjs'
+
+const { require } = createCommonJS(import.meta.url)
+const { Suite } = require('benchmark')
+
+function precompile(data) {
+  const keys = Object.keys(data)
+  keys.forEach(key => {
+    const { ast } = baseCompile(data[key], { jit: true, location: false })
+    data[key] = ast
+  })
+  return data
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const resources = await readJson(
+    resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/simple.json')
+  )
+  const len = Object.keys(resources).length
+
+  console.log(`simple pattern on ${len} resources (JIT + AOT):`)
+  console.log()
+
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+  const precompiledResources = precompile(resources)
+
+  const ctx = createCoreContext({
+    locale: 'en',
+    messages: {
+      en: precompiledResources
+    }
+  })
+  const i18n = createI18n({
+    legacy: false,
+    locale: 'en',
+    messages: {
+      en: precompiledResources
+    }
+  })
+
+  new Suite('simple pattern')
+    .add(`resolve time with core`, () => {
+      translate(ctx, 'hello500')
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition`, () => {
+      clearCompileCache()
+      i18n.global.t('hello500')
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition with compile cache`, () => {
+      i18n.global.t('hello500')
+    })
+    .on('error', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .on('cycle', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .run()
+}
+
+main().catch(err => {
+  console.error(err)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/benchmark/simple-jit.mjs b/benchmark/simple-jit.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fad102285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/simple-jit.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import { createCommonJS } from 'mlly'
+import {
+  translate,
+  createCoreContext,
+  compile,
+  registerMessageCompiler,
+  clearCompileCache
+} from '@intlify/core-base'
+import { createI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
+import { resolve, dirname } from 'pathe'
+import { readJson } from './utils.mjs'
+
+const { require } = createCommonJS(import.meta.url)
+const { Suite } = require('benchmark')
+
+async function main() {
+  const resources = await readJson(
+    resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/simple.json')
+  )
+  const len = Object.keys(resources).length
+
+  console.log(`simple pattern on ${len} resources (JIT):`)
+  console.log()
+
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+
+  const ctx = createCoreContext({
+    locale: 'en',
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
+  const i18n = createI18n({
+    legacy: false,
+    locale: 'en',
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
+
+  new Suite('simple pattern')
+    .add(`resolve time with core`, () => {
+      translate(ctx, 'hello500')
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition`, () => {
+      clearCompileCache()
+      i18n.global.t('hello500')
+    })
+    .add(`resolve time on composition with compile cache`, () => {
+      i18n.global.t('hello500')
+    })
+    .on('error', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .on('cycle', event => {
+      console.log(String(event.target))
+    })
+    .run()
+}
+
+main().catch(err => {
+  console.error(err)
+  process.exit(1)
+})
diff --git a/benchmark/simple.mjs b/benchmark/simple.mjs
index 04a31e789..231f60068 100644
--- a/benchmark/simple.mjs
+++ b/benchmark/simple.mjs
@@ -12,44 +12,38 @@ const { require } = createCommonJS(import.meta.url)
 const { Suite } = require('benchmark')
 
 async function main() {
-  const data = await readJson(resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/simple.json'))
-  const len = Object.keys(data).length
+  const resources = await readJson(
+    resolve(dirname('.'), './benchmark/simple.json')
+  )
+  const len = Object.keys(resources).length
 
-  console.log(`simple pattern on ${len} resources:`)
+  console.log(`simple pattern on ${len} resources (AOT):`)
   console.log()
 
-  let i18n
+  const ctx = createCoreContext({
+    locale: 'en',
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
+  const i18n = createI18n({
+    legacy: false,
+    locale: 'en',
+    messages: {
+      en: resources
+    }
+  })
 
-  new Suite('complex pattern')
+  new Suite('simple pattern')
     .add(`resolve time with core`, () => {
-      const ctx = createCoreContext({
-        locale: 'en',
-        messages: {
-          en: data
-        }
-      })
-      for (const [key] of Object.entries(data)) {
-        translate(ctx, key)
-      }
+      translate(ctx, 'hello500')
     })
     .add(`resolve time on composition`, () => {
       clearCompileCache()
-
-      i18n = createI18n({
-        legacy: false,
-        locale: 'en',
-        messages: {
-          en: data
-        }
-      })
-      for (const [key] of Object.entries(data)) {
-        i18n.global.t(key)
-      }
+      i18n.global.t('hello500')
     })
     .add(`resolve time on composition with compile cache`, () => {
-      for (const [key] of Object.entries(data)) {
-        i18n.global.t(key)
-      }
+      i18n.global.t('hello500')
     })
     .on('error', event => {
       console.log(String(event.target))
diff --git a/docs/guide/advanced/optimization.md b/docs/guide/advanced/optimization.md
index 35e0a26a2..9f52f10e9 100644
--- a/docs/guide/advanced/optimization.md
+++ b/docs/guide/advanced/optimization.md
@@ -14,10 +14,21 @@ For bundler, it’s configured to bundle `vue-i18n.esm-bundler.js` with [`@intli
 IF [CSP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP) is enabled, `vue-i18n.esm-bundler.js` would not work with compiler due to `eval` statements. These statements violate the `default-src 'self'` header. Instead you need to use `vue-i18n.runtime.esm-bundler.js`.
 :::
 
+:::warning NOTICE
+From v9.3, the CSP issue can be worked around by JIT compilation of the vue-i18n message compiler. See [JIT compilation for details](#jit-compilation).
+:::
+
 The use of this ES Module means that **all locale messages have to pre-compile to Message functions**. what this means it improves performance because vue-i18n just only execute Message functions, so no compilation.
 
 Also, the message compiler is not bundled, therefore **bundle size can be reduced**
 
+:::warning NOTICE
+If you are using the JIT compilation, all locale messages will not necessarily be compiled with the Message function.
+
+Also, since the message compiler is also bundled, the bundle size cannot be reduced. **This is a trade-off**.
+:::
+
+
 ## How to configure
 
 We can configure these modules with module path using the module resolve alias feature (e.g. `resolve.alias` vite and webpack) of some bundler, but It takes time and effort.
@@ -182,19 +193,49 @@ About options and features, see the detail [page](https://github.com/intlify/bun
 
 No need to do anything. [Quasar CLI](https://quasar.dev) takes care of the optimizations for you.
 
-## Reduce bundle size with feature build flags
+
+## Feature build flags
+
+### Reduce bundle size with tree-shaking
 
 The `esm-bundler` builds now exposes global feature flags that can be overwritten at compile time:
 
 - `__VUE_I18N_FULL_INSTALL__` (enable/disable, in addition to vue-i18n APIs, components and directives all fully support installation: `true`)
 - `__VUE_I18N_LEGACY_API__` (enable/disable vue-i18n legacy style APIs support, default: `true`)
-- `__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__` (enable/disable `@intlify/devtools` support in production, default: `false`)
+
+The build will work without configuring these flags, however it is **strongly recommended** to properly configure them in order to get proper tree shaking in the final bundle.
+
+About how to configure for bundler, see the [here](#configure-feature-flags-for-bundler).
+
+### JIT compilation
+
+:::tip Support Version
+:new: 9.3+
+:::
+
+Before v9.3, vue-i18n message compiler precompiled locale messages like AOT.
+
+However, it had the following issues:
+
+- CSP issues: hard to work on service/web workers, edge-side runtimes of CDNs and etc.
+- Back-end integration: hard to get messages from back-end such as database via API and localize them dynamically
+
+To solve these issues, JIT style compilation is supported message compiler.
+
+the each time localization is performed in an application using `$t` or `t` functions, message resources will be compiled on message compiler.
+
+You need to configure the following feature flag with `esm-bundler` build and bundler such as vite:
+
+- `__INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__`  (enable/disable message compiler for JIT style, default: `false`) 
 
 :::warning NOTICE
-`__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__` flag is experimental, and `@intlify/devtools` is WIP yet.
+This feature is opted out as default, because compatibility with previous version before v9.3.
 :::
 
-The build will work without configuring these flags, however it is **strongly recommended** to properly configure them in order to get proper tree shaking in the final bundle. To configure these flags:
+About how to configure for bundler, see the [here](#configure-feature-flags-for-bundler).
+
+
+### Configure feature flags for bundler
 
 - webpack: use [DefinePlugin](https://webpack.js.org/plugins/define-plugin/)
 - Rollup: use [@rollup/plugin-replace](https://github.com/rollup/plugins/tree/master/packages/replace)
@@ -211,6 +252,7 @@ Also, if you are using the Vue CLI, you can use the [officially provided plugin]
 The replacement value **must be boolean literals** and cannot be strings, otherwise the bundler/minifier will not be able to properly evaluate the conditions.
 :::
 
+
 ## Pre translations with extensions
 
 You can use pre-translation(server-side rendering) with vue-i18n-extensions package.
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e3c5cd9bc..e98a997c1 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
   "scripts": {
     "benchmark": "node ./benchmark/index.mjs",
     "build": "node -r esbuild-register scripts/build.ts",
-    "build:explorer": "cd packages/format-explorer && vite build",
+    "build:explorer": "pnpm --filter @intlify/message-format-explorer build",
     "build:size": "pnpm build && run-p build:size-*",
-    "build:size-core": "cd packages/size-check-core && pnpm build",
-    "build:size-petite-vue-i18n": "cd packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n && pnpm build",
-    "build:size-vue-i18n": "cd packages/size-check-vue-i18n && pnpm build",
+    "build:size-core": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-core build",
+    "build:size-petite-vue-i18n": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-petite-vue-i18n build",
+    "build:size-vue-i18n": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-vue-i18n build",
     "build:sourcemap": "pnpm build --sourcemap",
     "build:type": "./scripts/build.sh",
     "build:typed": "pnpm build core-base vue-i18n-core --types",
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@
     "coverage": "opener coverage/index.html",
     "dev": "node -r esbuild-register scripts/dev.ts",
     "dev:e2e": "cross-env TZ=UTC vitest -c ./vitest.e2e.config.ts",
-    "dev:explorer": "vite packages/format-explorer",
+    "dev:explorer": "pnpm --filter @intlify/message-format-explorer dev",
+    "dev:size-core": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-core dev",
+    "dev:size-petite-vue-i18n": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-petite-vue-i18n dev",
+    "dev:size-vue-i18n": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-vue-i18n dev",
     "docs:apigen": "pnpm docs:apigen:core && pnpm docs:apigen:vue",
     "docs:apigen:core": "api-docs-gen ./temp/core-base.api.json -o ./docs/api -c ./docsgen.config.js -g noprefix -t ./tsdoc.json && mv ./docs/api/general.md ./docs/api/temp.md",
     "docs:apigen:vue": "api-docs-gen ./temp/vue-i18n-core.api.json -o ./docs/api -c ./docsgen.config.js -g noprefix -t ./tsdoc.json && tail -n +3 ./docs/api/temp.md >> ./docs/api/general.md && rm -rf ./docs/api/temp.md",
@@ -53,8 +56,11 @@
     "lint:secret": "npx secretlint \"**/*\"",
     "prebuild": "test \"$CI\" = true && npx pnpm install -r --store=node_modules/.pnpm-store || echo skipping pnpm install",
     "preinstall": "node ./scripts/preinstall.js",
+    "preview:explorer": "pnpm --filter @intlify/message-format-explorer preview",
+    "preview:size-core": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-core preview",
+    "preview:size-petite-vue-i18n": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-petite-vue-i18n preview",
+    "preview:size-vue-i18n": "pnpm --filter @intlify/size-check-vue-i18n preview",
     "release": "bumpp package.json packages/**/package.json --commit \"release: v\" --push --tag",
-    "serve:explorer": "cd packages/format-explorer && vite preview",
     "test": "npm-run-all lint test:cover test:type check-install test:e2e",
     "test:cover": "pnpm test:unit --coverage",
     "test:e2e": "cross-env TZ=UTC vitest run -c ./vitest.e2e.config.ts",
@@ -170,7 +176,7 @@
   "pnpm": {
     "overrides": {
       "vue": "3.3.4",
-      "vite": "^4.0.0"
+      "vite": "^4.3.9"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/compilation.ts b/packages/core-base/src/compilation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf10ee1f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/compilation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+import { warn, format, isBoolean, isString } from '@intlify/shared'
+import {
+  baseCompile as baseCompileCore,
+  defaultOnError,
+  detectHtmlTag
+} from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import { format as formatMessage } from './format'
+import { CoreErrorCodes, createCoreError } from './errors'
+
+import type {
+  CompileOptions,
+  CompileError,
+  CompilerResult,
+  ResourceNode
+} from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import type { MessageFunction, MessageFunctions } from './runtime'
+
+type CoreBaseCompileOptions = CompileOptions & {
+  warnHtmlMessage?: boolean
+}
+
+const WARN_MESSAGE = `Detected HTML in '{source}' message. Recommend not using HTML messages to avoid XSS.`
+
+function checkHtmlMessage(source: string, warnHtmlMessage?: boolean): void {
+  if (warnHtmlMessage && detectHtmlTag(source)) {
+    warn(format(WARN_MESSAGE, { source }))
+  }
+}
+
+const defaultOnCacheKey = (message: string): string => message
+let compileCache: unknown = Object.create(null)
+
+export function clearCompileCache(): void {
+  compileCache = Object.create(null)
+}
+
+function baseCompile(
+  message: string,
+  options: CoreBaseCompileOptions = {}
+): CompilerResult & { detectError: boolean } {
+  // error detecting on compile
+  let detectError = false
+  const onError = options.onError || defaultOnError
+  options.onError = (err: CompileError): void => {
+    detectError = true
+    onError(err)
+  }
+
+  // compile with mesasge-compiler
+  return { ...baseCompileCore(message, options), detectError }
+}
+
+export function compileToFunction<
+  Message = string,
+  MessageSource extends string | ResourceNode = string
+>(
+  message: MessageSource,
+  options: CoreBaseCompileOptions = {}
+): MessageFunction<Message> {
+  if (!isString(message)) {
+    throw createCoreError(CoreErrorCodes.NOT_SUPPORT_AST)
+  }
+
+  if (__RUNTIME__) {
+    __DEV__ &&
+      warn(
+        `Runtime compilation is not supported in ${
+          __BUNDLE_FILENAME__ || 'N/A'
+        }.`
+      )
+    return (() => message) as MessageFunction<Message>
+  } else {
+    // check HTML message
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    const warnHtmlMessage = isBoolean(options.warnHtmlMessage)
+      ? // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        options.warnHtmlMessage
+      : true
+    __DEV__ && checkHtmlMessage(message, warnHtmlMessage)
+
+    // check caches
+    const onCacheKey = options.onCacheKey || defaultOnCacheKey
+    const cacheKey = onCacheKey(message)
+    const cached = (compileCache as MessageFunctions<Message>)[cacheKey]
+    if (cached) {
+      return cached
+    }
+
+    // compile
+    const { code, detectError } = baseCompile(message, options)
+
+    // evaluate function
+    const msg = new Function(`return ${code}`)() as MessageFunction<Message>
+
+    // if occurred compile error, don't cache
+    return !detectError
+      ? ((compileCache as MessageFunctions<Message>)[cacheKey] = msg)
+      : msg
+  }
+}
+
+export function compile<
+  Message = string,
+  MessageSource extends string | ResourceNode = string
+>(
+  message: MessageSource,
+  options: CoreBaseCompileOptions = {}
+): MessageFunction<Message> {
+  if (isString(message)) {
+    // check HTML message
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+    const warnHtmlMessage = isBoolean(options.warnHtmlMessage)
+      ? // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        options.warnHtmlMessage
+      : true
+    __DEV__ && checkHtmlMessage(message, warnHtmlMessage)
+
+    // check caches
+    const onCacheKey = options.onCacheKey || defaultOnCacheKey
+    const cacheKey = onCacheKey(message)
+    const cached = (compileCache as MessageFunctions<Message>)[cacheKey]
+    if (cached) {
+      return cached
+    }
+
+    // compile with JIT mode
+    const { ast, detectError } = baseCompile(message, {
+      ...options,
+      location: __DEV__,
+      jit: true
+    })
+
+    // compose message function from AST
+    const msg = formatMessage<Message>(ast)
+
+    // if occurred compile error, don't cache
+    return !detectError
+      ? ((compileCache as MessageFunctions<Message>)[cacheKey] = msg)
+      : msg
+  } else {
+    // AST case (passed from bundler)
+    const cacheKey = (message as ResourceNode).cacheKey
+    if (cacheKey) {
+      const cached = (compileCache as MessageFunctions<Message>)[cacheKey]
+      if (cached) {
+        return cached
+      }
+      // compose message function from message (AST)
+      return ((compileCache as MessageFunctions<Message>)[cacheKey] =
+        formatMessage<Message>(message as ResourceNode))
+    } else {
+      return formatMessage<Message>(message as ResourceNode)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/compile.ts b/packages/core-base/src/compile.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 21f838e9f..000000000
--- a/packages/core-base/src/compile.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-import { warn, format, isBoolean } from '@intlify/shared'
-import {
-  baseCompile,
-  defaultOnError,
-  detectHtmlTag
-} from '@intlify/message-compiler'
-
-import type { CompileOptions, CompileError } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
-import type { MessageFunction, MessageFunctions } from './runtime'
-
-const WARN_MESSAGE = `Detected HTML in '{source}' message. Recommend not using HTML messages to avoid XSS.`
-
-function checkHtmlMessage(source: string, warnHtmlMessage?: boolean): void {
-  if (warnHtmlMessage && detectHtmlTag(source)) {
-    warn(format(WARN_MESSAGE, { source }))
-  }
-}
-
-const defaultOnCacheKey = (source: string): string => source
-let compileCache: unknown = Object.create(null)
-
-export function clearCompileCache(): void {
-  compileCache = Object.create(null)
-}
-
-export function compileToFunction<T = string>(
-  source: string,
-  options: CompileOptions = {}
-): MessageFunction<T> {
-  if (__RUNTIME__) {
-    __DEV__ &&
-      warn(
-        `Runtime compilation is not supported in ${
-          __BUNDLE_FILENAME__ || 'N/A'
-        }.`
-      )
-    return (() => source) as MessageFunction<T>
-  } else {
-    // check HTML message
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-    const warnHtmlMessage = isBoolean((options as any).warnHtmlMessage)
-      ? // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-        (options as any).warnHtmlMessage
-      : true
-    __DEV__ && checkHtmlMessage(source, warnHtmlMessage)
-
-    // check caches
-    const onCacheKey = options.onCacheKey || defaultOnCacheKey
-    const key = onCacheKey(source)
-    const cached = (compileCache as MessageFunctions<T>)[key]
-    if (cached) {
-      return cached
-    }
-
-    // compile error detecting
-    let occurred = false
-    const onError = options.onError || defaultOnError
-    options.onError = (err: CompileError): void => {
-      occurred = true
-      onError(err)
-    }
-
-    // compile
-    const { code } = baseCompile(source, options)
-
-    // evaluate function
-    const msg = new Function(`return ${code}`)() as MessageFunction<T>
-
-    // if occurred compile error, don't cache
-    return !occurred ? ((compileCache as MessageFunctions<T>)[key] = msg) : msg
-  }
-}
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/context.ts b/packages/core-base/src/context.ts
index c847d00d7..e734e9a79 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/src/context.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/context.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import { CoreWarnCodes, getWarnMessage } from './warnings'
 import { resolveWithKeyValue } from './resolver'
 import { fallbackWithSimple } from './fallbacker'
 
-import type { CompileOptions } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import type { CompileOptions, ResourceNode } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
 import type { VueDevToolsEmitter } from '@intlify/vue-devtools'
 import type { Path, MessageResolver } from './resolver'
 import type {
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import type {
   PluralizationRules,
   MessageProcessor,
   MessageFunction,
+  MessageFunctionReturn,
   MessageType
 } from './runtime'
 import type {
@@ -95,12 +96,15 @@ export type CoreMissingHandler<Message = string> = (
 
 /** @VueI18nGeneral */
 export type PostTranslationHandler<Message = string> = (
-  translated: MessageType<Message>,
+  translated: MessageFunctionReturn<Message>,
   key: string
-) => MessageType<Message>
+) => MessageFunctionReturn<Message>
 
-export type MessageCompiler<Message = string> = (
-  source: string,
+export type MessageCompiler<
+  Message = string,
+  MessageSource extends string | ResourceNode = string
+> = (
+  message: MessageSource,
   options?: CompileOptions
 ) => MessageFunction<Message>
 
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ export interface CoreOptions<
   processor?: MessageProcessor<Message>
   warnHtmlMessage?: boolean
   escapeParameter?: boolean
-  messageCompiler?: MessageCompiler<Message>
+  messageCompiler?: MessageCompiler<Message, string | ResourceNode>
   messageResolver?: MessageResolver
   localeFallbacker?: LocaleFallbacker
   fallbackContext?: CoreContext<Message, MessagesLocales, DateTimeFormatsLocales, NumberFormatsLocales>
@@ -205,7 +209,7 @@ export interface CoreTranslationContext<Messages = {}, Message = string> {
   processor: MessageProcessor<Message> | null
   warnHtmlMessage: boolean
   escapeParameter: boolean
-  messageCompiler: MessageCompiler<Message> | null
+  messageCompiler: MessageCompiler<Message, string | ResourceNode> | null
   messageResolver: MessageResolver
 }
 
@@ -298,7 +302,7 @@ function getDefaultLinkedModifiers<
 let _compiler: unknown | null
 
 export function registerMessageCompiler<Message>(
-  compiler: MessageCompiler<Message>
+  compiler: MessageCompiler<Message, string | ResourceNode>
 ): void {
   _compiler = compiler
 }
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/errors.ts b/packages/core-base/src/errors.ts
index e52b2f715..3dd25b469 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/src/errors.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/errors.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ export const CoreErrorCodes = {
   INVALID_ARGUMENT: code, // 15
   INVALID_DATE_ARGUMENT: inc(), // 16
   INVALID_ISO_DATE_ARGUMENT: inc(), // 17
-  __EXTEND_POINT__: inc() // 18
+  NOT_SUPPORT_AST: inc(), // 18
+  __EXTEND_POINT__: inc() // 19
 } as const
 
 export type CoreErrorCodes =
@@ -36,5 +37,6 @@ export const errorMessages: { [code: number]: string } = {
     'The date provided is an invalid Date object.' +
     'Make sure your Date represents a valid date.',
   [CoreErrorCodes.INVALID_ISO_DATE_ARGUMENT]:
-    'The argument provided is not a valid ISO date string'
+    'The argument provided is not a valid ISO date string',
+  [CoreErrorCodes.NOT_SUPPORT_AST]: 'Not support AST'
 }
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/format.ts b/packages/core-base/src/format.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b257f6257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/format.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import { NodeTypes } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+
+import type {
+  Node,
+  TextNode,
+  LiteralNode,
+  ListNode,
+  MessageNode,
+  NamedNode,
+  LinkedNode,
+  LinkedKeyNode,
+  LinkedModifierNode,
+  ResourceNode
+} from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import type {
+  MessageContext,
+  MessageFunction,
+  MessageType,
+  MessageFunctionReturn
+} from './runtime'
+
+export function format<Message = string>(
+  ast: ResourceNode
+): MessageFunction<Message> {
+  const msg = (ctx: MessageContext<Message>): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> =>
+    formatParts<Message>(ctx, ast)
+  // TODO: add meta data for vue-devtools debugging, such as `key`, `source` and `locale`
+  // TODO: optimization for static text message
+  return msg
+}
+
+function formatParts<Message = string>(
+  ctx: MessageContext<Message>,
+  ast: ResourceNode
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> {
+  if (ast.body.type === NodeTypes.Plural) {
+    return ctx.plural(
+      ast.body.cases.reduce(
+        (messages, c) =>
+          [
+            ...messages,
+            formatMessageParts(ctx, c)
+          ] as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>,
+        [] as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>
+      ) as Message[]
+    ) as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>
+  } else {
+    return formatMessageParts(ctx, ast.body)
+  }
+}
+
+function formatMessageParts<Message = string>(
+  ctx: MessageContext<Message>,
+  node: MessageNode
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> {
+  if (node.static) {
+    return ctx.type === 'text'
+      ? (node.static as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>)
+      : ctx.normalize([node.static] as MessageType<Message>[])
+  } else {
+    const messages = node.items.reduce(
+      (acm, c) => [...acm, formatMessagePart(ctx, c)],
+      [] as MessageType<Message>[]
+    )
+    return ctx.normalize(messages) as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>
+  }
+}
+
+function formatMessagePart<Message = string>(
+  ctx: MessageContext<Message>,
+  node: Node
+): MessageType<Message> {
+  switch (node.type) {
+    case NodeTypes.Text:
+      return (node as TextNode).value as MessageType<Message>
+    case NodeTypes.Literal:
+      return (node as LiteralNode).value as MessageType<Message>
+    case NodeTypes.Named:
+      return ctx.interpolate(ctx.named((node as NamedNode).key))
+    case NodeTypes.List:
+      return ctx.interpolate(ctx.list((node as ListNode).index))
+    case NodeTypes.Linked:
+      return ctx.linked(
+        formatMessagePart(ctx, (node as LinkedNode).key) as string,
+        (node as LinkedNode).modifier
+          ? (formatMessagePart(ctx, (node as LinkedNode).modifier!) as string)
+          : undefined,
+        ctx.type
+      )
+    case NodeTypes.LinkedKey:
+      return (node as LinkedKeyNode).value as MessageType<Message>
+    case NodeTypes.LinkedModifier:
+      return (node as LinkedModifierNode).value as MessageType<Message>
+    default:
+      throw new Error(
+        `unhandled node type on format message part: ${node.type}`
+      )
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/index.ts b/packages/core-base/src/index.ts
index 2c141e85a..2869fea3a 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { getGlobalThis } from '@intlify/shared'
+import { initFeatureFlags } from './misc'
 
 export {
   CompileError,
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export * from './resolver'
 export * from './runtime'
 export * from './context'
 export * from './fallbacker'
-export * from './compile'
+export * from './compilation'
 export * from './translate'
 export * from './datetime'
 export * from './number'
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ export { CoreError, CoreErrorCodes, createCoreError } from './errors'
 export * from './types'
 export * from './devtools'
 
-// TODO: we could not exports for Node native ES Moudles yet...
-
 if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
-  if (typeof __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__ !== 'boolean') {
-    getGlobalThis().__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__ = false
-  }
+  initFeatureFlags()
 }
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/misc.ts b/packages/core-base/src/misc.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f64a2fc17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/misc.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import { getGlobalThis } from '@intlify/shared'
+
+/**
+ * This is only called in esm-bundler builds.
+ * istanbul-ignore-next
+ */
+export function initFeatureFlags(): void {
+  if (typeof __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__ !== 'boolean') {
+    getGlobalThis().__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__ = false
+  }
+
+  if (typeof __FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__ !== 'boolean') {
+    getGlobalThis().__INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__ = false
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/runtime.ts b/packages/core-base/src/runtime.ts
index c267f67b2..133897259 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/runtime.ts
@@ -36,11 +36,15 @@ export type MessageType<T = string> = T extends string
   ? string
   : StringConvertable<T>
 
+export type MessageFunctionReturn<T = string> = T extends string
+  ? MessageType<T>
+  : MessageType<T>[]
+
 export type MessageFunctionCallable = <T = string>(
   ctx: MessageContext<T>
-) => MessageType<T>
+) => MessageFunctionReturn<T>
 export type MessageFunctionInternal<T = string> = {
-  (ctx: MessageContext<T>): MessageType<T>
+  (ctx: MessageContext<T>): MessageFunctionReturn<T>
   key?: string
   locale?: string
   source?: string
@@ -54,8 +58,8 @@ export type MessageResolveFunction<T = string> = (
 ) => MessageFunction<T>
 
 export type MessageNormalize<T = string> = (
-  values: MessageType<string | T>[]
-) => MessageType<T | T[]>
+  values: MessageType<T>[]
+) => MessageFunctionReturn<T>
 export type MessageInterpolate<T = string> = (val: unknown) => MessageType<T>
 export interface MessageProcessor<T = string> {
   type?: string
@@ -244,11 +248,12 @@ export function createMessageContext<T = string, N = {}>(
         type = arg2 || type
       }
     }
-    let msg = message(key)(ctx)
-    // The message in vnode resolved with linked are returned as an array by processor.nomalize
-    if (type === 'vnode' && isArray(msg) && modifier) {
-      msg = msg[0]
-    }
+    const ret = message(key)(ctx)
+    const msg =
+      // The message in vnode resolved with linked are returned as an array by processor.nomalize
+      type === 'vnode' && isArray(ret) && modifier
+        ? ret[0]
+        : (ret as MessageType<T>)
     return modifier ? _modifier(modifier)(msg as T, type) : msg
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/core-base/src/translate.ts b/packages/core-base/src/translate.ts
index 78da45191..5e3d5cedf 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/src/translate.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/src/translate.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,11 @@ import { CoreErrorCodes, createCoreError } from './errors'
 import { translateDevTools } from './devtools'
 import { VueDevToolsTimelineEvents } from '@intlify/vue-devtools'
 
-import type { CompileOptions, CompileError } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import type {
+  CompileOptions,
+  CompileError,
+  ResourceNode
+} from '@intlify/message-compiler'
 import type { AdditionalPayloads } from '@intlify/devtools-if'
 import type { Path, PathValue } from './resolver'
 import type {
@@ -37,9 +41,9 @@ import type {
   FallbackLocale,
   NamedValue,
   MessageFunction,
+  MessageFunctionReturn,
   MessageFunctionInternal,
   MessageContextOptions,
-  MessageType,
   MessageContext
 } from './runtime'
 import type {
@@ -53,6 +57,9 @@ const NOOP_MESSAGE_FUNCTION = () => ''
 export const isMessageFunction = <T>(val: unknown): val is MessageFunction<T> =>
   isFunction(val)
 
+export const isMessageAST = (val: unknown): val is ResourceNode =>
+  isObject(val) && val.type === 0 && 'body' in val
+
 /**
  *  # translate
  *
@@ -167,7 +174,7 @@ export function translate<
 >(
   context: Context,
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -180,7 +187,7 @@ export function translate<
   context: Context,
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   plural: number
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -194,7 +201,7 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   plural: number,
   options: TranslateOptions<Context['locale']>
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -207,7 +214,7 @@ export function translate<
   context: Context,
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   defaultMsg: string
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -221,7 +228,7 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   defaultMsg: string,
   options: TranslateOptions<Context['locale']>
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -234,7 +241,7 @@ export function translate<
   context: Context,
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   list: unknown[]
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -248,7 +255,7 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   list: unknown[],
   plural: number
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -262,7 +269,7 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   list: unknown[],
   defaultMsg: string
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -276,7 +283,7 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   list: unknown[],
   options: TranslateOptions<Context['locale']>
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -289,7 +296,7 @@ export function translate<
   context: Context,
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   named: NamedValue
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -303,7 +310,7 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   named: NamedValue,
   plural: number
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -317,7 +324,7 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   named: NamedValue,
   defaultMsg: string
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
@@ -331,13 +338,16 @@ export function translate<
   key: Key | ResourceKeys | number | MessageFunction<Message>,
   named: NamedValue,
   options: TranslateOptions<Context['locale']>
-): MessageType<Message> | number
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number
 
 // implementation of `translate` function
 export function translate<
   Context extends CoreContext<Message, {}, {}, {}>,
   Message = string
->(context: Context, ...args: unknown[]): MessageType<Message> | number {
+>(
+  context: Context,
+  ...args: unknown[]
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> | number {
   const {
     fallbackFormat,
     postTranslation,
@@ -408,7 +418,11 @@ export function translate<
   let cacheBaseKey = key
   if (
     !resolvedMessage &&
-    !(isString(format) || isMessageFunction<Message>(format))
+    !(
+      isString(format) ||
+      isMessageAST(format) ||
+      isMessageFunction<Message>(format)
+    )
   ) {
     if (enableDefaultMsg) {
       format = defaultMsgOrKey
@@ -419,12 +433,17 @@ export function translate<
   // checking message format and target locale
   if (
     !resolvedMessage &&
-    (!(isString(format) || isMessageFunction<Message>(format)) ||
+    (!(
+      isString(format) ||
+      isMessageAST(format) ||
+      isMessageFunction<Message>(format)
+    ) ||
       !isString(targetLocale))
   ) {
-    return unresolving ? NOT_REOSLVED : (key as MessageType<Message>)
+    return unresolving ? NOT_REOSLVED : (key as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>)
   }
 
+  // TODO: refactor
   if (__DEV__ && isString(format) && context.messageCompiler == null) {
     warn(
       `The message format compilation is not supported in this build. ` +
@@ -432,7 +451,7 @@ export function translate<
         `You need to pre-compilation all message format. ` +
         `So translate function return '${key}'.`
     )
-    return key as MessageType<Message>
+    return key as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>
   }
 
   // setup compile error detecting
@@ -455,7 +474,7 @@ export function translate<
 
   // if occurred compile error, return the message format
   if (occurred) {
-    return format as MessageType<Message>
+    return format as MessageFunctionReturn<Message>
   }
 
   // evaluate message with context
@@ -614,7 +633,10 @@ function resolveMessageFormat<Messages, Message>(
       }
     }
 
-    if (isString(format) || isFunction(format)) break
+    if (isString(format) || isMessageAST(format) || isMessageFunction(format)) {
+      break
+    }
+
     const missingRet = handleMissing(
       context as any, // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
       key,
@@ -667,12 +689,12 @@ function compileMessageFormat<Messages, Message>(
   }
 
   const msg = messageCompiler(
-    format as string,
+    format as string | ResourceNode,
     getCompileOptions(
       context,
       targetLocale,
       cacheBaseKey,
-      format as string,
+      format as string | ResourceNode,
       warnHtmlMessage,
       errorDetector
     )
@@ -707,7 +729,7 @@ function evaluateMessage<Messages, Message>(
   context: CoreContext<Message, Messages>,
   msg: MessageFunction<Message>,
   msgCtx: MessageContext<Message>
-): MessageType<Message> {
+): MessageFunctionReturn<Message> {
   // for vue-devtools timeline event
   let start: number | null = null
   let startTag: string | undefined
@@ -785,7 +807,7 @@ function getCompileOptions<Messages, Message>(
   context: CoreContext<Message, Messages>,
   locale: Locale,
   key: string,
-  source: string,
+  source: string | ResourceNode,
   warnHtmlMessage: boolean,
   errorDetector?: (err: CompileError) => void
 ): CompileOptions {
@@ -794,18 +816,20 @@ function getCompileOptions<Messages, Message>(
     onError: (err: CompileError): void => {
       errorDetector && errorDetector(err)
       if (!__BRIDGE__ && __DEV__) {
+        const _source = getSourceForCodeFrame(source)
         const message = `Message compilation error: ${err.message}`
         const codeFrame =
           err.location &&
+          _source &&
           generateCodeFrame(
-            source,
+            _source,
             err.location.start.offset,
             err.location.end.offset
           )
         const emitter = (context as unknown as CoreInternalContext).__v_emitter
-        if (emitter) {
+        if (emitter && _source) {
           emitter.emit(VueDevToolsTimelineEvents.COMPILE_ERROR, {
-            message: source,
+            message: _source,
             error: err.message,
             start: err.location && err.location.start.offset,
             end: err.location && err.location.end.offset,
@@ -822,6 +846,17 @@ function getCompileOptions<Messages, Message>(
   } as CompileOptions
 }
 
+function getSourceForCodeFrame(
+  source: string | ResourceNode
+): string | undefined {
+  if (isString(source)) {
+  } else {
+    if (source.loc?.source) {
+      return source.loc.source
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 function getMessageContextOptions<Messages, Message = string>(
   context: CoreContext<Message, Messages>,
   locale: Locale,
@@ -854,7 +889,7 @@ function getMessageContextOptions<Messages, Message = string>(
       val = resolveValue(message, key)
     }
 
-    if (isString(val)) {
+    if (isString(val) || isMessageAST(val)) {
       let occurred = false
       const errorDetector = () => {
         occurred = true
diff --git a/packages/core-base/test/compilation.test.ts b/packages/core-base/test/compilation.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ec3cc365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core-base/test/compilation.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import { baseCompile } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import {
+  compileToFunction,
+  compile,
+  clearCompileCache
+} from '../src/compilation'
+import { createMessageContext as context } from '../src/runtime'
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  clearCompileCache()
+})
+
+describe('compileToFunction', () => {
+  test('basic', () => {
+    const msg = compileToFunction('hello {name}!')
+    const ctx = context({
+      named: { name: 'kazupon' }
+    })
+    expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon!')
+  })
+
+  test('error', () => {
+    let occured = false
+    compileToFunction('hello {name!', {
+      onError: () => (occured = true)
+    })
+    expect(occured).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('compile', () => {
+  test('basic', () => {
+    const msg = compile('hello {name}!')
+    const ctx = context({
+      named: { name: 'kazupon' }
+    })
+    expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon!')
+  })
+
+  test('AST passing', () => {
+    const { ast } = baseCompile('hello {name}!')
+    const msg = compile(ast)
+    const ctx = context({
+      named: { name: 'kazupon' }
+    })
+    expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon!')
+  })
+
+  test('error', () => {
+    let occured = false
+    compile('hello {name!', {
+      onError: () => (occured = true)
+    })
+    expect(occured).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/core-base/test/datetime.test.ts b/packages/core-base/test/datetime.test.ts
index 7bf6492ec..b7b8c64e2 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/test/datetime.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/test/datetime.test.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import {
   registerMessageCompiler,
   registerLocaleFallbacker
 } from '../src/context'
-import { compileToFunction } from '../src/compile'
+import { compileToFunction } from '../src/compilation'
 import { fallbackWithLocaleChain } from '../src/fallbacker'
 
 import type { DateTimeFormats } from '../src/types'
diff --git a/packages/core-base/test/devtools.test.ts b/packages/core-base/test/devtools.test.ts
index 23625233b..7aa5ad464 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/test/devtools.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/test/devtools.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createCoreContext, translate } from '../src/index'
 import { createEmitter } from '@intlify/shared'
-import { compileToFunction } from '../src/compile'
+import { compileToFunction } from '../src/compilation'
 import { IntlifyDevToolsHooks } from '@intlify/devtools-if'
 import { setDevToolsHook, getDevToolsHook } from '../src/devtools'
 
diff --git a/packages/core-base/test/format.test.ts b/packages/core-base/test/format.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..193e87905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core-base/test/format.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import { baseCompile as compile } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+import { format } from '../src/format'
+import { createMessageContext as context } from '../src/runtime'
+
+describe('features', () => {
+  test('text: hello world', () => {
+    const { ast } = compile('hello world', { jit: true })
+    const msg = format(ast)
+    const ctx = context()
+    expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello world')
+  })
+
+  test('named: hello {name} !', () => {
+    const { ast } = compile('hello {name} !', { jit: true })
+    const msg = format(ast)
+    const ctx = context({
+      named: { name: 'kazupon' }
+    })
+    expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon !')
+  })
+
+  test('list: hello {0} !', () => {
+    const { ast } = compile('hello {0} !', { jit: true })
+    const msg = format(ast)
+    const ctx = context({
+      list: ['kazupon']
+    })
+    expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon !')
+  })
+
+  test("literal: hello {'kazupon'} !", () => {
+    const { ast } = compile("hello {'kazupon'} !", { jit: true })
+    const msg = format(ast)
+    const ctx = context({})
+    expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon !')
+  })
+
+  describe('linked', () => {
+    test('key: hello @:name !', () => {
+      const { ast } = compile('hello @:name !', { jit: true })
+      const msg = format(ast)
+      const ctx = context({
+        messages: {
+          name: () => 'kazupon'
+        }
+      })
+      expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon !')
+    })
+
+    test('list: hello @:{0} !', () => {
+      const { ast } = compile('hello @:{0} !', { jit: true })
+      const msg = format(ast)
+      const ctx = context({
+        list: ['kazupon'],
+        messages: {
+          kazupon: () => 'kazupon'
+        }
+      })
+      expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon !')
+    })
+
+    test('named: hello @:{name} !', () => {
+      const { ast } = compile('hello @:{name} !', { jit: true })
+      const msg = format(ast)
+      const ctx = context({
+        named: { name: 'kazupon' },
+        messages: {
+          kazupon: () => 'kazupon'
+        }
+      })
+      expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon !')
+    })
+
+    test("literal: hello @:{'kazupon'} !", () => {
+      const { ast } = compile("hello @:{'kazupon'} !", { jit: true })
+      const msg = format(ast)
+      const ctx = context({
+        messages: {
+          kazupon: () => 'kazupon'
+        }
+      })
+      expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello kazupon !')
+    })
+
+    test('modifier: hello @.upper:{name} !', () => {
+      const { ast } = compile('hello @.upper:{name} !', { jit: true })
+      const msg = format(ast)
+      const ctx = context({
+        modifiers: {
+          upper: (val: string) => val.toUpperCase()
+        },
+        named: { name: 'kazupon' },
+        messages: {
+          kazupon: () => 'kazupon'
+        }
+      })
+      expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('hello KAZUPON !')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('plural', () => {
+    test('simple: no apples | one apple | too much apples', () => {
+      const { ast } = compile('no apples | one apple | too much apples', {
+        jit: true
+      })
+      const msg = format(ast)
+      const ctx = context({
+        pluralIndex: 1
+      })
+      expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('one apple')
+    })
+
+    test(`@.upper:{'no apples'} | {0} apple | {n}　apples`, () => {
+      const { ast } = compile(
+        `@.upper:{'no apples'} | {0} apple | {n}　apples`,
+        { jit: true }
+      )
+      const msg = format(ast)
+      const ctx = context({
+        pluralIndex: 2,
+        modifiers: {
+          upper: (val: string) => val.toUpperCase()
+        },
+        list: [1],
+        named: {
+          n: 3
+        }
+      })
+      expect(msg(ctx)).toBe('3　apples')
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/core-base/test/number.test.ts b/packages/core-base/test/number.test.ts
index 62f36542a..7e437c8e9 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/test/number.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/test/number.test.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import {
   registerMessageCompiler,
   registerLocaleFallbacker
 } from '../src/context'
-import { compileToFunction } from '../src/compile'
+import { compileToFunction } from '../src/compilation'
 import { fallbackWithLocaleChain } from '../src/fallbacker'
 import { NumberFormats } from '../src/types/index'
 
diff --git a/packages/core-base/test/translate.test.ts b/packages/core-base/test/translate.test.ts
index ba44f33b6..f900d1bf2 100644
--- a/packages/core-base/test/translate.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core-base/test/translate.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-empty-function, @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
 
+import { baseCompile } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+
 // utils
 import * as shared from '@intlify/shared'
 vi.mock('@intlify/shared', async () => {
@@ -18,12 +20,12 @@ import {
   registerMessageResolver,
   registerLocaleFallbacker
 } from '../src/context'
-import { compileToFunction } from '../src/compile'
+import { compileToFunction, compile } from '../src/compilation'
 import { fallbackWithLocaleChain } from '../src/fallbacker'
 import { resolveValue } from '../src/resolver'
 import { createTextNode } from './helper'
 
-import type { MessageContext } from '../src/runtime'
+import type { MessageContext, MessageFunctionReturn } from '../src/runtime'
 import type { VNode } from './helper'
 import type { MessageType, MessageProcessor } from '../src/runtime'
 import type { PickupKeys } from '../src/types/utils'
@@ -622,7 +624,10 @@ describe('context pluralRule option', () => {
 describe('context postTranslation option', () => {
   test('basic', () => {
     let key = ''
-    const postTranslation = (str: string, _key: string) => {
+    const postTranslation = (
+      str: MessageFunctionReturn<string>,
+      _key: string
+    ) => {
       key = _key
       return str.trim()
     }
@@ -970,4 +975,21 @@ describe('processor', () => {
   })
 })
 
+describe('AST passing', () => {
+  test('simple text', () => {
+    registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+
+    const msg = 'hi kazupon !'
+    const { ast } = baseCompile(msg, { jit: true, location: false })
+
+    const ctx = context({
+      locale: 'en',
+      messages: {
+        en: { hi: ast }
+      }
+    })
+    expect(translate(ctx, 'hi')).toEqual('hi kazupon !')
+  })
+})
+
 /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/no-empty-function, @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
diff --git a/packages/core/package.json b/packages/core/package.json
index b1ec3ab75..4ad0b50e8 100644
--- a/packages/core/package.json
+++ b/packages/core/package.json
@@ -28,11 +28,12 @@
     "dist"
   ],
   "main": "index.js",
-  "module": "dist/core.runtime.mjs",
+  "module": "dist/core.mjs",
   "unpkg": "dist/core.global.js",
   "jsdelivr": "dist/core.global.js",
   "types": "dist/core.d.ts",
   "dependencies": {
+    "@intlify/shared": "workspace:*",
     "@intlify/core-base": "workspace:*"
   },
   "engines": {
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@
   "exports": {
     ".": {
       "types": "./dist/core.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/core.runtime.mjs",
+      "import": "./dist/core.mjs",
       "browser": "./dist/core.esm-browser.js",
       "node": {
         "import": {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/index.ts b/packages/core/src/index.ts
index 519703d99..48f252050 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/index.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
 import {
   registerMessageCompiler,
   compileToFunction,
+  compile,
   registerMessageResolver,
   resolveValue,
   registerLocaleFallbacker,
   fallbackWithLocaleChain
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
+import { initFeatureFlags } from '../../core-base/src/misc'
+
+if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
+  initFeatureFlags()
+}
 
 // register message compiler at @intlify/core
-registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+if (!__FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__) {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+} else {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+}
 
 // register message resolver at @intlify/core
 registerMessageResolver(resolveValue)
diff --git a/packages/core/src/runtime.ts b/packages/core/src/runtime.ts
index 1d5c0737f..1a58cb183 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/runtime.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ import {
   registerLocaleFallbacker,
   fallbackWithLocaleChain
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
+import { initFeatureFlags } from '../../core-base/src/misc'
+
+if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
+  initFeatureFlags()
+}
 
 // register message resolver at @intlify/core
 registerMessageResolver(resolveValue)
diff --git a/packages/format-explorer/package.json b/packages/format-explorer/package.json
index 3595a4d0c..61604efba 100644
--- a/packages/format-explorer/package.json
+++ b/packages/format-explorer/package.json
@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@
   "private": true,
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
-    "build": "vue-tsc --noEmit && vite build",
-    "serve": "vite preview",
+    "build": "vite build",
+    "preview": "vite preview",
     "clean": "yarn clean:dist && yarn clean:deps",
     "clean:dist": "rm -rf ./dist",
     "clean:deps": "rm -rf ./node_modules"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "vue": "^3.3.4",
-    "source-map": "^0.6.1",
-    "monaco-editor": "^0.39.0"
+    "source-map-js": "^1.0.2",
+    "monaco-editor": "^0.38.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@vitejs/plugin-vue": "^4.2.0",
+    "@vitejs/plugin-vue": "^4.2.3",
     "@vue/compiler-sfc": "^3.3.4",
     "vite": "^4.3.3",
-    "vue-tsc": "^1.6.5"
+    "vue-tsc": "^1.8.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/format-explorer/src/App.vue b/packages/format-explorer/src/App.vue
index 7b208c94b..9ddec3eb6 100644
--- a/packages/format-explorer/src/App.vue
+++ b/packages/format-explorer/src/App.vue
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { ref } from 'vue'
-import { SourceMapConsumer } from 'source-map'
+import { SourceMapConsumer } from 'source-map-js'
 import { baseCompile } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
 import * as monaco from 'monaco-editor'
+import { debounce } from './utils'
+
 import Navigation from './components/Navigation.vue'
 import Editor from './components/Editor.vue'
-import { debounce } from './utils'
+import Options from './components/Options.vue'
+
 import type { CompileError, CompileOptions } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
 
 interface PersistedState {
@@ -16,6 +19,7 @@ interface PersistedState {
 /**
  * states
  */
+
 const genCodes = ref<string>('')
 const compileErrors = ref<CompileError[]>([])
 const persistedState: PersistedState = JSON.parse(
@@ -25,23 +29,35 @@ const persistedState: PersistedState = JSON.parse(
 )
 const initialCodes = persistedState.src || 'hello {name}!'
 
+let _message = initialCodes
+let _compilerOptions = {}
+
 /**
  * utilties
  */
+
 let lastSuccessCode: string
-let lastSuccessfulMap: SourceMapConsumer | undefined
-async function compile(message: string): Promise<string> {
+let lastSuccessfulMap: SourceMapConsumer | null = null
+async function compile(
+  message: string,
+  options: CompileOptions = {}
+): Promise<string> {
+  _message = message
   console.clear()
 
   try {
     const start = performance.now()
 
     const errors: CompileError[] = []
-    const options = {
-      sourceMap: true,
-      onError: (err: CompileError) => errors.push(err)
-    }
-    const { code, ast, map } = baseCompile(message, options)
+    const compilerOptions = Object.assign(
+      {
+        sourceMap: true,
+        onError: (err: CompileError) => errors.push(err)
+      },
+      options
+    )
+    console.log('compile options', compilerOptions)
+    const { code, ast, map } = baseCompile(message, compilerOptions)
     if (errors.length > 0) {
       console.error(errors)
     }
@@ -51,13 +67,17 @@ async function compile(message: string): Promise<string> {
     console.log(`AST: `, ast)
     console.log('sourcemap', map)
 
-    const evalCode = new Function(`return ${code}`)()
+    // const evalCode = new Function(`return ${code}`)()
+    const evalCode = code
     lastSuccessCode =
       evalCode.toString() + `\n\n// Check the console for the AST`
-    lastSuccessfulMap = await new SourceMapConsumer(map!)
-    lastSuccessfulMap!.computeColumnSpans()
-  } catch (e) {
-    lastSuccessCode = `/* ERROR: ${e.message} (see console for more info) */`
+    lastSuccessfulMap =
+      options.sourceMap && map ? await new SourceMapConsumer(map) : null
+    lastSuccessfulMap?.computeColumnSpans()
+  } catch (e: unknown) {
+    lastSuccessCode = `/* ERROR: ${
+      (e as Error).message
+    } (see console for more info) */`
     console.error(e)
   }
 
@@ -73,10 +93,11 @@ let outputEditor: monaco.editor.IStandaloneCodeEditor | null = null
 
 // input editor model change event
 const onChangeModel = async (message: string): Promise<void> => {
+  console.log('onChangeModel', message)
   const state = JSON.stringify({ src: message } as PersistedState)
   localStorage.setItem('state', state)
   window.location.hash = encodeURIComponent(state)
-  genCodes.value = await compile(message)
+  genCodes.value = await compile(message, _compilerOptions)
 }
 
 // highlight output codes
@@ -180,13 +201,17 @@ const onReadyOutput = (editor: monaco.editor.IStandaloneCodeEditor) => {
     }, 100)
   )
 }
+
+const onChangeOptions = async (options: CompileOptions) => {
+  _compilerOptions = options
+  await onChangeModel(_message)
+}
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <div class="container">
-    <nav class="navigation">
-      <Navigation class="navigation" />
-    </nav>
+    <Navigation class="navigation" />
+    <Options @change="onChangeOptions" />
     <div class="operation">
       <Editor
         class="input"
@@ -233,14 +258,15 @@ body {
   width: 100%;
   height: 100%;
 }
+
 .navigation {
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 5%;
+  height: 48px;
   box-sizing: border-box;
   background-color: var(--bg);
   border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
-  display: contents;
+  z-index: 1;
 }
+
 .operation {
   width: 100%;
   height: 100%;
diff --git a/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Editor.vue b/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Editor.vue
index 8f503a06f..f3b27f2c5 100644
--- a/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Editor.vue
+++ b/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Editor.vue
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import {
-  defineProps,
-  defineEmits,
-  ref,
-  onMounted,
-  onUnmounted,
-  watchEffect
-} from 'vue'
+import { ref, onMounted, onUnmounted, watchEffect } from 'vue'
 import * as monaco from 'monaco-editor'
+// @ts-ignore
 import EditorWorker from 'monaco-editor/esm/vs/editor/editor.worker?worker'
+// @ts-ignore
 import JsonWorker from 'monaco-editor/esm/vs/language/json/json.worker?worker'
+// @ts-ignore
 import CssWorker from 'monaco-editor/esm/vs/language/css/css.worker?worker'
+// @ts-ignore
 import HtmlWorker from 'monaco-editor/esm/vs/language/html/html.worker?worker'
+// @ts-ignore
 import TsWorker from 'monaco-editor/esm/vs/language/typescript/ts.worker?worker'
 import theme from '../theme'
 import { debounce as _debounce } from '../utils'
-import type { PropType } from 'vue'
 import type { CompileError } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
 
 // @ts-ignore
@@ -37,23 +34,18 @@ self.MonacoEnvironment = {
   }
 }
 
-const props = defineProps({
-  code: {
-    type: String,
-    default: () => ''
-  },
-  debounce: {
-    type: Boolean,
-    default: () => false
-  },
-  language: {
-    type: String,
-    default: () => 'javascript'
-  },
-  errors: {
-    type: Array as PropType<CompileError[]>,
-    default: () => []
-  }
+export interface Props {
+  code?: string
+  debounce?: boolean
+  language?: string
+  errors?: CompileError[]
+}
+
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
+  code: () => '',
+  debounce: () => false,
+  language: () => 'javascript',
+  errors: () => []
 })
 
 const emit = defineEmits({
diff --git a/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Navigation.vue b/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Navigation.vue
index f49f8ec4b..bdae1d0c3 100644
--- a/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Navigation.vue
+++ b/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Navigation.vue
@@ -5,15 +5,17 @@ const commitHistoryURL = 'https://app.netlify.com/sites/format-explorer/deploys'
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <h2>Intlify Message Format Explorer</h2>
-  <!-- eslint-disable-next-line vue/no-multiple-template-root -->
-  <a :href="commitURL" target="_blank">{{ commitLabel }}</a>
-  |
-  <a :href="commitHistoryURL" target="_blank">History</a>
+  <div>
+    <h1>Intlify Message Format Explorer</h1>
+    <a :href="commitURL" target="_blank">{{ commitLabel }}</a>
+    |
+    <a :href="commitHistoryURL" target="_blank">History</a>
+  </div>
 </template>
 
 <style scoped>
-h2 {
+h1 {
+  font-size: 1.6rem;
   margin: 0;
   margin-left: 2rem;
   margin-right: 2rem;
diff --git a/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Options.vue b/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Options.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a24e312ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/format-explorer/src/components/Options.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { reactive, watch, watchEffect } from 'vue'
+import type { CompileOptions } from '@intlify/message-compiler'
+
+/*
+  location?: boolean
+  mode?: 'normal' | 'arrow' // default normal
+  breakLineCode?: '\n' | ';' // default newline
+  needIndent?: boolean // default true
+  onError?: CompileErrorHandler
+  // Generate source map?
+  // - Default: false
+  sourceMap?: boolean
+  // Filename for source map generation.
+  // - Default: `message.intl`
+  filename?: string
+*/
+const compilerOptions = reactive<CompileOptions>({
+  mode: 'normal',
+  location: true,
+  needIndent: true,
+  sourceMap: true,
+  jit: false,
+  optimize: true
+})
+
+const emit = defineEmits<{
+  change: [options: CompileOptions]
+}>()
+
+watch(compilerOptions, (val, old) => {
+  console.log('watch compilerOptions', val)
+  emit('change', val)
+})
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div class="options-wrapper">
+    <div class="options-label">
+      Options ↘
+      <ul class="options">
+        <li>
+          <span>Mode:</span>
+          <input
+            id="mode-normal"
+            type="radio"
+            name="mode"
+            :checked="compilerOptions.mode === 'normal'"
+            @change="compilerOptions.mode = 'normal'"
+          />
+          <label for="mode-normal">normal</label>
+          <input
+            id="mode-arrow"
+            type="radio"
+            name="mode"
+            :checked="compilerOptions.mode === 'arrow'"
+            @change="compilerOptions.mode = 'arrow'"
+          />
+          <label for="mode-arrow">arrow</label>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <input
+            id="location"
+            type="checkbox"
+            name="location"
+            :checked="compilerOptions.location"
+            @change="
+              compilerOptions.location = (
+                $event.target as HTMLInputElement
+              ).checked
+            "
+          />
+          <label for="location">location</label>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <input
+            id="indent"
+            type="checkbox"
+            name="indent"
+            :checked="compilerOptions.needIndent"
+            @change="
+              compilerOptions.needIndent = (
+                $event.target as HTMLInputElement
+              ).checked
+            "
+          />
+          <label for="indent">needIndent</label>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <input
+            id="sourcemap"
+            type="checkbox"
+            name="sourcemap"
+            :checked="compilerOptions.sourceMap"
+            @change="
+              compilerOptions.sourceMap = (
+                $event.target as HTMLInputElement
+              ).checked
+            "
+          />
+          <label for="sourcemap">sourceMap</label>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <input
+            id="jit"
+            type="checkbox"
+            name="jit"
+            :checked="compilerOptions.jit"
+            @change="
+              compilerOptions.jit = ($event.target as HTMLInputElement).checked
+            "
+          />
+          <label for="jit">jit</label>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <input
+            id="optimize"
+            type="checkbox"
+            name="optimize"
+            :checked="compilerOptions.optimize"
+            @change="
+              compilerOptions.optimize = (
+                $event.target as HTMLInputElement
+              ).checked
+            "
+          />
+          <label for="optimize">optimize</label>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.options-wrapper {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 10px;
+  right: 10px;
+  z-index: 2;
+}
+
+.options-wrapper:hover .options {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.options-label {
+  cursor: pointer;
+  text-align: right;
+  padding-right: 10px;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.options {
+  display: none;
+  margin-top: 15px;
+  list-style-type: none;
+  background-color: var(--bg);
+  border: 1px solid var(--border);
+  padding: 15px 30px;
+}
+
+.options li {
+  margin: 8px 0;
+}
+</style>
diff --git a/packages/format-explorer/vite.config.ts b/packages/format-explorer/vite.config.ts
index a786442df..5bd158e0f 100644
--- a/packages/format-explorer/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/format-explorer/vite.config.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,27 @@
 import { defineConfig } from 'vite'
 import vue from '@vitejs/plugin-vue'
 import execa from 'execa'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { URL } from 'node:url'
 
 const commit = execa.sync('git', ['rev-parse', 'HEAD']).stdout.slice(0, 7)
 console.log('commit', commit)
 
+const __dirname = path.dirname(new URL(import.meta.url).pathname)
+
 // https://vitejs.dev/config/
 export default defineConfig({
   define: {
-    __COMMIT__: JSON.stringify(commit)
+    __COMMIT__: JSON.stringify(commit),
+    __BROWSER__: false
+  },
+  resolve: {
+    alias: {
+      '@intlify/message-compiler': path.resolve(
+        __dirname,
+        '../message-compiler/src/index.ts'
+      )
+    }
   },
   plugins: [vue()]
 })
diff --git a/packages/global.d.ts b/packages/global.d.ts
index f1ec069b6..9a071f7b5 100644
--- a/packages/global.d.ts
+++ b/packages/global.d.ts
@@ -17,3 +17,4 @@ declare let __FEATURE_PROD_VUE_DEVTOOLS__: boolean
 declare let __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__: boolean
 declare let __FEATURE_LEGACY_API__: boolean
 declare let __FEATURE_FULL_INSTALL__: boolean
+declare let __FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__: boolean
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/package.json b/packages/message-compiler/package.json
index 02cfff321..1500136dd 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/package.json
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/package.json
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
   "types": "dist/message-compiler.d.ts",
   "dependencies": {
     "@intlify/shared": "workspace:*",
-    "source-map": "0.6.1"
+    "source-map-js": "^1.0.2"
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": ">= 16"
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/compiler.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/compiler.ts
index 2717f5c15..00e9e9efa 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/compiler.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/compiler.ts
@@ -1,22 +1,41 @@
-import { CompileOptions } from './options'
 import { createParser } from './parser'
 import { transform } from './transformer'
-import { generate, CodeGenResult } from './generator'
+import { optimize } from './optimizer'
+import { generate } from './generator'
 import { assign } from '@intlify/shared'
 
+import type { CompileOptions } from './options'
+import type { CodeGenResult } from './generator'
+
+export type CompilerResult = CodeGenResult
+
 export function baseCompile(
   source: string,
   options: CompileOptions = {}
-): CodeGenResult {
+): CompilerResult {
   const assignedOptions = assign({}, options)
+  const jit = !!assignedOptions.jit
+  const doOptimize =
+    assignedOptions.optimize == null ? true : assignedOptions.optimize
 
   // parse source codes
   const parser = createParser(assignedOptions)
   const ast = parser.parse(source)
 
-  // transform ASTs
-  transform(ast, assignedOptions)
+  if (!jit) {
+    // transform ASTs
+    transform(ast, assignedOptions)
+
+    // optimize ASTs
+    doOptimize && optimize(ast)
+
+    // generate javascript codes
+    return generate(ast, assignedOptions)
+  } else {
+    // optimize ASTs
+    doOptimize && optimize(ast)
 
-  // generate javascript codes
-  return generate(ast, assignedOptions)
+    // In JIT mode, no ast transform, no code generation.
+    return { ast, code: '' }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/errors.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/errors.ts
index cd57ace71..dcd82264f 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/errors.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/errors.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { format } from '@intlify/shared'
-import { SourceLocation } from './location'
+
+import type { SourceLocation } from './location'
 
 export type CompileDomain =
   | 'tokenizer'
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/generator.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/generator.ts
index c28c11cb7..00ca6a9b0 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/generator.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/generator.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 import { isString, join } from '@intlify/shared'
-import { SourceMapGenerator, RawSourceMap } from 'source-map'
-import {
+import { SourceMapGenerator } from 'source-map-js'
+import { NodeTypes } from './nodes'
+import { LOCATION_STUB } from './location'
+import { HelperNameMap } from './helpers'
+
+import type { RawSourceMap } from 'source-map-js'
+import type {
   ResourceNode,
   Node,
-  NodeTypes,
   PluralNode,
   MessageNode,
   TextNode,
@@ -13,10 +17,9 @@ import {
   LinkedKeyNode,
   LinkedModifierNode,
   LiteralNode
-} from './parser'
-import { Position, LocationStub } from './location'
-import { CodeGenOptions } from './options'
-import { HelperNameMap } from './helpers'
+} from './nodes'
+import type { Position } from './location'
+import type { CodeGenOptions } from './options'
 
 export interface CodeGenResult {
   code: string
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ export interface CodeGenResult {
 }
 
 type CodeGenContext = {
-  source: string
+  source?: string
   code: string
   indentLevel: number
   filename: string
@@ -65,8 +68,9 @@ function createCodeGenerator(
     breakLineCode,
     needIndent: _needIndent
   } = options
+  const location = options.location !== false
+
   const _context = {
-    source: ast.loc!.source,
     filename,
     code: '',
     column: 1,
@@ -78,12 +82,16 @@ function createCodeGenerator(
     indentLevel: 0
   } as CodeGenContext
 
+  if (location && ast.loc) {
+    _context.source = ast.loc.source
+  }
+
   const context = (): CodeGenContext => _context
 
   function push(code: string, node?: CodeGenNode): void {
     _context.code += code
     if (!__BROWSER__ && _context.map) {
-      if (node && node.loc && node.loc !== LocationStub) {
+      if (node && node.loc && node.loc !== LOCATION_STUB) {
         addMapping(node.loc.start, getMappingName(node))
       }
       advancePositionWithSource(_context, code)
@@ -127,9 +135,9 @@ function createCodeGenerator(
     })
   }
 
-  if (!__BROWSER__ && sourceMap) {
+  if (!__BROWSER__ && location && sourceMap) {
     _context.map = new SourceMapGenerator()
-    _context.map!.setSourceContent(filename!, _context.source)
+    _context.map!.setSourceContent(filename!, _context.source!)
   }
 
   return {
@@ -305,6 +313,8 @@ export const generate = (
   generator.deindent(needIndent)
   generator.push(`}`)
 
+  delete ast.helpers
+
   const { code, map } = generator.context()
   return {
     ast,
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/index.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/index.ts
index e008af5fa..f4fa8bf8f 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+export * from './location'
+export * from './nodes'
 export * from './options'
 export * from './errors'
 export * from './helpers'
-export * from './location'
 export * from './parser'
 export * from './compiler'
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/location.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/location.ts
index 9e62a3aa2..7fcc19eed 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/location.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/location.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export interface SourceLocation {
   source?: string
 }
 
-export const LocationStub: SourceLocation = {
+export const LOCATION_STUB: SourceLocation = {
   start: { line: 1, column: 1, offset: 0 },
   end: { line: 1, column: 1, offset: 0 }
 }
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/nodes.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/nodes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58f906c09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/nodes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import { SourceLocation } from './location'
+
+export const enum NodeTypes {
+  Resource, // 0
+  Plural,
+  Message,
+  Text,
+  Named,
+  List, // 5
+  Linked,
+  LinkedKey,
+  LinkedModifier,
+  Literal
+}
+
+// not containing whitespace or control characters
+export type Identifier = string
+
+export interface Node {
+  type: NodeTypes
+  start?: number
+  end?: number
+  loc?: SourceLocation
+}
+
+export interface ResourceNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.Resource
+  body: MessageNode | PluralNode
+  cacheKey?: string
+  helpers?: string[]
+}
+
+export interface PluralNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.Plural
+  cases: MessageNode[]
+}
+
+export interface MessageNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.Message
+  static?: string
+  items: MessageElementNode[]
+}
+
+type MessageElementNode =
+  | TextNode
+  | NamedNode
+  | ListNode
+  | LiteralNode
+  | LinkedNode
+
+export interface TextNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.Text
+  value: string
+}
+
+export interface NamedNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.Named
+  key: Identifier
+}
+
+export interface ListNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.List
+  index: number
+}
+
+export interface LiteralNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.Literal
+  value: string
+}
+
+export interface LinkedNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.Linked
+  modifier?: LinkedModifierNode
+  key: LinkedKeyNode | NamedNode | ListNode | LiteralNode
+}
+
+export interface LinkedKeyNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.LinkedKey
+  value: string
+}
+
+export interface LinkedModifierNode extends Node {
+  type: NodeTypes.LinkedModifier
+  value: Identifier
+}
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/optimizer.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/optimizer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85d42dd83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/optimizer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import { NodeTypes } from './nodes'
+import { join } from '@intlify/shared'
+
+import type { MessageNode, ResourceNode } from './nodes'
+
+export function optimize(ast: ResourceNode): ResourceNode {
+  const body = ast.body
+  if (body.type === NodeTypes.Message) {
+    optimizeMessageNode(body)
+  } else {
+    body.cases.forEach(c => optimizeMessageNode(c))
+  }
+  return ast
+}
+
+function optimizeMessageNode(message: MessageNode) {
+  if (message.items.length === 1) {
+    const item = message.items[0]
+    if (item.type === NodeTypes.Text || item.type === NodeTypes.Literal) {
+      message.static = item.value
+    }
+  } else {
+    const values: string[] = []
+    for (let i = 0; i < message.items.length; i++) {
+      const item = message.items[i]
+      if (!(item.type === NodeTypes.Text || item.type === NodeTypes.Literal)) {
+        break
+      }
+      values.push(item.value)
+    }
+    if (values.length === message.items.length) {
+      message.static = join(values)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/options.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/options.ts
index 43ee3307c..969003896 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/options.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/options.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
-import { CompileError } from './errors'
+import type { CompileError } from './errors'
 
 export type CompileErrorHandler = (error: CompileError) => void
-export type CompileCacheKeyHandler = (source: string) => string
+export type CacheKeyHandler = (source: string) => string
 
 export interface TokenizeOptions {
-  location?: boolean
+  location?: boolean // default true
   onError?: CompileErrorHandler
 }
 
 export interface ParserOptions {
-  location?: boolean
+  location?: boolean // default true
+  onCacheKey?: (source: string) => string
   onError?: CompileErrorHandler
 }
 
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ export interface TransformOptions {
 }
 
 export interface CodeGenOptions {
+  location?: boolean // default true
   mode?: 'normal' | 'arrow' // default normal
   breakLineCode?: '\n' | ';' // default newline
   needIndent?: boolean // default true
@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ export interface CodeGenOptions {
 }
 
 export type CompileOptions = {
-  onCacheKey?: CompileCacheKeyHandler
+  optimize?: boolean // default true
+  jit?: boolean // default false
 } & TransformOptions &
   CodeGenOptions &
   ParserOptions &
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/parser.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/parser.ts
index 99bf74bb4..236ee8a1d 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/parser.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/parser.ts
@@ -1,90 +1,25 @@
-import { Position, createLocation, SourceLocation } from './location'
-import { ParserOptions } from './options'
+import { createLocation } from './location'
 import { createCompileError, CompileErrorCodes } from './errors'
-import { Tokenizer, createTokenizer, TokenTypes, Token } from './tokenizer'
+import { createTokenizer, TokenTypes } from './tokenizer'
+import { NodeTypes } from './nodes'
 import { assign } from '@intlify/shared'
 
-export const enum NodeTypes {
-  Resource, // 0
-  Plural,
-  Message,
-  Text,
-  Named,
-  List, // 5
-  Linked,
-  LinkedKey,
-  LinkedModifier,
-  Literal
-}
-
-// not containing whitespace or control characters
-export type Identifier = string
-
-export interface Node {
-  type: NodeTypes
-  start: number
-  end: number
-  loc?: SourceLocation
-}
-
-export interface ResourceNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.Resource
-  body: MessageNode | PluralNode
-  helpers?: string[]
-}
-
-export interface PluralNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.Plural
-  cases: MessageNode[]
-}
-
-export interface MessageNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.Message
-  items: MessageElementNode[]
-}
-
-type MessageElementNode =
-  | TextNode
-  | NamedNode
-  | ListNode
-  | LiteralNode
-  | LinkedNode
-
-export interface TextNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.Text
-  value: string
-}
-
-export interface NamedNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.Named
-  key: Identifier
-}
-
-export interface ListNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.List
-  index: number
-}
-
-export interface LiteralNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.Literal
-  value: string
-}
-
-export interface LinkedNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.Linked
-  modifier?: LinkedModifierNode
-  key: LinkedKeyNode | NamedNode | ListNode | LiteralNode
-}
-
-export interface LinkedKeyNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.LinkedKey
-  value: string
-}
-
-export interface LinkedModifierNode extends Node {
-  type: NodeTypes.LinkedModifier
-  value: Identifier
-}
+import type { Position } from './location'
+import type { ParserOptions } from './options'
+import type { Tokenizer, Token } from './tokenizer'
+import type {
+  Node,
+  ResourceNode,
+  MessageNode,
+  PluralNode,
+  TextNode,
+  LinkedKeyNode,
+  LinkedNode,
+  ListNode,
+  LiteralNode,
+  LinkedModifierNode,
+  NamedNode
+} from './nodes'
 
 export interface Parser {
   parse(source: string): ResourceNode
@@ -132,7 +67,7 @@ export function createParser(options: ParserOptions = {}): Parser {
     end.offset += offset
     end.column += offset
     if (onError) {
-      const loc = createLocation(start, end)
+      const loc = location ? createLocation(start, end) : null
       const err = createCompileError(code, loc, {
         domain: ERROR_DOMAIN,
         args
@@ -142,13 +77,11 @@ export function createParser(options: ParserOptions = {}): Parser {
   }
 
   function startNode(type: NodeTypes, offset: number, loc: Position): Node {
-    const node = {
-      type,
-      start: offset,
-      end: offset
-    } as Node
+    const node = { type } as Node
 
     if (location) {
+      node.start = offset
+      node.end = offset
       node.loc = { start: loc, end: loc }
     }
 
@@ -161,14 +94,15 @@ export function createParser(options: ParserOptions = {}): Parser {
     pos: Position,
     type?: NodeTypes
   ): void {
-    node.end = offset
-
     if (type) {
       node.type = type
     }
 
-    if (location && node.loc) {
-      node.loc.end = pos
+    if (location) {
+      node.end = offset
+      if (node.loc) {
+        node.loc.end = pos
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -540,6 +474,10 @@ export function createParser(options: ParserOptions = {}): Parser {
     }
     node.body = parseResource(tokenizer)
 
+    if (options.onCacheKey) {
+      node.cacheKey = options.onCacheKey(source)
+    }
+
     // assert whether achieved to EOF
     if (context.currentType !== TokenTypes.EOF) {
       emitError(
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/tokenizer.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/tokenizer.ts
index 75e2736db..810d5fd6a 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/tokenizer.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/tokenizer.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,11 @@
-import {
-  Scanner,
-  createScanner,
-  CHAR_SP as SPACE,
-  CHAR_LF as NEW_LINE
-} from './scanner'
-import {
-  SourceLocation,
-  Position,
-  createLocation,
-  createPosition
-} from './location'
-import { TokenizeOptions } from './options'
+import { createScanner, CHAR_SP as SPACE, CHAR_LF as NEW_LINE } from './scanner'
+import { createLocation, createPosition } from './location'
 import { createCompileError, CompileErrorCodes } from './errors'
 
+import type { Scanner } from './scanner'
+import type { SourceLocation, Position } from './location'
+import type { TokenizeOptions } from './options'
+
 export const enum TokenTypes {
   Text, // 0
   Pipe,
@@ -115,7 +108,7 @@ export function createTokenizer(
     pos.offset += offset
 
     if (onError) {
-      const loc = createLocation(ctx.startLoc, pos)
+      const loc = location ? createLocation(ctx.startLoc, pos) : null
       const err = createCompileError(code, loc, {
         domain: ERROR_DOMAIN,
         args
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/src/transformer.ts b/packages/message-compiler/src/transformer.ts
index 607bbfe46..328f7b25b 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/src/transformer.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/src/transformer.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-import {
+import { NodeTypes } from './nodes'
+import { HelperNameMap } from './helpers'
+
+import type {
   ResourceNode,
   Node,
-  NodeTypes,
   PluralNode,
   MessageNode,
   LinkedNode
-} from './parser'
-import { TransformOptions } from './options'
-import { HelperNameMap } from './helpers'
+} from './nodes'
+import type { TransformOptions } from './options'
 
 // TODO: if we offer custom transform for uses, should be defined TransformOptions type to here
 // ex.
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/compiler.test.ts.snap b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/compiler.test.ts.snap
index c71c3c723..bb4253e32 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/compiler.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/compiler.test.ts.snap
@@ -204,15 +204,6 @@ exports[`@.caml:{'no apples'} | {0} apple | {n}　apples > ast 1`] = `
     "type": 1,
   },
   "end": 45,
-  "helpers": [
-    "normalize",
-    "linked",
-    "type",
-    "interpolate",
-    "list",
-    "named",
-    "plural",
-  ],
   "loc": {
     "end": {
       "column": 46,
@@ -266,6 +257,53 @@ exports[`arrow mode > hi {0}! > code 1`] = `"(ctx) => {const { normalize: _norma
 
 exports[`arrow mode > hi {name}! > code 1`] = `"(ctx) => {const { normalize: _normalize, interpolate: _interpolate, named: _named } = ctx;return _normalize([\\"hi \\", _interpolate(_named(\\"name\\")), \\"!\\"])}"`;
 
+exports[`compiler options > jit: true > ast 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello world",
+      },
+    ],
+    "static": "hello world",
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`compiler options > location: false > ast 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello world",
+      },
+    ],
+    "static": "hello world",
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`compiler options > optimize: false > ast 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello world",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
 exports[`edge cases >  | | |  > code 1`] = `
 "function __msg__ (ctx) {
   const { normalize: _normalize, plural: _plural } = ctx
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/optimizer.test.ts.snap b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/optimizer.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fe020c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/optimizer.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+// Vitest Snapshot v1, https://vitest.dev/guide/snapshot.html
+
+exports[`full text items: foo{'@'}domain.com 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "foo",
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 9,
+        "value": "@",
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "domain.com",
+      },
+    ],
+    "static": "foo@domain.com",
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`full text message on plural: no apples | one apple | many apples 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "cases": [
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "no apples",
+          },
+        ],
+        "static": "no apples",
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "one apple",
+          },
+        ],
+        "static": "one apple",
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "many apples",
+          },
+        ],
+        "static": "many apples",
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 1,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`incldue dynamic node in pluarl: no apples | {0} apple | {n} apples 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "cases": [
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "no apples",
+          },
+        ],
+        "static": "no apples",
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "index": 0,
+            "type": 5,
+          },
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": " apple",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "key": "n",
+            "type": 4,
+          },
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": " apples",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 1,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`incldue dynamic node: hello, {name} ! 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello, ",
+      },
+      {
+        "key": "name",
+        "type": 4,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " !",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`literal only: {'hello world'} 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 9,
+        "value": "hello world",
+      },
+    ],
+    "static": "hello world",
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`text only: hello world 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello world",
+      },
+    ],
+    "static": "hello world",
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap
index c2e339a98..f7f09c888 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/parser.test.ts.snap
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Vitest Snapshot v1, https://vitest.dev/guide/snapshot.html
 
-exports[`parse > EOF in linked modifier 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > EOF in linked modifier: "@." 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "end": 2,
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ exports[`parse > EOF in linked modifier 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > EOF in linked modifier errors 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > EOF in linked modifier: "@." errors 1`] = `
 [
   {
     "code": 12,
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ exports[`parse > EOF in linked modifier errors 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > empty plural 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > empty plural: "|" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "cases": [
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ exports[`parse > empty plural 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > empty plural errors 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > empty plural: "|" errors 1`] = `
 [
   {
     "code": 11,
@@ -247,211 +247,7 @@ exports[`parse > empty plural errors 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > foo 1`] = `
-{
-  "body": {
-    "end": 21,
-    "items": [
-      {
-        "end": 3,
-        "loc": {
-          "end": {
-            "column": 4,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 3,
-          },
-          "start": {
-            "column": 1,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 0,
-          },
-        },
-        "start": 0,
-        "type": 3,
-        "value": "hi ",
-      },
-      {
-        "end": 19,
-        "key": {
-          "end": 19,
-          "key": "_name",
-          "loc": {
-            "end": {
-              "column": 20,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 19,
-            },
-            "start": {
-              "column": 13,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 12,
-            },
-          },
-          "start": 12,
-          "type": 4,
-        },
-        "loc": {
-          "end": {
-            "column": 20,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 19,
-          },
-          "start": {
-            "column": 4,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 3,
-          },
-        },
-        "modifier": {
-          "end": 11,
-          "loc": {
-            "end": {
-              "column": 12,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 11,
-            },
-            "start": {
-              "column": 5,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 4,
-            },
-          },
-          "start": 4,
-          "type": 8,
-          "value": "_upper",
-        },
-        "start": 3,
-        "type": 6,
-      },
-      {
-        "end": 21,
-        "loc": {
-          "end": {
-            "column": 22,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 21,
-          },
-          "start": {
-            "column": 20,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 19,
-          },
-        },
-        "start": 19,
-        "type": 3,
-        "value": " !",
-      },
-    ],
-    "loc": {
-      "end": {
-        "column": 22,
-        "line": 1,
-        "offset": 21,
-      },
-      "start": {
-        "column": 1,
-        "line": 1,
-        "offset": 0,
-      },
-    },
-    "start": 0,
-    "type": 2,
-  },
-  "end": 21,
-  "loc": {
-    "end": {
-      "column": 22,
-      "line": 1,
-      "offset": 21,
-    },
-    "source": "hi @._upper:{_name} !",
-    "start": {
-      "column": 1,
-      "line": 1,
-      "offset": 0,
-    },
-  },
-  "start": 0,
-  "type": 0,
-}
-`;
-
-exports[`parse > linked 1`] = `
-{
-  "body": {
-    "end": 8,
-    "items": [
-      {
-        "end": 8,
-        "key": {
-          "end": 8,
-          "loc": {
-            "end": {
-              "column": 9,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 8,
-            },
-            "start": {
-              "column": 3,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 2,
-            },
-          },
-          "start": 2,
-          "type": 7,
-          "value": "apples",
-        },
-        "loc": {
-          "end": {
-            "column": 9,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 8,
-          },
-          "start": {
-            "column": 1,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 0,
-          },
-        },
-        "start": 0,
-        "type": 6,
-      },
-    ],
-    "loc": {
-      "end": {
-        "column": 9,
-        "line": 1,
-        "offset": 8,
-      },
-      "start": {
-        "column": 1,
-        "line": 1,
-        "offset": 0,
-      },
-    },
-    "start": 0,
-    "type": 2,
-  },
-  "end": 8,
-  "loc": {
-    "end": {
-      "column": 9,
-      "line": 1,
-      "offset": 8,
-    },
-    "source": "@:apples",
-    "start": {
-      "column": 1,
-      "line": 1,
-      "offset": 0,
-    },
-  },
-  "start": 0,
-  "type": 0,
-}
-`;
-
-exports[`parse > linked error 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked error: "@.: a" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "end": 5,
@@ -562,7 +358,7 @@ exports[`parse > linked error 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked error errors 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked error: "@.: a" errors 1`] = `
 [
   {
     "code": 12,
@@ -618,36 +414,36 @@ exports[`parse > linked error errors 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked key paren error 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier: "@.lower:(foo)" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
-    "end": 7,
+    "end": 13,
     "items": [
       {
-        "end": 2,
+        "end": 8,
         "key": {
-          "end": 2,
+          "end": 8,
           "loc": {
             "end": {
-              "column": 3,
+              "column": 9,
               "line": 1,
-              "offset": 2,
+              "offset": 8,
             },
             "start": {
-              "column": 3,
+              "column": 9,
               "line": 1,
-              "offset": 2,
+              "offset": 8,
             },
           },
-          "start": 2,
+          "start": 8,
           "type": 7,
           "value": "",
         },
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 3,
+            "column": 9,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 2,
+            "offset": 8,
           },
           "start": {
             "column": 1,
@@ -655,33 +451,51 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error 1`] = `
             "offset": 0,
           },
         },
+        "modifier": {
+          "end": 7,
+          "loc": {
+            "end": {
+              "column": 8,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 7,
+            },
+            "start": {
+              "column": 2,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 1,
+            },
+          },
+          "start": 1,
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "lower",
+        },
         "start": 0,
         "type": 6,
       },
       {
-        "end": 7,
+        "end": 13,
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 8,
+            "column": 14,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 7,
+            "offset": 13,
           },
           "start": {
-            "column": 3,
+            "column": 9,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 2,
+            "offset": 8,
           },
         },
-        "start": 2,
+        "start": 8,
         "type": 3,
         "value": "(foo)",
       },
     ],
     "loc": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 8,
+        "column": 14,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 7,
+        "offset": 13,
       },
       "start": {
         "column": 1,
@@ -692,14 +506,14 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error 1`] = `
     "start": 0,
     "type": 2,
   },
-  "end": 7,
+  "end": 13,
   "loc": {
     "end": {
-      "column": 8,
+      "column": 14,
       "line": 1,
-      "offset": 7,
+      "offset": 13,
     },
-    "source": "@:(foo)",
+    "source": "@.lower:(foo)",
     "start": {
       "column": 1,
       "line": 1,
@@ -711,21 +525,21 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked key paren error errors 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier: "@.lower:(foo)" errors 1`] = `
 [
   {
     "code": 13,
     "domain": "parser",
     "location": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 8,
+        "column": 14,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 7,
+        "offset": 13,
       },
       "start": {
-        "column": 2,
+        "column": 8,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 1,
+        "offset": 7,
       },
     },
     "message": "Unexpected empty linked key",
@@ -733,36 +547,36 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error errors 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked key paren error: "@:(foo)" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
-    "end": 13,
+    "end": 7,
     "items": [
       {
-        "end": 8,
+        "end": 2,
         "key": {
-          "end": 8,
+          "end": 2,
           "loc": {
             "end": {
-              "column": 9,
+              "column": 3,
               "line": 1,
-              "offset": 8,
+              "offset": 2,
             },
             "start": {
-              "column": 9,
+              "column": 3,
               "line": 1,
-              "offset": 8,
+              "offset": 2,
             },
           },
-          "start": 8,
+          "start": 2,
           "type": 7,
           "value": "",
         },
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 9,
+            "column": 3,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 8,
+            "offset": 2,
           },
           "start": {
             "column": 1,
@@ -770,51 +584,33 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier 1`] = `
             "offset": 0,
           },
         },
-        "modifier": {
-          "end": 7,
-          "loc": {
-            "end": {
-              "column": 8,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 7,
-            },
-            "start": {
-              "column": 2,
-              "line": 1,
-              "offset": 1,
-            },
-          },
-          "start": 1,
-          "type": 8,
-          "value": "lower",
-        },
         "start": 0,
         "type": 6,
       },
       {
-        "end": 13,
+        "end": 7,
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 14,
+            "column": 8,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 13,
+            "offset": 7,
           },
           "start": {
-            "column": 9,
+            "column": 3,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 8,
+            "offset": 2,
           },
         },
-        "start": 8,
+        "start": 2,
         "type": 3,
         "value": "(foo)",
       },
     ],
     "loc": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 14,
+        "column": 8,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 13,
+        "offset": 7,
       },
       "start": {
         "column": 1,
@@ -825,14 +621,14 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier 1`] = `
     "start": 0,
     "type": 2,
   },
-  "end": 13,
+  "end": 7,
   "loc": {
     "end": {
-      "column": 14,
+      "column": 8,
       "line": 1,
-      "offset": 13,
+      "offset": 7,
     },
-    "source": "@.lower:(foo)",
+    "source": "@:(foo)",
     "start": {
       "column": 1,
       "line": 1,
@@ -844,21 +640,21 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier errors 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked key paren error: "@:(foo)" errors 1`] = `
 [
   {
     "code": 13,
     "domain": "parser",
     "location": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 14,
+        "column": 8,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 13,
+        "offset": 7,
       },
       "start": {
-        "column": 8,
+        "column": 2,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 7,
+        "offset": 1,
       },
     },
     "message": "Unexpected empty linked key",
@@ -866,7 +662,136 @@ exports[`parse > linked key paren error with modifier errors 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked modifier error 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked key with named and modifier: "hi @._upper:{_name} !" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "end": 21,
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "end": 3,
+        "loc": {
+          "end": {
+            "column": 4,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 3,
+          },
+          "start": {
+            "column": 1,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 0,
+          },
+        },
+        "start": 0,
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hi ",
+      },
+      {
+        "end": 19,
+        "key": {
+          "end": 19,
+          "key": "_name",
+          "loc": {
+            "end": {
+              "column": 20,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 19,
+            },
+            "start": {
+              "column": 13,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 12,
+            },
+          },
+          "start": 12,
+          "type": 4,
+        },
+        "loc": {
+          "end": {
+            "column": 20,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 19,
+          },
+          "start": {
+            "column": 4,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 3,
+          },
+        },
+        "modifier": {
+          "end": 11,
+          "loc": {
+            "end": {
+              "column": 12,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 11,
+            },
+            "start": {
+              "column": 5,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 4,
+            },
+          },
+          "start": 4,
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "_upper",
+        },
+        "start": 3,
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+      {
+        "end": 21,
+        "loc": {
+          "end": {
+            "column": 22,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 21,
+          },
+          "start": {
+            "column": 20,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 19,
+          },
+        },
+        "start": 19,
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " !",
+      },
+    ],
+    "loc": {
+      "end": {
+        "column": 22,
+        "line": 1,
+        "offset": 21,
+      },
+      "start": {
+        "column": 1,
+        "line": 1,
+        "offset": 0,
+      },
+    },
+    "start": 0,
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "end": 21,
+  "loc": {
+    "end": {
+      "column": 22,
+      "line": 1,
+      "offset": 21,
+    },
+    "source": "hi @._upper:{_name} !",
+    "start": {
+      "column": 1,
+      "line": 1,
+      "offset": 0,
+    },
+  },
+  "start": 0,
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parse > linked modifier error: "@.:foo" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "end": 6,
@@ -959,7 +884,7 @@ exports[`parse > linked modifier error 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked modifier error errors 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked modifier error: "@.:foo" errors 1`] = `
 [
   {
     "code": 12,
@@ -981,7 +906,7 @@ exports[`parse > linked modifier error errors 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > linked modifier list 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked modifier list: "@.lower:{0}" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "end": 11,
@@ -1074,18 +999,36 @@ exports[`parse > linked modifier list 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > list 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > linked: "@:apples" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
-    "end": 11,
+    "end": 8,
     "items": [
       {
-        "end": 6,
+        "end": 8,
+        "key": {
+          "end": 8,
+          "loc": {
+            "end": {
+              "column": 9,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 8,
+            },
+            "start": {
+              "column": 3,
+              "line": 1,
+              "offset": 2,
+            },
+          },
+          "start": 2,
+          "type": 7,
+          "value": "apples",
+        },
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 7,
+            "column": 9,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 6,
+            "offset": 8,
           },
           "start": {
             "column": 1,
@@ -1094,22 +1037,79 @@ exports[`parse > list 1`] = `
           },
         },
         "start": 0,
-        "type": 3,
-        "value": "hello ",
+        "type": 6,
       },
-      {
-        "end": 9,
-        "index": 0,
-        "loc": {
-          "end": {
-            "column": 10,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 9,
-          },
-          "start": {
-            "column": 7,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 6,
+    ],
+    "loc": {
+      "end": {
+        "column": 9,
+        "line": 1,
+        "offset": 8,
+      },
+      "start": {
+        "column": 1,
+        "line": 1,
+        "offset": 0,
+      },
+    },
+    "start": 0,
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "end": 8,
+  "loc": {
+    "end": {
+      "column": 9,
+      "line": 1,
+      "offset": 8,
+    },
+    "source": "@:apples",
+    "start": {
+      "column": 1,
+      "line": 1,
+      "offset": 0,
+    },
+  },
+  "start": 0,
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parse > list: "hello {0} !" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "end": 11,
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "end": 6,
+        "loc": {
+          "end": {
+            "column": 7,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 6,
+          },
+          "start": {
+            "column": 1,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 0,
+          },
+        },
+        "start": 0,
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello ",
+      },
+      {
+        "end": 9,
+        "index": 0,
+        "loc": {
+          "end": {
+            "column": 10,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 9,
+          },
+          "start": {
+            "column": 7,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 6,
           },
         },
         "start": 6,
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ exports[`parse > list 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > literal 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > literal: "hello {'kazupon'} !" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "end": 19,
@@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@ exports[`parse > literal 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > message 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > message: "hello world" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "end": 11,
@@ -1320,10 +1320,10 @@ exports[`parse > message 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > named 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > named: "hello {_name} !" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
-    "end": 14,
+    "end": 15,
     "items": [
       {
         "end": 6,
@@ -1344,13 +1344,13 @@ exports[`parse > named 1`] = `
         "value": "hello ",
       },
       {
-        "end": 12,
-        "key": "name",
+        "end": 13,
+        "key": "_name",
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 13,
+            "column": 14,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 12,
+            "offset": 13,
           },
           "start": {
             "column": 7,
@@ -1362,29 +1362,29 @@ exports[`parse > named 1`] = `
         "type": 4,
       },
       {
-        "end": 14,
+        "end": 15,
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 15,
+            "column": 16,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 14,
+            "offset": 15,
           },
           "start": {
-            "column": 13,
+            "column": 14,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 12,
+            "offset": 13,
           },
         },
-        "start": 12,
+        "start": 13,
         "type": 3,
         "value": " !",
       },
     ],
     "loc": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 15,
+        "column": 16,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 14,
+        "offset": 15,
       },
       "start": {
         "column": 1,
@@ -1395,14 +1395,14 @@ exports[`parse > named 1`] = `
     "start": 0,
     "type": 2,
   },
-  "end": 14,
+  "end": 15,
   "loc": {
     "end": {
-      "column": 15,
+      "column": 16,
       "line": 1,
-      "offset": 14,
+      "offset": 15,
     },
-    "source": "hello {name} !",
+    "source": "hello {_name} !",
     "start": {
       "column": 1,
       "line": 1,
@@ -1414,10 +1414,10 @@ exports[`parse > named 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > named 2`] = `
+exports[`parse > named: "hello {name} !" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
-    "end": 15,
+    "end": 14,
     "items": [
       {
         "end": 6,
@@ -1438,13 +1438,13 @@ exports[`parse > named 2`] = `
         "value": "hello ",
       },
       {
-        "end": 13,
-        "key": "_name",
+        "end": 12,
+        "key": "name",
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 14,
+            "column": 13,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 13,
+            "offset": 12,
           },
           "start": {
             "column": 7,
@@ -1456,29 +1456,29 @@ exports[`parse > named 2`] = `
         "type": 4,
       },
       {
-        "end": 15,
+        "end": 14,
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 16,
+            "column": 15,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 15,
+            "offset": 14,
           },
           "start": {
-            "column": 14,
+            "column": 13,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 13,
+            "offset": 12,
           },
         },
-        "start": 13,
+        "start": 12,
         "type": 3,
         "value": " !",
       },
     ],
     "loc": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 16,
+        "column": 15,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 15,
+        "offset": 14,
       },
       "start": {
         "column": 1,
@@ -1489,14 +1489,14 @@ exports[`parse > named 2`] = `
     "start": 0,
     "type": 2,
   },
-  "end": 15,
+  "end": 14,
   "loc": {
     "end": {
-      "column": 16,
+      "column": 15,
       "line": 1,
-      "offset": 15,
+      "offset": 14,
     },
-    "source": "hello {_name} !",
+    "source": "hello {name} !",
     "start": {
       "column": 1,
       "line": 1,
@@ -1508,20 +1508,38 @@ exports[`parse > named 2`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > plural 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > plural complex: "@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples" 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "cases": [
       {
-        "end": 0,
+        "end": 20,
         "items": [
           {
-            "end": 9,
+            "end": 21,
+            "key": {
+              "end": 21,
+              "loc": {
+                "end": {
+                  "column": 22,
+                  "line": 1,
+                  "offset": 21,
+                },
+                "start": {
+                  "column": 9,
+                  "line": 1,
+                  "offset": 8,
+                },
+              },
+              "start": 8,
+              "type": 9,
+              "value": "no apples",
+            },
             "loc": {
               "end": {
-                "column": 10,
+                "column": 22,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 9,
+                "offset": 21,
               },
               "start": {
                 "column": 1,
@@ -1529,16 +1547,33 @@ exports[`parse > plural 1`] = `
                 "offset": 0,
               },
             },
+            "modifier": {
+              "end": 7,
+              "loc": {
+                "end": {
+                  "column": 8,
+                  "line": 1,
+                  "offset": 7,
+                },
+                "start": {
+                  "column": 2,
+                  "line": 1,
+                  "offset": 1,
+                },
+              },
+              "start": 1,
+              "type": 8,
+              "value": "lower",
+            },
             "start": 0,
-            "type": 3,
-            "value": "no apples",
+            "type": 6,
           },
         ],
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 10,
+            "column": 22,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 9,
+            "offset": 21,
           },
           "start": {
             "column": 1,
@@ -1550,47 +1585,66 @@ exports[`parse > plural 1`] = `
         "type": 2,
       },
       {
-        "end": 12,
+        "end": 27,
         "items": [
           {
-            "end": 21,
+            "end": 27,
+            "index": 1,
             "loc": {
               "end": {
-                "column": 22,
+                "column": 28,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 21,
+                "offset": 27,
               },
               "start": {
-                "column": 13,
+                "column": 25,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 12,
+                "offset": 24,
               },
             },
-            "start": 12,
+            "start": 24,
+            "type": 5,
+          },
+          {
+            "end": 33,
+            "loc": {
+              "end": {
+                "column": 34,
+                "line": 1,
+                "offset": 33,
+              },
+              "start": {
+                "column": 28,
+                "line": 1,
+                "offset": 27,
+              },
+            },
+            "start": 27,
             "type": 3,
-            "value": "one apple",
+            "value": " apple",
           },
         ],
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 22,
+            "column": 34,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 21,
+            "offset": 33,
           },
           "start": {
-            "column": 13,
+            "column": 25,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 12,
+            "offset": 24,
           },
         },
-        "start": 12,
+        "start": 24,
         "type": 2,
       },
       {
-        "end": 43,
+        "end": 50,
         "items": [
           {
             "end": 43,
+            "key": "count",
             "loc": {
               "end": {
                 "column": 44,
@@ -1598,38 +1652,55 @@ exports[`parse > plural 1`] = `
                 "offset": 43,
               },
               "start": {
-                "column": 27,
+                "column": 37,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 26,
+                "offset": 36,
               },
             },
-            "start": 26,
-            "type": 3,
-            "value": "too much apples  ",
-          },
-        ],
-        "loc": {
-          "end": {
-            "column": 44,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 43,
+            "start": 36,
+            "type": 4,
           },
-          "start": {
-            "column": 27,
-            "line": 1,
-            "offset": 26,
+          {
+            "end": 50,
+            "loc": {
+              "end": {
+                "column": 51,
+                "line": 1,
+                "offset": 50,
+              },
+              "start": {
+                "column": 44,
+                "line": 1,
+                "offset": 43,
+              },
+            },
+            "start": 43,
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "　apples",
+          },
+        ],
+        "loc": {
+          "end": {
+            "column": 51,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 50,
+          },
+          "start": {
+            "column": 37,
+            "line": 1,
+            "offset": 36,
           },
         },
-        "start": 26,
+        "start": 36,
         "type": 2,
       },
     ],
-    "end": 43,
+    "end": 50,
     "loc": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 44,
+        "column": 51,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 43,
+        "offset": 50,
       },
       "start": {
         "column": 1,
@@ -1640,14 +1711,14 @@ exports[`parse > plural 1`] = `
     "start": 0,
     "type": 1,
   },
-  "end": 43,
+  "end": 50,
   "loc": {
     "end": {
-      "column": 44,
+      "column": 51,
       "line": 1,
-      "offset": 43,
+      "offset": 50,
     },
-    "source": "no apples | one apple  |  too much apples  ",
+    "source": "@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples",
     "start": {
       "column": 1,
       "line": 1,
@@ -1659,38 +1730,20 @@ exports[`parse > plural 1`] = `
 }
 `;
 
-exports[`parse > plural complex 1`] = `
+exports[`parse > plural: "no apples | one apple  |  too much apples  " 1`] = `
 {
   "body": {
     "cases": [
       {
-        "end": 20,
+        "end": 0,
         "items": [
           {
-            "end": 21,
-            "key": {
-              "end": 21,
-              "loc": {
-                "end": {
-                  "column": 22,
-                  "line": 1,
-                  "offset": 21,
-                },
-                "start": {
-                  "column": 9,
-                  "line": 1,
-                  "offset": 8,
-                },
-              },
-              "start": 8,
-              "type": 9,
-              "value": "no apples",
-            },
+            "end": 9,
             "loc": {
               "end": {
-                "column": 22,
+                "column": 10,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 21,
+                "offset": 9,
               },
               "start": {
                 "column": 1,
@@ -1698,33 +1751,16 @@ exports[`parse > plural complex 1`] = `
                 "offset": 0,
               },
             },
-            "modifier": {
-              "end": 7,
-              "loc": {
-                "end": {
-                  "column": 8,
-                  "line": 1,
-                  "offset": 7,
-                },
-                "start": {
-                  "column": 2,
-                  "line": 1,
-                  "offset": 1,
-                },
-              },
-              "start": 1,
-              "type": 8,
-              "value": "lower",
-            },
             "start": 0,
-            "type": 6,
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "no apples",
           },
         ],
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 22,
+            "column": 10,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 21,
+            "offset": 9,
           },
           "start": {
             "column": 1,
@@ -1736,66 +1772,47 @@ exports[`parse > plural complex 1`] = `
         "type": 2,
       },
       {
-        "end": 27,
+        "end": 12,
         "items": [
           {
-            "end": 27,
-            "index": 1,
-            "loc": {
-              "end": {
-                "column": 28,
-                "line": 1,
-                "offset": 27,
-              },
-              "start": {
-                "column": 25,
-                "line": 1,
-                "offset": 24,
-              },
-            },
-            "start": 24,
-            "type": 5,
-          },
-          {
-            "end": 33,
+            "end": 21,
             "loc": {
               "end": {
-                "column": 34,
+                "column": 22,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 33,
+                "offset": 21,
               },
               "start": {
-                "column": 28,
+                "column": 13,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 27,
+                "offset": 12,
               },
             },
-            "start": 27,
+            "start": 12,
             "type": 3,
-            "value": " apple",
+            "value": "one apple",
           },
         ],
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 34,
+            "column": 22,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 33,
+            "offset": 21,
           },
           "start": {
-            "column": 25,
+            "column": 13,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 24,
+            "offset": 12,
           },
         },
-        "start": 24,
+        "start": 12,
         "type": 2,
       },
       {
-        "end": 50,
+        "end": 43,
         "items": [
           {
             "end": 43,
-            "key": "count",
             "loc": {
               "end": {
                 "column": 44,
@@ -1803,55 +1820,38 @@ exports[`parse > plural complex 1`] = `
                 "offset": 43,
               },
               "start": {
-                "column": 37,
-                "line": 1,
-                "offset": 36,
-              },
-            },
-            "start": 36,
-            "type": 4,
-          },
-          {
-            "end": 50,
-            "loc": {
-              "end": {
-                "column": 51,
-                "line": 1,
-                "offset": 50,
-              },
-              "start": {
-                "column": 44,
+                "column": 27,
                 "line": 1,
-                "offset": 43,
+                "offset": 26,
               },
             },
-            "start": 43,
+            "start": 26,
             "type": 3,
-            "value": "　apples",
+            "value": "too much apples  ",
           },
         ],
         "loc": {
           "end": {
-            "column": 51,
+            "column": 44,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 50,
+            "offset": 43,
           },
           "start": {
-            "column": 37,
+            "column": 27,
             "line": 1,
-            "offset": 36,
+            "offset": 26,
           },
         },
-        "start": 36,
+        "start": 26,
         "type": 2,
       },
     ],
-    "end": 50,
+    "end": 43,
     "loc": {
       "end": {
-        "column": 51,
+        "column": 44,
         "line": 1,
-        "offset": 50,
+        "offset": 43,
       },
       "start": {
         "column": 1,
@@ -1862,14 +1862,14 @@ exports[`parse > plural complex 1`] = `
     "start": 0,
     "type": 1,
   },
-  "end": 50,
+  "end": 43,
   "loc": {
     "end": {
-      "column": 51,
+      "column": 44,
       "line": 1,
-      "offset": 50,
+      "offset": 43,
     },
-    "source": "@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples",
+    "source": "no apples | one apple  |  too much apples  ",
     "start": {
       "column": 1,
       "line": 1,
@@ -1880,3 +1880,488 @@ exports[`parse > plural complex 1`] = `
   "type": 0,
 }
 `;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > EOF in linked modifier: "@." 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "type": 7,
+          "value": "",
+        },
+        "modifier": {
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > EOF in linked modifier: "@." errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 12,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected empty linked modifier",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 14,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected lexical analysis in token: 'EOF'",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 13,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected empty linked key",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > empty plural: "|" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "cases": [
+      {
+        "items": [],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 1,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > empty plural: "|" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 11,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Plural must have messages",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked error: "@.: a" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "type": 7,
+          "value": "",
+        },
+        "modifier": {
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " a",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked error: "@.: a" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 12,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected empty linked modifier",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 13,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected empty linked key",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked key paren error with modifier: "@.lower:(foo)" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "type": 7,
+          "value": "",
+        },
+        "modifier": {
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "lower",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "(foo)",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked key paren error with modifier: "@.lower:(foo)" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 13,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected empty linked key",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked key paren error: "@:(foo)" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "type": 7,
+          "value": "",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "(foo)",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked key paren error: "@:(foo)" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 13,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected empty linked key",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked key with named and modifier: "hi @._upper:{_name} !" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hi ",
+      },
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "key": "_name",
+          "type": 4,
+        },
+        "modifier": {
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "_upper",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " !",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked modifier error: "@.:foo" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "type": 7,
+          "value": "foo",
+        },
+        "modifier": {
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked modifier error: "@.:foo" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 12,
+    "domain": "parser",
+    "message": "Unexpected empty linked modifier",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked modifier list: "@.lower:{0}" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "index": 0,
+          "type": 5,
+        },
+        "modifier": {
+          "type": 8,
+          "value": "lower",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > linked: "@:apples" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "key": {
+          "type": 7,
+          "value": "apples",
+        },
+        "type": 6,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > list: "hello {0} !" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello ",
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 0,
+        "type": 5,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " !",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > literal: "hello {'kazupon'} !" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello ",
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 9,
+        "value": "kazupon",
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " !",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > message: "hello world" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello world",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > named: "hello {_name} !" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello ",
+      },
+      {
+        "key": "_name",
+        "type": 4,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " !",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > named: "hello {name} !" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "items": [
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": "hello ",
+      },
+      {
+        "key": "name",
+        "type": 4,
+      },
+      {
+        "type": 3,
+        "value": " !",
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 2,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > plural complex: "@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples" 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "cases": [
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "key": {
+              "type": 9,
+              "value": "no apples",
+            },
+            "modifier": {
+              "type": 8,
+              "value": "lower",
+            },
+            "type": 6,
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "index": 1,
+            "type": 5,
+          },
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": " apple",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "key": "count",
+            "type": 4,
+          },
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "　apples",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 1,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
+
+exports[`parser options > location disable > plural: "no apples | one apple  |  too much apples  " 1`] = `
+{
+  "body": {
+    "cases": [
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "no apples",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "one apple",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+      {
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": 3,
+            "value": "too much apples  ",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": 2,
+      },
+    ],
+    "type": 1,
+  },
+  "type": 0,
+}
+`;
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/tokenizer.test.ts.snap b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/tokenizer.test.ts.snap
index 7bcddb84a..97ddd3c94 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/tokenizer.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/__snapshots__/tokenizer.test.ts.snap
@@ -9269,3 +9269,2745 @@ exports[`token analysis > "😺" tokens 1`] = `
   },
 ]
 `;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > " | | |" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > " foo | | bar" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " foo",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "bar",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > " hello world " tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " hello world ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "'single-quote'" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "'single-quote'",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "..." tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "...",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "@.lower: {'no apples'} | {1 apple | @:{count　apples" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "@.lower: {'no apples'} | {1 apple | @:{count　apples" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 12,
+    "value": "lower",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "no apples",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "1",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "apple",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "count",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "　apples",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 12,
+    "value": "lower",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "no apples",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "1",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " apple",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "count",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "　apples",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "\\"double-qoute\\"" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "\\"double-qoute\\"",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "{0} {1}　{2}" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "1",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "　",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "2",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "{0}\\n{1}\\r\\n{2}" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "1",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "2",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "{first} {middle}　{last}" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "first",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "middle",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "　",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "last",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "{first}\\n{middle}\\r\\n{last}" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "first",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "middle",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "last",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "1 + 1" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "1 + 1",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "foo@bar.com" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "foo@bar.com" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "foo",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "bar.com",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hello world" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hello world",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hello:" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hello:",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hello\\\\nworld" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hello\\\\nworld",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hello\\nworld" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hello
+world",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi %name" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi %name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @ :name !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @ :name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @. {name} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @. {name} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @.\\n{name} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @.\\n{name} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @.upper {name} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @.upper {name} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 12,
+    "value": "upper",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @.upper:name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 12,
+    "value": "upper",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @.upper\\n{name} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @.upper\\n{name} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 12,
+    "value": "upper",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @: {'name'} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @: {'name'} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:\\nname !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:\\nname !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:{ 'name' } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:{ {name} } !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 9,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Not allowed nest placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:{ {name} } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:{ name } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:{'hello world'} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "hello world",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:{name} @:{0}!" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "!",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:{name}\\n !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+ !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @:name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @\\n. upper\\n:  {'name'}\\n !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @\\n. upper\\n:  {'name'}\\n !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 12,
+    "value": "upper",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "  ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "
+ !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @\\n:name !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 10,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid linked format",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi @\\n:name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  | hello {name} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  | hello {name} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hello ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  } !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 8,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Empty placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  -1 } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "-1",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  0 !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  0 !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "!",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  name !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "!",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {  name } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { '\\\\uw' }" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 5,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid unicode escape sequence: \\\\uw",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { '\\\\uw' }" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "\\\\uw",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { '\\\\x41' }" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 4,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unknown escape sequence: \\\\x",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { '\\\\x41' }" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "x41",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { 'foo }" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 3,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated single quote in placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { 'foo }" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "foo }",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { 'foo" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 3,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated single quote in placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { 'foo" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "foo",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { 'foo\\n' }" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 3,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated single quote in placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { 'foo\\n' }" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "foo",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { @:name  | hello {name} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { @:name  | hello {name} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hello ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { @:name !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { @:name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { { 0 } } !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 9,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Not allowed nest placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { { 0 } } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { { name } } !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 9,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Not allowed nest placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { { name } } !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { name !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi { name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "!",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {$} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 2,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid token in placeholder: '$'",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {$} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 13,
+    "value": "$",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {'kazupon'} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 7,
+    "value": "kazupon",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {@.lower:name !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {@.lower:name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 8,
+    "value": "@",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 9,
+    "value": ".",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 12,
+    "value": "lower",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 10,
+    "value": ":",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 11,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {\\nname\\n} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{ !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 9,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Not allowed nest placeholder",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 2,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid token in placeholder: '!'",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{ !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 13,
+    "value": "!",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{}} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 9,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Not allowed nest placeholder",
+  },
+  {
+    "code": 8,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Empty placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{}} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{0}} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 9,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Not allowed nest placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{0}} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{name}} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 9,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Not allowed nest placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {{name}} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 8,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Empty placeholder",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {-} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 2,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Invalid token in placeholder: '-'",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {-} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 13,
+    "value": "-",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {0 !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {0 !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "!",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {0" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {0" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {0} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 6,
+    "value": "0",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {name !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {name !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "!",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {name" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 7,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unterminated closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {name" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {name$} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name$",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {name} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "name",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi {snake_case} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 2,
+    "value": "{",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 5,
+    "value": "snake_case",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi, :-) !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi, :-) !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi, :-} !" errors 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "code": 6,
+    "domain": "tokenizer",
+    "message": "Unbalanced closing brace",
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hi, :-} !" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hi, :-",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 3,
+    "value": "}",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": " !",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "hypen-nate" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "hypen-nate",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "name = foo" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "name = foo",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "no apples | one apple  |  too much apples " tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "no apples",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "one apple",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "too much apples ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "no apples |\\n one apple  |\\n  too much apples  " tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "no apples",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "one apple",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 1,
+    "value": "|",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "too much apples  ",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "こんにちは、世界" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "こんにちは、世界",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`tokenize options: location disable > "😺" tokens 1`] = `
+[
+  {
+    "type": 0,
+    "value": "😺",
+  },
+  {
+    "type": 14,
+  },
+]
+`;
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/compiler.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/compiler.test.ts
index 8f800226b..c49e12c9b 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/compiler.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/compiler.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-empty-function, no-irregular-whitespace */
 
 import { baseCompile as compile } from '../src/compiler'
+import { traverse } from './helper'
 
 test(`@.caml:{'no apples'} | {0} apple | {n}　apples`, () => {
   const { code, ast, map } = compile(
@@ -71,6 +72,36 @@ describe('arrow mode', () => {
   })
 })
 
+describe('compiler options', () => {
+  test('location: false', () => {
+    const { ast } = compile(`hello world`, { location: false })
+    expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot('ast')
+    traverse(ast, node => {
+      expect(node.start).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(node.end).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(node.loc).toBeUndefined()
+    })
+  })
+
+  test('optimize: false', () => {
+    const { ast } = compile(`hello world`, { location: false, optimize: false })
+    expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot('ast')
+    traverse(ast, node => {
+      expect((node as any).static).toBeUndefined()
+    })
+  })
+
+  test('jit: true', () => {
+    const { ast, code, map } = compile(`hello world`, {
+      jit: true,
+      location: false
+    })
+    expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot('ast')
+    expect(code).toEqual('')
+    expect(map).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+})
+
 describe('edge cases', () => {
   test(` | | | `, () => {
     const { code } = compile(` | | | `, {
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/generator.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/generator.test.ts
index 9bf614647..638860331 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/generator.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/generator.test.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 import { createParser } from '../src/parser'
 import { transform } from '../src/transformer'
 import { generate } from '../src/generator'
-import { SourceMapConsumer, RawSourceMap } from 'source-map'
+import { SourceMapConsumer } from 'source-map-js'
 import { CHAR_CR, CHAR_LF, CHAR_LS, CHAR_PS } from '../src/scanner'
 
+import type { RawSourceMap } from 'source-map-js'
+
 interface Pos {
   line: number
   column: number
@@ -495,4 +497,18 @@ describe('arrow mode', () => {
   })
 })
 
+test('disable source map with location: false', async () => {
+  const parser = createParser({ location: false })
+  const msg = 'hello world'
+  const ast = parser.parse(msg)
+  transform(ast)
+  const { code, map } = generate(ast, { sourceMap: true, location: false })
+
+  expect(map!.sourcesContent).toBeUndefined()
+  const consumer = await new SourceMapConsumer(map as RawSourceMap)
+  consumer.eachMapping(mapping => {
+    expect(mapping).toMatchSnapshot(`${mapping.name} mapping`)
+  })
+})
+
 /* eslint-enable no-irregular-whitespace */
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/helper.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/helper.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba69d5c91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/helper.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { NodeTypes } from '../src/nodes'
+
+import type { Node, PluralNode, MessageNode, LinkedNode } from '../src/nodes'
+
+export function traverse(node: Node, fn: (node: Node) => void) {
+  fn(node)
+  if (node.type === NodeTypes.Plural) {
+    ;(node as PluralNode).cases.forEach(c => traverse(c, fn))
+  } else if (node.type === NodeTypes.Message) {
+    ;(node as MessageNode).items.forEach(c => traverse(c, fn))
+  } else if (node.type === NodeTypes.Linked) {
+    traverse((node as LinkedNode).key, fn)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/optimizer.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/optimizer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5349f5196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/optimizer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import { createParser } from '../src/parser'
+import { optimize } from '../src/optimizer'
+
+import type { MessageNode, PluralNode } from '../src/nodes'
+
+test(`text only: hello world`, () => {
+  const parser = createParser({ location: false })
+  const msg = 'hello world'
+  const ast = optimize(parser.parse(msg))
+
+  expect((ast.body as MessageNode).static).toBe(msg)
+  expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot()
+})
+
+test(`literal only: {'hello world'}`, () => {
+  const parser = createParser({ location: false })
+  const msg = `{'hello world'}`
+  const ast = optimize(parser.parse(msg))
+
+  expect((ast.body as MessageNode).static).toBe('hello world')
+  expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot()
+})
+
+test(`full text items: foo{'@'}domain.com`, () => {
+  const parser = createParser({ location: false })
+  const msg = `foo{'@'}domain.com`
+  const ast = optimize(parser.parse(msg))
+
+  expect((ast.body as MessageNode).static).toBe('foo@domain.com')
+  expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot()
+})
+
+test(`full text message on plural: no apples | one apple | many apples`, () => {
+  const parser = createParser({ location: false })
+  const msg = `no apples | one apple | many apples`
+  const ast = optimize(parser.parse(msg))
+
+  expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot()
+  const messages = (ast.body as PluralNode).cases.map(
+    node => (node as MessageNode).static
+  )
+  expect(messages).toEqual(['no apples', 'one apple', 'many apples'])
+})
+
+test('incldue dynamic node: hello, {name} !', () => {
+  const parser = createParser({ location: false })
+  const msg = `hello, {name} !`
+  const ast = optimize(parser.parse(msg))
+
+  expect((ast.body as MessageNode).static).toBeUndefined()
+  expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot()
+})
+
+test(`incldue dynamic node in pluarl: no apples | {0} apple | {n} apples`, () => {
+  const parser = createParser({ location: false })
+  const msg = `no apples | {0} apple | {n} apples`
+  const ast = optimize(parser.parse(msg))
+
+  expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot()
+  const messages = (ast.body as PluralNode).cases
+    .map(node => (node as MessageNode).static)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+  expect(messages).toEqual(['no apples'])
+})
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser.test.ts
index c3676aedc..329f47060 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser.test.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-import { CompileError, ParserOptions } from '../src'
 import { createParser } from '../src/parser'
+import { traverse } from './helper'
+
+import type { CompileError, ParserOptions } from '../src'
+
+const cases = [
+  { code: 'hello world', name: 'message' },
+  { code: 'hello {name} !', name: 'named' },
+  { code: 'hello {_name} !', name: 'named' },
+  { code: 'hello {0} !', name: 'list' },
+  { code: `hello {'kazupon'} !`, name: 'literal' },
+  { code: '@:apples', name: 'linked' },
+  { code: '@.lower:{0}', name: 'linked modifier list' },
+  { code: 'no apples | one apple  |  too much apples  ', name: 'plural' },
+  {
+    code: `@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
+    name: 'plural complex'
+  },
+  { code: `@.: a`, name: 'linked error' },
+  { code: `@.:foo`, name: 'linked modifier error' },
+  { code: `@:(foo)`, name: 'linked key paren error' },
+  { code: `hi @._upper:{_name} !`, name: 'linked key with named and modifier' },
+  { code: `@.lower:(foo)`, name: 'linked key paren error with modifier' },
+  { code: `@.`, name: 'EOF in linked modifier' },
+  { code: `|`, name: 'empty plural' }
+]
 
 test('parse', () => {
-  const cases = [
-    { code: 'hello world', name: 'message' },
-    { code: 'hello {name} !', name: 'named' },
-    { code: 'hello {_name} !', name: 'named' },
-    { code: 'hello {0} !', name: 'list' },
-    { code: `hello {'kazupon'} !`, name: 'literal' },
-    { code: '@:apples', name: 'linked' },
-    { code: '@.lower:{0}', name: 'linked modifier list' },
-    { code: 'no apples | one apple  |  too much apples  ', name: 'plural' },
-    {
-      code: `@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
-      name: 'plural complex'
-    },
-    { code: `@.: a`, name: 'linked error' },
-    { code: `@.:foo`, name: 'linked modifier error' },
-    { code: `@:(foo)`, name: 'linked key paren error' },
-    { code: `hi @._upper:{_name} !`, name: 'foo' },
-    { code: `@.lower:(foo)`, name: 'linked key paren error with modifier' },
-    { code: `@.`, name: 'EOF in linked modifier' },
-    { code: `|`, name: 'empty plural' }
-  ]
   for (const { name, code } of cases) {
     const errors: CompileError[] = []
     const options: ParserOptions = {
@@ -32,9 +35,51 @@ test('parse', () => {
     }
     const parser = createParser(options)
     const ast = parser.parse(code)
-    expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot(name || JSON.stringify(code))
+    const title = `${name}: ${JSON.stringify(code)}`
+    expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot(title)
+
     if (errors.length) {
-      expect(errors).toMatchSnapshot(`${name || JSON.stringify(code)} errors`)
+      expect(errors).toMatchSnapshot(`${title} errors`)
     }
   }
 })
+
+describe('parser options', () => {
+  test('location disable', () => {
+    for (const { name, code } of cases) {
+      const errors: CompileError[] = []
+      const options: ParserOptions = {
+        location: false,
+        onError: err => {
+          errors.push({ ...err, message: err.message })
+        }
+      }
+      const parser = createParser(options)
+      const ast = parser.parse(code)
+      traverse(ast, node => {
+        expect(node.start).toBeUndefined()
+        expect(node.end).toBeUndefined()
+        expect(node.loc).toBeUndefined()
+      })
+
+      const title = `${name}: ${JSON.stringify(code)}`
+      expect(ast).toMatchSnapshot(title)
+
+      if (errors.length) {
+        expect(errors).toMatchSnapshot(`${title} errors`)
+        for (const error of errors) {
+          expect(error.location).toBeUndefined()
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  test('cache key', () => {
+    const options: ParserOptions = {
+      onCacheKey: source => source
+    }
+    const parser = createParser(options)
+    const ast = parser.parse('hello {name}!')
+    expect(ast.cacheKey).toBeDefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/linked.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/linked.test.ts
index 7556d7f56..b8324aa61 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/linked.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/linked.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { createParser, NodeTypes, MessageNode } from '../../src/parser'
+import { createParser } from '../../src/parser'
+import { NodeTypes } from '../../src/nodes'
+
+import type { MessageNode } from '../../src/nodes'
 
 let spy: any // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/list.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/list.test.ts
index 43e4d7e8a..a3aad16bc 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/list.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/list.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { createParser, NodeTypes, MessageNode } from '../../src/parser'
+import { createParser } from '../../src/parser'
+import { NodeTypes } from '../../src/nodes'
+
+import type { MessageNode } from '../../src/nodes'
 
 let spy: any // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/literal.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/literal.test.ts
index 543042d70..1f7c5405a 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/literal.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/literal.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { createParser, NodeTypes, MessageNode } from '../../src/parser'
+import { createParser } from '../../src/parser'
+import { NodeTypes } from '../../src/nodes'
+
+import type { MessageNode } from '../../src/nodes'
 
 let spy: any // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/modulo.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/modulo.test.ts
index 55fc787ab..8522964b3 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/modulo.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/modulo.test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import {
-  createParser,
-  NodeTypes,
-  PluralNode,
-  MessageNode
-} from '../../src/parser'
+import { createParser } from '../../src/parser'
+import { NodeTypes } from '../../src/nodes'
+
+import type { PluralNode, MessageNode } from '../../src/nodes'
 
 let spy: any // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/named.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/named.test.ts
index 0f7bebdd8..e798c9f2a 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/named.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/named.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { createParser, NodeTypes, MessageNode } from '../../src/parser'
+import { createParser } from '../../src/parser'
+import { NodeTypes } from '../../src/nodes'
+
+import type { MessageNode } from '../../src/nodes'
 
 let spy: any // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/plural.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/plural.test.ts
index f2ddaea4d..c37def136 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/plural.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/plural.test.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-import {
-  createParser,
-  NodeTypes,
-  PluralNode,
-  ERROR_DOMAIN
-} from '../../src/parser'
+import { createParser, ERROR_DOMAIN } from '../../src/parser'
+import { NodeTypes } from '../../src/nodes'
 import { CompileErrorCodes, errorMessages } from '../../src/errors'
 
+import type { PluralNode } from '../../src/nodes'
+
 let spy: any // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 beforeEach(() => {
   spy = vi.fn()
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/text.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/text.test.ts
index 5f240af8f..dae054733 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/text.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/parser/text.test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import {
-  createParser,
-  NodeTypes,
-  MessageNode,
-  TextNode
-} from '../../src/parser'
+import { createParser } from '../../src/parser'
+import { NodeTypes } from '../../src/nodes'
+
+import type { MessageNode, TextNode } from '../../src/nodes'
 
 let spy: any // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
 beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer.test.ts
index 0403b2ff4..01db8b8b4 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer.test.ts
@@ -1,102 +1,127 @@
 import { parse } from '../src/tokenizer'
-import { TokenizeOptions } from '../src/options'
-import { CompileError } from '../src/errors'
-import path from 'path'
-import { promises as fs } from 'fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { promises as fs } from 'node:fs'
+
+import type { CompileError } from '../src/errors'
+import type { TokenizeOptions } from '../src/options'
+
+const CASES = [
+  `hello world`,
+  `hi {name} !`,
+  `{first} {middle}　{last}`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
+  `hi {  name } !`,
+  `{first}\n{middle}\r\n{last}`,
+  `hi {0} !`,
+  `{0} {1}　{2}`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
+  `hi {  -1 } !`,
+  `{0}\n{1}\r\n{2}`,
+  `hi {'kazupon'} !`,
+  `hi @:name !`,
+  `hi @:{'hello world'} !`,
+  `hi @:{name}\n !`,
+  `hi @.upper:name !`,
+  `hi @:{name} @:{0}!`,
+  `no apples | one apple  |  too much apples `,
+  `no apples |\n one apple  |\n  too much apples  `,
+  `@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
+  `hello\nworld`,
+  `こんにちは、世界`,
+  `😺`,
+  ``,
+  `...`,
+  `hypen-nate`,
+  `hello:`,
+  `1 + 1`,
+  `name = foo`,
+  `'single-quote'`,
+  `"double-qoute"`,
+  ` hello world `,
+  `hello\\nworld`,
+  `hi, :-) !`,
+  `hi, :-} !`,
+  `hi {} !`,
+  `hi {{ !`,
+  `hi {{}} !`,
+  `hi {  } !`,
+  `hi %name`,
+  `hi {name$} !`,
+  `hi {snake_case} !`,
+  `hi {\nname\n} !`,
+  `hi {{name}} !`,
+  `hi { { name } } !`,
+  `hi {name`,
+  `hi {name !`,
+  `hi { name !`,
+  `hi {  name !`,
+  `hi {{0}} !`,
+  `hi { { 0 } } !`,
+  `hi {0`,
+  `hi {0 !`,
+  `hi {  0 !`,
+  `hi {@.lower:name !`,
+  `hi { @:name !`,
+  `hi {  | hello {name} !`,
+  `hi { @:name  | hello {name} !`,
+  `hi { 'foo`,
+  `hi { 'foo }`,
+  `hi { 'foo\n' }`,
+  `hi { '\\x41' }`,
+  `hi { '\\uw' }`,
+  `hi {$} !`,
+  `hi {-} !`,
+  `hi @:{ name } !`,
+  `hi @:{ 'name' } !`,
+  `hi @:{ {name} } !`,
+  `foo@bar.com`,
+  `hi @\n:name !`,
+  `hi @ :name !`,
+  `hi @. {name} !`,
+  `hi @.\n{name} !`,
+  `hi @.upper\n{name} !`,
+  `hi @.upper {name} !`,
+  `hi @:\nname !`,
+  `hi @: {'name'} !`,
+  `hi @\n. upper\n:  {'name'}\n !`,
+  ` | | |`,
+  ` foo | | bar`,
+  `@.lower: {'no apples'} | {1 apple | @:{count　apples` // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
+]
 
 test('token analysis', () => {
-  const cases = [
-    `hello world`,
-    `hi {name} !`,
-    `{first} {middle}　{last}`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
-    `hi {  name } !`,
-    `{first}\n{middle}\r\n{last}`,
-    `hi {0} !`,
-    `{0} {1}　{2}`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
-    `hi {  -1 } !`,
-    `{0}\n{1}\r\n{2}`,
-    `hi {'kazupon'} !`,
-    `hi @:name !`,
-    `hi @:{'hello world'} !`,
-    `hi @:{name}\n !`,
-    `hi @.upper:name !`,
-    `hi @:{name} @:{0}!`,
-    `no apples | one apple  |  too much apples `,
-    `no apples |\n one apple  |\n  too much apples  `,
-    `@.lower:{'no apples'} | {1} apple | {count}　apples`, // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
-    `hello\nworld`,
-    `こんにちは、世界`,
-    `😺`,
-    ``,
-    `...`,
-    `hypen-nate`,
-    `hello:`,
-    `1 + 1`,
-    `name = foo`,
-    `'single-quote'`,
-    `"double-qoute"`,
-    ` hello world `,
-    `hello\\nworld`,
-    `hi, :-) !`,
-    `hi, :-} !`,
-    `hi {} !`,
-    `hi {{ !`,
-    `hi {{}} !`,
-    `hi {  } !`,
-    `hi %name`,
-    `hi {name$} !`,
-    `hi {snake_case} !`,
-    `hi {\nname\n} !`,
-    `hi {{name}} !`,
-    `hi { { name } } !`,
-    `hi {name`,
-    `hi {name !`,
-    `hi { name !`,
-    `hi {  name !`,
-    `hi {{0}} !`,
-    `hi { { 0 } } !`,
-    `hi {0`,
-    `hi {0 !`,
-    `hi {  0 !`,
-    `hi {@.lower:name !`,
-    `hi { @:name !`,
-    `hi {  | hello {name} !`,
-    `hi { @:name  | hello {name} !`,
-    `hi { 'foo`,
-    `hi { 'foo }`,
-    `hi { 'foo\n' }`,
-    `hi { '\\x41' }`,
-    `hi { '\\uw' }`,
-    `hi {$} !`,
-    `hi {-} !`,
-    `hi @:{ name } !`,
-    `hi @:{ 'name' } !`,
-    `hi @:{ {name} } !`,
-    `foo@bar.com`,
-    `hi @\n:name !`,
-    `hi @ :name !`,
-    `hi @. {name} !`,
-    `hi @.\n{name} !`,
-    `hi @.upper\n{name} !`,
-    `hi @.upper {name} !`,
-    `hi @:\nname !`,
-    `hi @: {'name'} !`,
-    `hi @\n. upper\n:  {'name'}\n !`,
-    ` | | |`,
-    ` foo | | bar`,
-    `@.lower: {'no apples'} | {1 apple | @:{count　apples` // eslint-disable-line no-irregular-whitespace
-  ]
-  for (const p of cases) {
+  for (const _case of CASES) {
     const errors: CompileError[] = []
     const options: TokenizeOptions = {
       onError: err => {
         errors.push({ ...err, message: err.message })
       }
     }
-    const tokens = parse(p, options)
-    expect(tokens).toMatchSnapshot(`${JSON.stringify(p)} tokens`)
+    const tokens = parse(_case, options)
+    expect(tokens).toMatchSnapshot(`${JSON.stringify(_case)} tokens`)
     if (errors.length) {
-      expect(errors).toMatchSnapshot(`${JSON.stringify(p)} errors`)
+      expect(errors).toMatchSnapshot(`${JSON.stringify(_case)} errors`)
+    }
+  }
+})
+
+test('tokenize options: location disable', () => {
+  for (const _case of CASES) {
+    const errors: CompileError[] = []
+    const options: TokenizeOptions = {
+      location: false,
+      onError: err => {
+        errors.push({ ...err, message: err.message })
+      }
+    }
+    const tokens = parse(_case, options)
+    expect(tokens).toMatchSnapshot(`${JSON.stringify(_case)} tokens`)
+    for (const token of tokens) {
+      expect(token.loc).toBeUndefined()
+    }
+    if (errors.length) {
+      expect(errors).toMatchSnapshot(`${JSON.stringify(_case)} errors`)
+      for (const error of errors) {
+        expect(error.location).toBeUndefined()
+      }
     }
   }
 })
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/linked.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/linked.test.ts
index 529272048..439e50cfa 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/linked.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/linked.test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-import { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
-import {
-  CompileErrorCodes,
-  CompileError,
-  errorMessages
-} from '../../src/errors'
+import { CompileErrorCodes, errorMessages } from '../../src/errors'
 import {
   createTokenizer,
   TokenTypes,
@@ -11,6 +6,9 @@ import {
   parse
 } from '../../src/tokenizer'
 
+import type { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
+import type { CompileError } from '../../src/errors'
+
 test('linked key', () => {
   const tokenizer = createTokenizer('hi @:name !')
   expect(tokenizer.nextToken()).toEqual({
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/list.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/list.test.ts
index c3a6ae102..055f619d2 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/list.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/list.test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-import { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
-import {
-  CompileErrorCodes,
-  CompileError,
-  errorMessages
-} from '../../src/errors'
+import { CompileErrorCodes, errorMessages } from '../../src/errors'
 import {
   createTokenizer,
   TokenTypes,
@@ -11,6 +6,9 @@ import {
   parse
 } from '../../src/tokenizer'
 
+import type { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
+import type { CompileError } from '../../src/errors'
+
 test('basic', () => {
   const tokenizer = createTokenizer('hi {0} !')
   expect(tokenizer.nextToken()).toEqual({
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/literal.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/literal.test.ts
index ae466b1be..f49e243f8 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/literal.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/literal.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
-import { CompileErrorCodes, CompileError } from '../../src/errors'
+import { CompileErrorCodes } from '../../src/errors'
 import {
   createTokenizer,
   TokenTypes,
@@ -7,6 +6,9 @@ import {
   ERROR_DOMAIN as ERROR_DOMAIN_TOKENIZE
 } from '../../src/tokenizer'
 
+import type { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
+import type { CompileError } from '../../src/errors'
+
 describe('string', () => {
   test(`ascii: 'kazuya kawaguchi'`, () => {
     const tokenizer = createTokenizer(`hi { 'kazuya kawaguchi' }`)
diff --git a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/named.test.ts b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/named.test.ts
index d4946b77a..6bf9f7b57 100644
--- a/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/named.test.ts
+++ b/packages/message-compiler/test/tokenizer/named.test.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 import { format } from '@intlify/shared'
-import { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
-import {
-  CompileErrorCodes,
-  CompileError,
-  errorMessages
-} from '../../src/errors'
+import { CompileErrorCodes, errorMessages } from '../../src/errors'
 import {
   createTokenizer,
   TokenTypes,
@@ -12,6 +7,9 @@ import {
   parse
 } from '../../src/tokenizer'
 
+import type { TokenizeOptions } from '../../src/options'
+import type { CompileError } from '../../src/errors'
+
 test('basic', () => {
   const tokenizer = createTokenizer('hi {name} !')
   expect(tokenizer.nextToken()).toEqual({
diff --git a/packages/petite-vue-i18n/src/index.ts b/packages/petite-vue-i18n/src/index.ts
index a080d8789..62942fed8 100644
--- a/packages/petite-vue-i18n/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/petite-vue-i18n/src/index.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,21 @@ import { getGlobalThis } from '@intlify/shared'
 import {
   setDevToolsHook,
   registerMessageCompiler,
-  compileToFunction
+  compileToFunction,
+  compile
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
 import { initDev, initFeatureFlags } from '../../vue-i18n-core/src/misc'
 
+if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
+  initFeatureFlags()
+}
+
 // register message compiler at petite-vue-i18n
-registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+if (!__FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__) {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+} else {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+}
 
 export {
   Path,
@@ -96,10 +105,6 @@ export type {
   PickupFormatPathKeys
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
 
-if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
-  initFeatureFlags()
-}
-
 // NOTE: experimental !!
 if (__DEV__ || __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__) {
   const target = getGlobalThis()
diff --git a/packages/size-check-core/package.json b/packages/size-check-core/package.json
index a57e57424..b558698ef 100644
--- a/packages/size-check-core/package.json
+++ b/packages/size-check-core/package.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "dev": "vite",
     "build": "vite build",
     "check": "tsc",
-    "serve": "vite preview"
+    "preview": "vite preview"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@intlify/core": "workspace:*"
diff --git a/packages/size-check-core/vite.config.ts b/packages/size-check-core/vite.config.ts
index 09516f35c..ddca80aef 100644
--- a/packages/size-check-core/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/size-check-core/vite.config.ts
@@ -14,14 +14,16 @@ export default defineConfig({
     // is targeting Node (SSR)?
     __NODE_JS__: false,
     'process.env.NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('production'),
+    __INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__: true,
     __INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__: false
   },
   resolve: {
     alias: {
-      '@intlify/core': '@intlify/core/dist/core.runtime.esm-bundler.mjs'
+      '@intlify/core': '@intlify/core/dist/core.esm-bundler.js'
     }
   },
   build: {
+    minify: false,
     rollupOptions: {
       output: {
         entryFileNames: `assets/[name].js`,
diff --git a/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/package.json b/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/package.json
index 1c3058bf9..b4707a1a4 100644
--- a/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/package.json
+++ b/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/package.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "dev": "vite",
     "build": "vite build",
     "check": "vue-tsc",
-    "serve": "vite preview"
+    "preview": "vite preview"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "vue": "^3.3.4",
diff --git a/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts b/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts
index 25a1c9202..6aa3d688b 100644
--- a/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@ export default defineConfig({
     __VUE_I18N_LEGACY_API__: false,
     __VUE_I18N_FULL_INSTALL__: false,
     __VUE_PROD_DEVTOOLS__: false,
+    // __INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__: true,
     __INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__: false,
     'process.env.NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('production')
   },
   resolve: {
     alias: {
-      'vue-i18n': 'petite-vue-i18n/dist/petite-vue-i18n.runtime.esm-bundler.mjs'
+      'vue-i18n': 'petite-vue-i18n/dist/petite-vue-i18n.esm-bundler.js'
     }
   },
   build: {
diff --git a/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/package.json b/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/package.json
index 8e740dcdf..9c6c375cb 100644
--- a/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/package.json
+++ b/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/package.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "dev": "vite",
     "build": "vite build",
     "check": "vue-tsc",
-    "serve": "vite preview"
+    "preview": "vite preview"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "vue": "^3.3.4",
diff --git a/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/src/main.ts b/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/src/main.ts
index 55010bd52..1783209fc 100644
--- a/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/src/main.ts
+++ b/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/src/main.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,69 @@ import { createApp } from 'vue'
 import { createI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
 import App from './App.vue'
 
+const ast = {
+  type: 0,
+  start: 0,
+  end: 6,
+  loc: {
+    start: {
+      line: 1,
+      column: 1,
+      offset: 0
+    },
+    end: {
+      line: 1,
+      column: 7,
+      offset: 6
+    },
+    source: 'hello!'
+  },
+  body: {
+    type: 2,
+    start: 0,
+    end: 6,
+    loc: {
+      start: {
+        line: 1,
+        column: 1,
+        offset: 0
+      },
+      end: {
+        line: 1,
+        column: 7,
+        offset: 6
+      }
+    },
+    items: [
+      {
+        type: 3,
+        start: 0,
+        end: 6,
+        loc: {
+          start: {
+            line: 1,
+            column: 1,
+            offset: 0
+          },
+          end: {
+            line: 1,
+            column: 7,
+            offset: 6
+          }
+        },
+        value: 'hello!'
+      }
+    ],
+    static: 'hello!'
+  },
+  cacheKey: '{"l":"en","k":"hello","s":"hello!"}'
+}
+
 const i18n = createI18n({
   locale: 'en',
   messages: {
     en: {
-      hello: 'hello!'
+      hello: ast // 'hello!'
     }
   }
 })
diff --git a/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts b/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts
index 8d6a16e47..afa76693a 100644
--- a/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/size-check-vue-i18n/vite.config.ts
@@ -18,15 +18,19 @@ export default defineConfig({
     __VUE_I18N_LEGACY_API__: false,
     __VUE_I18N_FULL_INSTALL__: false,
     __VUE_PROD_DEVTOOLS__: false,
+    __INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__: true,
     __INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__: false,
     'process.env.NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('production')
+    // 'process.env.NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('development')
   },
   resolve: {
     alias: {
-      'vue-i18n': 'vue-i18n/dist/vue-i18n.runtime.esm-bundler.mjs'
+      // 'vue-i18n': 'vue-i18n/dist/vue-i18n.runtime.esm-bundler.js'
+      'vue-i18n': 'vue-i18n/dist/vue-i18n.esm-bundler.js'
     }
   },
   build: {
+    minify: false,
     rollupOptions: {
       output: {
         entryFileNames: `assets/[name].js`,
diff --git a/packages/vue-i18n-bridge/src/index.ts b/packages/vue-i18n-bridge/src/index.ts
index ba2aad8ce..df32bdb01 100644
--- a/packages/vue-i18n-bridge/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vue-i18n-bridge/src/index.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   setDevToolsHook,
   registerMessageCompiler,
   compileToFunction,
+  compile,
   registerMessageResolver,
   resolveValue,
   registerLocaleFallbacker,
@@ -10,8 +11,16 @@ import {
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
 import { initDev, initFeatureFlags } from '../../vue-i18n-core/src/misc'
 
+if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
+  initFeatureFlags()
+}
+
 // register message compiler at vue-i18n
-registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+if (!__FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__) {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+} else {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+}
 
 // register message resolver at vue-i18n
 registerMessageResolver(resolveValue)
@@ -119,10 +128,6 @@ export type {
   PickupFormatPathKeys
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
 
-if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
-  initFeatureFlags()
-}
-
 // NOTE: experimental !!
 if (__DEV__ || __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__) {
   const target = getGlobalThis()
diff --git a/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/devtools.ts b/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/devtools.ts
index e779ae735..f6f4f2c46 100644
--- a/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/devtools.ts
+++ b/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/devtools.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   isObject,
   isArray
 } from '@intlify/shared'
+import { isMessageAST } from '@intlify/core-base'
 
 import type { App, ComponentInternalInstance } from 'vue'
 import type {
@@ -238,6 +239,8 @@ function getLocaleMessageValue(messages: any): Record<string, unknown> {
     const v: unknown = messages[key]
     if (isFunction(v) && 'source' in v) {
       value[key] = getMessageFunctionDetails(v)
+    } else if (isMessageAST(v) && v.loc && v.loc.source) {
+      value[key] = v.loc.source
     } else if (isObject(v)) {
       value[key] = getLocaleMessageValue(v)
     } else {
diff --git a/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/misc.ts b/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/misc.ts
index 351883851..c1464b2bf 100644
--- a/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/misc.ts
+++ b/packages/vue-i18n-core/src/misc.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ export function initFeatureFlags(): void {
     getGlobalThis().__VUE_I18N_LEGACY_API__ = true
   }
 
+  if (typeof __FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__ !== 'boolean') {
+    getGlobalThis().__INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__ = false
+  }
+
   if (typeof __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__ !== 'boolean') {
     getGlobalThis().__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__ = false
   }
diff --git a/packages/vue-i18n/README.md b/packages/vue-i18n/README.md
index 0d2f118e8..f4f4dcbf7 100644
--- a/packages/vue-i18n/README.md
+++ b/packages/vue-i18n/README.md
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ The `esm-bundler` builds now exposes global feature flags that can be overwritte
 
 - `__VUE_I18N_FULL_INSTALL__` (enable/disable, in addition to vue-i18n APIs, components and directives all fully support installation: `true`)
 - `__VUE_I18N_LEGACY_API__` (enable/disable vue-i18n legacy style APIs support, default: `true`)
-- `__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__` (enable/disable `@intlify/devtools` support in production, default: `false`)
+- `__INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__`  (enable/disable message compiler for JIT style, default: `false`)
 
-> NOTE: `__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__` flag is experimental, and `@intlify/devtools` is WIP yet.
+> NOTE: `__INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__` flag support version, 9.3+
 
 The build will work without configuring these flags, however it is **strongly recommended** to properly configure them in order to get proper tree shaking in the final bundle. To configure these flags:
 
diff --git a/packages/vue-i18n/src/index.ts b/packages/vue-i18n/src/index.ts
index b0b5d2294..419332aac 100644
--- a/packages/vue-i18n/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vue-i18n/src/index.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   setDevToolsHook,
   registerMessageCompiler,
   compileToFunction,
+  compile,
   registerMessageResolver,
   resolveValue,
   registerLocaleFallbacker,
@@ -10,8 +11,16 @@ import {
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
 import { initDev, initFeatureFlags } from '../../vue-i18n-core/src/misc'
 
+if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
+  initFeatureFlags()
+}
+
 // register message compiler at vue-i18n
-registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+if (!__FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__) {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compileToFunction)
+} else {
+  registerMessageCompiler(compile)
+}
 
 // register message resolver at vue-i18n
 registerMessageResolver(resolveValue)
@@ -125,10 +134,6 @@ export type {
   PickupFormatPathKeys
 } from '@intlify/core-base'
 
-if (__ESM_BUNDLER__ && !__TEST__) {
-  initFeatureFlags()
-}
-
 // NOTE: experimental !!
 if (__DEV__ || __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__) {
   const target = getGlobalThis()
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 00c9fdfbc..b80865c81 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ settings:
 
 overrides:
   vue: 3.3.4
-  vite: ^4.0.0
+  vite: ^4.3.9
 
 importers:
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ importers:
         version: 6.0.1(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n)
       '@intlify/vite-plugin-vue-i18n':
         specifier: next
-        version: 7.0.0-beta.4(vite@4.0.0)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n)
+        version: 7.0.0-beta.4(vite@4.3.9)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n)
       '@types/body-parser':
         specifier: ^1.19.2
         version: 1.19.2
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ importers:
         version: 4.17.13
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^1.9.3
-        version: 1.9.4(vite@4.0.0)
+        version: 1.9.4(vite@4.3.9)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^4.3.2
         version: 4.3.2
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^1.6.5
         version: 1.6.5(typescript@4.3.2)
@@ -304,16 +304,16 @@ importers:
     devDependencies:
       '@intlify/vite-plugin-vue-i18n':
         specifier: next
-        version: 7.0.0-beta.4(vite@4.0.0)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n)
+        version: 7.0.0-beta.4(vite@4.3.9)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n)
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^4.2.0
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: latest
         version: 3.3.4
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^1.6.5
         version: 1.6.5(typescript@5.1.3)
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ importers:
     devDependencies:
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^4.2.3
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue-jsx':
         specifier: ^1.1.5
         version: 1.1.5
@@ -384,8 +384,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^0.3.0
         version: 0.3.0(typescript@5.1.3)
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ importers:
     devDependencies:
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^4.2.3
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
@@ -409,8 +409,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^4.3.2
         version: 4.3.2
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^0.3.0
         version: 0.3.0(typescript@4.3.2)
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ importers:
     devDependencies:
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^4.2.3
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
@@ -434,8 +434,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^4.3.2
         version: 4.3.2
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^1.6.5
         version: 1.6.5(typescript@4.3.2)
@@ -451,10 +451,10 @@ importers:
     devDependencies:
       '@intlify/vite-plugin-vue-i18n':
         specifier: ^2.4.0
-        version: 2.4.0(vite@4.0.0)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n)
+        version: 2.4.0(vite@4.3.9)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n)
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^4.2.0
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
@@ -462,8 +462,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^4.3.2
         version: 4.3.2
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^1.6.5
         version: 1.6.5(typescript@4.3.2)
@@ -473,6 +473,9 @@ importers:
       '@intlify/core-base':
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../core-base
+      '@intlify/shared':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../shared
 
   packages/core-base:
     dependencies:
@@ -498,36 +501,36 @@ importers:
   packages/format-explorer:
     dependencies:
       monaco-editor:
-        specifier: ^0.39.0
-        version: 0.39.0
-      source-map:
-        specifier: ^0.6.1
-        version: 0.6.1
+        specifier: ^0.38.0
+        version: 0.38.0
+      source-map-js:
+        specifier: ^1.0.2
+        version: 1.0.2
       vue:
         specifier: 3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
     devDependencies:
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
-        specifier: ^4.2.0
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        specifier: ^4.2.3
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
-        specifier: ^1.6.5
-        version: 1.6.5(typescript@5.1.3)
+        specifier: ^1.8.1
+        version: 1.8.1(typescript@5.1.3)
 
   packages/message-compiler:
     dependencies:
       '@intlify/shared':
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../shared
-      source-map:
-        specifier: 0.6.1
-        version: 0.6.1
+      source-map-js:
+        specifier: ^1.0.2
+        version: 1.0.2
 
   packages/petite-vue-i18n:
     dependencies:
@@ -560,8 +563,8 @@ importers:
         version: link:../core
     devDependencies:
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
 
   packages/size-check-petite-vue-i18n:
     dependencies:
@@ -574,13 +577,13 @@ importers:
     devDependencies:
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^4.2.0
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^1.6.5
         version: 1.6.5(typescript@5.1.3)
@@ -596,13 +599,13 @@ importers:
     devDependencies:
       '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
         specifier: ^4.2.0
-        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+        version: 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         specifier: ^3.3.4
         version: 3.3.4
       vite:
-        specifier: ^4.0.0
-        version: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+        specifier: ^4.3.9
+        version: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^1.6.5
         version: 1.6.5(typescript@5.1.3)
@@ -1219,8 +1222,8 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-IqRuJtQff7YHHBk4G8YZ45uB9BaAGcwQeVzgj/zj8/UdOhtQpEIupUhSk8dys6spFIWVZVeK20CzGEnqR5SbqA==}
     dev: true
 
-  /@esbuild/android-arm64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-MIGl6p5sc3RDTLLkYL1MyL8BMRN4tLMRCn+yRJJmEDvYZ2M7tmAf80hx1kbNEUX2KJ50RRtxZ4JHLvCfuB6kBg==}
+  /@esbuild/android-arm64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-KBMWvEZooR7+kzY0BtbTQn0OAYY7CsiydT63pVEaPtVYF0hXbUaOyZog37DKxK7NF3XacBJOpYT4adIJh+avxA==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [android]
@@ -1237,8 +1240,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/android-arm@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-N9x1CMXVhtWEAMS7pNNONyA14f71VPQN9Cnavj1XQh6T7bskqiLLrSca4O0Vr8Wdcga943eThxnVp3JLnBMYtw==}
+  /@esbuild/android-arm@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rIKddzqhmav7MSmoFCmDIb6e2W57geRsM94gV2l38fzhXMwq7hZoClug9USI2pFRGL06f4IOPHHpFNOkWieR8A==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [arm]
     os: [android]
@@ -1255,8 +1258,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/android-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-a3kTv3m0Ghh4z1DaFEuEDfz3OLONKuFvI4Xqczqx4BqLyuFaFkuaG4j2MtA6fuWEFeC5x9IvqnX7drmRq/fyAQ==}
+  /@esbuild/android-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-uUTTc4xGNDT7YSArp/zbtmbhO0uEEK9/ETW29Wk1thYUJBz3IVnvgEiEwEa9IeLyvnpKrWK64Utw2bgUmDveww==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [android]
@@ -1273,8 +1276,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/2agbUEfmxWHi9ARTX6OQ/KgXnOWfsNlTeLcoV7HSuSTv63E4DqtAc+2XqGw1KHxKMHGZgbVCZge7HXWX9Vn+w==}
+  /@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-80wEoCfF/hFKM6WE1FyBHc9SfUblloAWx6FJkFWTWiCoht9Mc0ARGEM47e67W9rI09YoUxJL68WHfDRYEAvOhg==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [darwin]
@@ -1291,8 +1294,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-2By45OBHulkd9Svy5IOCZt376Aa2oOkiE9QWUK9fe6Tb+WDr8hXL3dpqi+DeLiMed8tVXspzsTAvd0jUl96wmg==}
+  /@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-IJM4JJsLhRYr9xdtLytPLSH9k/oxR3boaUIYiHkAawtwNOXKE8KoU8tMvryogdcT8AU+Bflmh81Xn6Q0vTZbQw==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [darwin]
@@ -1309,8 +1312,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-mt+cxZe1tVx489VTb4mBAOo2aKSnJ33L9fr25JXpqQqzbUIw/yzIzi+NHwAXK2qYV1lEFp4OoVeThGjUbmWmdw==}
+  /@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-pBwbc7DufluUeGdjSU5Si+P3SoMF5DQ/F/UmTSb8HXO80ZEAJmrykPyzo1IfNbAoaqw48YRpv8shwd1NoI0jcQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [freebsd]
@@ -1327,8 +1330,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-8ScTdNJl5idAKjH8zGAsN7RuWcyHG3BAvMNpKOBaqqR7EbUhhVHOqXRdL7oZvz8WNHL2pr5+eIT5c65kA6NHug==}
+  /@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-4lu+n8Wk0XlajEhbEffdy2xy53dpR06SlzvhGByyg36qJw6Kpfk7cp45DR/62aPH9mtJRmIyrXAS5UWBrJT6TQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [freebsd]
@@ -1345,8 +1348,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-7S8gJnSlqKGVJunnMCrXHU9Q8Q/tQIxk/xL8BqAP64wchPCTzuM6W3Ra8cIa1HIflAvDnNOt2jaL17vaW+1V0g==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ct1Tg3WGwd3P+oZYqic+YZF4snNl2bsnMKRkb3ozHmnM0dGWuxcPTTntAF6bOP0Sp4x0PjSF+4uHQ1xvxfRKqg==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1363,8 +1366,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-arm@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-iihzrWbD4gIT7j3caMzKb/RsFFHCwqqbrbH9SqUSRrdXkXaygSZCZg1FybsZz57Ju7N/SHEgPyaR0LZ8Zbe9gQ==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-arm@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-cdmT3KxjlOQ/gZ2cjfrQOtmhG4HJs6hhvm3mWSRDPtZ/lP5oe8FWceS10JaSJC13GBd4eH/haHnqf7hhGNLerA==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [arm]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1381,8 +1384,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-kiX69+wcPAdgl3Lonh1VI7MBr16nktEvOfViszBSxygRQqSpzv7BffMKRPMFwzeJGPxcio0pdD3kYQGpqQ2SSg==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-w4IRhSy1VbsNxHRQpeGCHEmibqdTUx61Vc38APcsRbuVgK0OPEnQ0YD39Brymn96mOx48Y2laBQGqgZ0j9w6SQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [ia32]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1399,8 +1402,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-dTzNnQwembNDhd654cA4QhbS9uDdXC3TKqMJjgOWsC0yNCbpzfWoXdZvp0mY7HU6nzk5E0zpRGGx3qoQg8T2DQ==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-2iAngUbBPMq439a+z//gE+9WBldoMp1s5GWsUSgqHLzLJ9WoZLZhpwWuym0u0u/4XmZ3gpHmzV84PonE+9IIdQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [loong64]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1417,8 +1420,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ezbDkp2nDl0PfIUn0CsQ30kxfcLTlcx4Foz2kYv8qdC6ia2oX5Q3E/8m6lq84Dj/6b0FrkgD582fJMIfHhJfSw==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-LKJltc4LVdMKHsrFe4MGNPp0hqDFA1Wpt3jE1gEyM3nKUvOiO//9PheZZHfYRfYl6AwdTH4aTcXSqBerX0ml4A==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [mips64el]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1435,8 +1438,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-dzS678gYD1lJsW73zrFhDApLVdM3cUF2MvAa1D8K8KtcSKdLBPP4zZSLy6LFZ0jYqQdQ29bjAHJDgz0rVbLB3g==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/c/DGybs95WXNS8y3Ti/ytqETiW7EU44MEKuCAcpPto3YjQbyK3IQVKfF6nbghD7EcLUGl0NbiL5Rt5DMhn5tg==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [ppc64]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1453,8 +1456,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ylNlVsxuFjZK8DQtNUwiMskh6nT0vI7kYl/4fZgV1llP5d6+HIeL/vmmm3jpuoo8+NuXjQVZxmKuhDApK0/cKw==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-FC3nUAWhvFoutlhAkgHf8f5HwFWUL6bYdvLc/TTuxKlvLi3+pPzdZiFKSWz/PF30TB1K19SuCxDTI5KcqASJqA==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [riscv64]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1471,8 +1474,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-gzy7nUTO4UA4oZ2wAMXPNBGTzZFP7mss3aKR2hH+/4UUkCOyqmjXiKpzGrY2TlEUhbbejzXVKKGazYcQTZWA/w==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-IbFsFbxMWLuKEbH+7sTkKzL6NJmG2vRyy6K7JJo55w+8xDk7RElYn6xvXtDW8HCfoKBFK69f3pgBJSUSQPr+4Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [s390x]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1489,8 +1492,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/linux-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-mdPjPxfnmoqhgpiEArqi4egmBAMYvaObgn4poorpUaqmvzzbvqbowRllQ+ZgzGVMGKaPkqUmPDOOFQRUFDmeUw==}
+  /@esbuild/linux-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-68ngA9lg2H6zkZcyp22tsVt38mlhWde8l3eJLWkyLrp4HwMUr3c1s/M2t7+kHIhvMjglIBrFpncX1SzMckomGw==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [linux]
@@ -1507,8 +1510,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/PzmzD/zyAeTUsduZa32bn0ORug+Jd1EGGAUJvqfeixoEISYpGnAezN6lnJoskauoai0Jrs+XSyvDhppCPoKOA==}
+  /@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-CwFq42rXCR8TYIjIfpXCbRX0rp1jo6cPIUPSaWwzbVI4aOfX96OXY8M6KNmtPcg7QjYeDmN+DD0Wp3LaBOLf4Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [netbsd]
@@ -1525,8 +1528,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-2yaWJhvxGEz2RiftSk0UObqJa/b+rIAjnODJgv2GbGGpRwAfpgzyrg1WLK8rqA24mfZa9GvpjLcBBg8JHkoodg==}
+  /@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-cnq5brJYrSZ2CF6c35eCmviIN3k3RczmHz8eYaVlNasVqsNY+JKohZU5MKmaOI+KkllCdzOKKdPs762VCPC20g==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [openbsd]
@@ -1543,8 +1546,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-xtVUiev38tN0R3g8VhRfN7Zl42YCJvyBhRKw1RJjwE1d2emWTVToPLNEQj/5Qxc6lVFATDiy6LjVHYhIPrLxzw==}
+  /@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-vCRT7yP3zX+bKWFeP/zdS6SqdWB8OIpaRq/mbXQxTGHnIxspRtigpkUcDMlSCOejlHowLqII7K2JKevwyRP2rg==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [sunos]
@@ -1561,8 +1564,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ga8+JqBDHY4b6fQAmOgtJJue36scANy4l/rL97W+0wYmijhxKetzZdKOJI7olaBaMhWt8Pac2McJdZLxXWUEQw==}
+  /@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-yYx+8jwowUstVdorcMdNlzklLYhPxjniHWFKgRqH7IFlUEa0Umu3KuYplf1HUZZ422e3NU9F4LGb+4O0Kdcaag==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [win32]
@@ -1579,8 +1582,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-WnsKaf46uSSF/sZhwnqE4L/F89AYNMiD4YtEcYekBt9Q7nj0DiId2XH2Ng2PHM54qi5oPrQ8luuzGszqi/veig==}
+  /@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-eggDKanJszUtCdlVs0RB+h35wNlb5v4TWEkq4vZcmVt5u/HiDZrTXe2bWFQUez3RgNHwx/x4sk5++4NSSicKkw==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [ia32]
     os: [win32]
@@ -1597,8 +1600,8 @@ packages:
     dev: true
     optional: true
 
-  /@esbuild/win32-x64@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-y+EHuSchhL7FjHgvQL/0fnnFmO4T1bhvWANX6gcnqTjtnKWbTvUMCpGnv2+t+31d7RzyEAYAd4u2fnIhHL6N/Q==}
+  /@esbuild/win32-x64@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-lAhycmKnVOuRYNtRtatQR1LPQf2oYCkRGkSFnseDAKPl8lu5SOsK/e1sXe5a0Pc5kHIHe6P2I/ilntNv2xf3cA==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [win32]
@@ -1804,7 +1807,7 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>= 16'}
     dev: true
 
-  /@intlify/vite-plugin-vue-i18n@2.4.0(vite@4.0.0)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n):
+  /@intlify/vite-plugin-vue-i18n@2.4.0(vite@4.3.9)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-DXBvl7JEEcChjrsCUHIBJUSqgAXJSUzbaZskzTuJy5K3FDCX/g9XfHVaw8lCUaW7jYF60BIsPr87sAP1QSGB0Q==}
     engines: {node: '>= 12'}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -1816,13 +1819,13 @@ packages:
       '@rollup/pluginutils': 4.2.1
       debug: 4.3.4(supports-color@9.0.2)
       fast-glob: 3.2.12
-      vite: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+      vite: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-i18n: link:packages/vue-i18n
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
 
-  /@intlify/vite-plugin-vue-i18n@7.0.0-beta.4(vite@4.0.0)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n):
+  /@intlify/vite-plugin-vue-i18n@7.0.0-beta.4(vite@4.3.9)(vue-i18n@packages+vue-i18n):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7vAw0xpYzWaDKom52tIl1vS8acXX810UN92dTIjErWlfiA3umWamYvo3mdk93qatTjLIgwaS6u+tmfuk+6RkAQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 14.6'}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -1843,7 +1846,7 @@ packages:
       debug: 4.3.4(supports-color@9.0.2)
       fast-glob: 3.2.12
       source-map: 0.6.1
-      vite: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+      vite: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue-i18n: link:packages/vue-i18n
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
@@ -2951,7 +2954,7 @@ packages:
       '@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree': 5.59.11(typescript@5.1.3)
       eslint: 8.43.0
       eslint-scope: 5.1.1
-      semver: 7.5.1
+      semver: 7.5.2
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
       - typescript
@@ -2979,23 +2982,23 @@ packages:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
 
-  /@vitejs/plugin-vue@1.9.4(vite@4.0.0):
+  /@vitejs/plugin-vue@1.9.4(vite@4.3.9):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-0CZqaCoChriPTTtGkERy1LGPcYjGFpi2uYRhBPIkqJqUGV5JnJFhQAgh6oH9j5XZHfrRaisX8W0xSpO4T7S78A==}
     engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
     peerDependencies:
       vite: ^2.5.10
     dependencies:
-      vite: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+      vite: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
     dev: true
 
-  /@vitejs/plugin-vue@4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4):
+  /@vitejs/plugin-vue@4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-R6JDUfiZbJA9cMiguQ7jxALsgiprjBeHL5ikpXfJCH62pPHtI+JdJ5xWj6Ev73yXSlYl86+blXn1kZHQ7uElxw==}
     engines: {node: ^14.18.0 || >=16.0.0}
     peerDependencies:
       vite: ^4.0.0
       vue: ^3.2.25
     dependencies:
-      vite: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+      vite: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue: 3.3.4
     dev: true
 
@@ -3074,6 +3077,12 @@ packages:
       '@volar/source-map': 1.4.1
     dev: true
 
+  /@volar/language-core@1.7.8:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-TPklg4c2e/f1xB/MGZEiQc3AWG+dH64ZfBlYjFB8nNaWJt4Z4k+IHBhmaP52APG+5PHFerwiWI9oF002RrRTPA==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@volar/source-map': 1.7.8
+    dev: true
+
   /@volar/shared@0.27.24:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Mi8a4GQaiorfb+o4EqOXDZm9E/uBJXgScFgF+NhtcMBOUKHNMKQyLI7YRGumtyJTTdaX7nSDJjGGTkv23tcOtQ==}
     dependencies:
@@ -3094,6 +3103,12 @@ packages:
       muggle-string: 0.2.2
     dev: true
 
+  /@volar/source-map@1.7.8:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-g2dtC2kOghvfzMDWeODIo4HO1Ml4hxzPTZyAFDz+YhRF9HjZYJSCaWaVuPZ+z0kY+T2daOHYA10GdrWQ5q0teA==}
+    dependencies:
+      muggle-string: 0.3.1
+    dev: true
+
   /@volar/transforms@0.27.24:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-sOHi1ZSapFlxn7yPl4MO5TXd9aWC0BVq2CgXAJ2EESb+ddh2uJbGQgLLNocX+MDh419cUuuFT2QAJpuWHhJcng==}
     dependencies:
@@ -3119,6 +3134,12 @@ packages:
       typescript: 5.1.3
     dev: true
 
+  /@volar/typescript@1.7.8:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-NDcI5ZQcdr8kgxzMQrhSSWIM8Tl0MbMFrkvJPTjfm2rdAQZPFT8zv3LrEW9Fqh0e9z2YbCry7jr4a/GShBqeDA==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@volar/language-core': 1.7.8
+    dev: true
+
   /@volar/vue-language-core@1.6.5:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-IF2b6hW4QAxfsLd5mePmLgtkXzNi+YnH6ltCd80gb7+cbdpFMjM1I+w+nSg2kfBTyfu+W8useCZvW89kPTBpzg==}
     dependencies:
@@ -3239,6 +3260,25 @@ packages:
   /@vue/devtools-api@6.5.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-o9KfBeaBmCKl10usN4crU53fYtC1r7jJwdGKjPT24t348rHxgfpZ0xL3Xm/gLUYnc0oTp8LAmrxOeLyu6tbk2Q==}
 
+  /@vue/language-core@1.8.1(typescript@5.1.3):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-pumv3k4J7P58hVh4YGRM9Qz3HaAr4TlFWM9bnVOkZ/2K9o2CK1lAP2y9Jw+Z0+mNL4F2uWQqnAPzj3seLyfpDA==}
+    peerDependencies:
+      typescript: '*'
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      typescript:
+        optional: true
+    dependencies:
+      '@volar/language-core': 1.7.8
+      '@volar/source-map': 1.7.8
+      '@vue/compiler-dom': 3.3.4
+      '@vue/reactivity': 3.3.4
+      '@vue/shared': 3.3.4
+      minimatch: 9.0.1
+      muggle-string: 0.3.1
+      typescript: 5.1.3
+      vue-template-compiler: 2.7.14
+    dev: true
+
   /@vue/reactivity-transform@3.3.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-MXgwjako4nu5WFLAjpBnCj/ieqcjE2aJBINUNQzkZQfzIZA4xn+0fV1tIYBJvvva3N3OvKGofRLvQIwEQPpaXw==}
     dependencies:
@@ -3278,6 +3318,15 @@ packages:
   /@vue/shared@3.3.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7OjdcV8vQ74eiz1TZLzZP4JwqM5fA94K6yntPS5Z25r9HDuGNzaGdgvwKYq6S+MxwF0TFRwe50fIR/MYnakdkQ==}
 
+  /@vue/typescript@1.8.1(typescript@5.1.3):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-nQpo55j/roie8heCfqyXHnyayqD5+p4/0fzfxH4ZuHf7NSBQS791PNv7ztp2CCOjnGAiaiCMdtC9rc6oriyPUg==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@volar/typescript': 1.7.8
+      '@vue/language-core': 1.8.1(typescript@5.1.3)
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - typescript
+    dev: true
+
   /@vueuse/core@10.1.2(vue@3.3.4):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-roNn8WuerI56A5uiTyF/TEYX0Y+VKlhZAF94unUfdhbDUI+NfwQMn4FUnUscIRUhv3344qvAghopU4bzLPNFlA==}
     dependencies:
@@ -5598,34 +5647,34 @@ packages:
       jsonc-parser: 3.2.0
     dev: true
 
-  /esbuild@0.16.17:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-G8LEkV0XzDMNwXKgM0Jwu3nY3lSTwSGY6XbxM9cr9+s0T/qSV1q1JVPBGzm3dcjhCic9+emZDmMffkwgPeOeLg==}
+  /esbuild@0.17.19:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-XQ0jAPFkK/u3LcVRcvVHQcTIqD6E2H1fvZMA5dQPSOWb3suUbWbfbRf94pjc0bNzRYLfIrDRQXr7X+LHIm5oHw==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     hasBin: true
     requiresBuild: true
     optionalDependencies:
-      '@esbuild/android-arm': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/android-arm64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/android-x64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/darwin-arm64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/darwin-x64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/freebsd-x64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-arm': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-arm64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-ia32': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-loong64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-mips64el': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-ppc64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-riscv64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-s390x': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/linux-x64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/netbsd-x64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/openbsd-x64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/sunos-x64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/win32-arm64': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/win32-ia32': 0.16.17
-      '@esbuild/win32-x64': 0.16.17
+      '@esbuild/android-arm': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/android-arm64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/android-x64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/darwin-arm64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/darwin-x64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/freebsd-x64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-arm': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-arm64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-ia32': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-loong64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-mips64el': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-ppc64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-riscv64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-s390x': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/linux-x64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/netbsd-x64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/openbsd-x64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/sunos-x64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/win32-arm64': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/win32-ia32': 0.17.19
+      '@esbuild/win32-x64': 0.17.19
     dev: true
 
   /esbuild@0.18.4:
@@ -8953,8 +9002,8 @@ packages:
       ufo: 1.1.2
     dev: true
 
-  /monaco-editor@0.39.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-zhbZ2Nx93tLR8aJmL2zI1mhJpsl87HMebNBM6R8z4pLfs8pj604pIVIVwyF1TivcfNtIPpMXL+nb3DsBmE/x6Q==}
+  /monaco-editor@0.38.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-11Fkh6yzEmwx7O0YoLxeae0qEGFwmyPRlVxpg7oF9czOOCB/iCjdJrG5I67da5WiXK3YJCxoz9TJFE8Tfq/v9A==}
     dev: false
 
   /mount-point@3.0.0:
@@ -9009,6 +9058,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-YVE1mIJ4VpUMqZObFndk9CJu6DBJR/GB13p3tXuNbwD4XExaI5EOuRl6BHeIDxIqXZVxSfAC+y6U1Z/IxCfKUg==}
     dev: true
 
+  /muggle-string@0.3.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ckmWDJjphvd/FvZawgygcUeQCxzvohjFO5RxTjj4eq8kw359gFF3E1brjfI+viLMxss5JrHTDRHZvu2/tuy0Qg==}
+    dev: true
+
   /multicast-dns-service-types@1.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-cnAsSVxIDsYt0v7HmC0hWZFwwXSh+E6PgCrREDuN/EsjgLwA5XRmlMHhSiDPrt6HxY1gTivEa/Zh7GtODoLevQ==}
     dev: true
@@ -9924,15 +9977,6 @@ packages:
       source-map: 0.6.1
     dev: true
 
-  /postcss@8.4.23:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-bQ3qMcpF6A/YjR55xtoTr0jGOlnPOKAIMdOWiv0EIT6HVPEaJiJB4NLljSbiHoC2RX7DN5Uvjtpbg1NPdwv1oA==}
-    engines: {node: ^10 || ^12 || >=14}
-    dependencies:
-      nanoid: 3.3.6
-      picocolors: 1.0.0
-      source-map-js: 1.0.2
-    dev: true
-
   /postcss@8.4.24:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-M0RzbcI0sO/XJNucsGjvWU9ERWxb/ytp1w6dKtxTKgixdtQDq4rmx/g8W1hnaheq9jgwL/oyEdH5Bc4WwJKMqg==}
     engines: {node: ^10 || ^12 || >=14}
@@ -12678,7 +12722,7 @@ packages:
       mlly: 1.3.0
       pathe: 1.1.0
       picocolors: 1.0.0
-      vite: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+      vite: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - '@types/node'
       - less
@@ -12689,8 +12733,8 @@ packages:
       - terser
     dev: true
 
-  /vite@4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18):
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ynad+4kYs8Jcnn8J7SacS9vAbk7eMy0xWg6E7bAhS1s79TK+D7tVFGXVZ55S7RNLRROU1rxoKlvZ/qjaB41DGA==}
+  /vite@4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-qsTNZjO9NoJNW7KnOrgYwczm0WctJ8m/yqYAMAK9Lxt4SoySUfS5S8ia9K7JHpa3KEeMfyF8LoJ3c5NeBJy6pg==}
     engines: {node: ^14.18.0 || >=16.0.0}
     hasBin: true
     peerDependencies:
@@ -12715,9 +12759,8 @@ packages:
         optional: true
     dependencies:
       '@types/node': 18.16.18
-      esbuild: 0.16.17
-      postcss: 8.4.23
-      resolve: 1.22.2
+      esbuild: 0.17.19
+      postcss: 8.4.24
       rollup: 3.22.0
     optionalDependencies:
       fsevents: 2.3.2
@@ -12729,7 +12772,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@docsearch/css': 3.3.5
       '@docsearch/js': 3.3.5(@algolia/client-search@4.17.2)
-      '@vitejs/plugin-vue': 4.2.3(vite@4.0.0)(vue@3.3.4)
+      '@vitejs/plugin-vue': 4.2.3(vite@4.3.9)(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vue/devtools-api': 6.5.0
       '@vueuse/core': 10.1.2(vue@3.3.4)
       '@vueuse/integrations': 10.1.2(focus-trap@7.4.3)(vue@3.3.4)
@@ -12738,7 +12781,7 @@ packages:
       mark.js: 8.11.1
       minisearch: 6.1.0
       shiki: 0.14.2
-      vite: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+      vite: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vue: 3.3.4
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - '@algolia/client-search'
@@ -12820,7 +12863,7 @@ packages:
       strip-literal: 1.0.1
       tinybench: 2.5.0
       tinypool: 0.5.0
-      vite: 4.0.0(@types/node@18.16.18)
+      vite: 4.3.9(@types/node@18.16.18)
       vite-node: 0.31.1(@types/node@18.16.18)
       why-is-node-running: 2.2.2
     transitivePeerDependencies:
@@ -13012,7 +13055,7 @@ packages:
       espree: 9.5.2
       esquery: 1.5.0
       lodash: 4.17.21
-      semver: 7.5.1
+      semver: 7.5.2
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
@@ -13096,6 +13139,18 @@ packages:
       typescript: 5.1.3
     dev: true
 
+  /vue-tsc@1.8.1(typescript@5.1.3):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-GxBQrcb0Qvyrj1uZqnTXQyWbXdNDRY2MTa+r7ESgjhf+WzBSdxZfkS3KD/C3WhKYG+aN8hf44Hp5Gqzb6PehAA==}
+    hasBin: true
+    peerDependencies:
+      typescript: '*'
+    dependencies:
+      '@vue/language-core': 1.8.1(typescript@5.1.3)
+      '@vue/typescript': 1.8.1(typescript@5.1.3)
+      semver: 7.5.2
+      typescript: 5.1.3
+    dev: true
+
   /vue@2.7.14:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-b2qkFyOM0kwqWFuQmgd4o+uHGU7T+2z3T+WQp8UBjADfEv2n4FEMffzBmCKNP0IGzOEEfYjvtcC62xaSKeQDrQ==}
     dependencies:
diff --git a/rollup.config.mjs b/rollup.config.mjs
index 6c67860b3..cd504ab5c 100644
--- a/rollup.config.mjs
+++ b/rollup.config.mjs
@@ -355,6 +355,9 @@ function createReplacePlugin(
     __FEATURE_PROD_INTLIFY_DEVTOOLS__: isBundlerESMBuild
       ? `__INTLIFY_PROD_DEVTOOLS__`
       : false,
+    __FEATURE_JIT_COMPILATION__: isBundlerESMBuild
+      ? `__INTLIFY_JIT_COMPILATION__`
+      : false,
     preventAssignment: false,
     ...(isProduction && isBrowserBuild
       ? {