Supplementary feeding and jaundice in newborns. In a survey it was found that the majority of full-term breast fed infants receive supplementary feeds of water, dextrose solution or infant formula during the first few days of life. Breast fed babies receiving water or dextrose supplements had higher plasma bilirubins on the sixth day of life than bottle fed infants. Supplementation with water or dextrose did not reduce the hyperbilirubinaemia of term, breast fed infants. Since it may prejudice the establishment of breast feeding, we suggest that the practice is abandoned. [END DOCUMENT] Does the recommendation to use a pacifier influence the prevalence of breastfeeding? To evaluate whether the recommendation to offer a pacifier once lactation is well established reduces the prevalence or duration of breastfeeding. A multicenter, randomized, non-inferiority, controlled trial comprising 1021 mothers highly motivated to breastfeed whose newborns regained birth weight by 15 days. They were assigned to offer versus not to offer pacifiers. Primary outcome was prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months. Main secondary outcomes were the prevalence of exclusive and any breastfeeding at different ages and duration of any breastfeeding. At 3 months, 85.8% infants in the offer pacifier group and 86.2% in the not offer pacifier group were exclusively breastfeeding (risk difference, 0.4%; 95% CI, -4.9%-4.1%), satisfying the pre-specified non-inferiority requirement of -7%. Furthermore, the recommendation to offer a pacifier did not produce a significant decrease in the frequency of exclusive and any breastfeeding at different ages or in the duration of lactation. The recommendation to offer a pacifier at 15 days does not modify the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding. Because pacifier use is associated with reduced incidence of sudden infant death syndrome, the recommendation to offer a pacifier appears safe and appropriate in similar populations. [END DOCUMENT] Extensive and partial protein hydrolysate preterm formulas: the effect on growth rate, protein metabolism indices, and plasma amino acid concentrations. The use of protein hydrolysate preterm formulas is restricted because data on their nutritional adequacy are scarce. The authors evaluated the rate of growth and indices of protein metabolism in low-birth weight infants fed extensive and partial protein hydrolysate preterm formula followed for 12 weeks. A total of 61 low-birth weight infants were assigned randomly to receive extensive protein hydrolysate preterm formula (EH: n = 16), partial protein hydrolysate preterm formula (PH: n = 15), and standard preterm formula (SF; n = 15), or were fed their own mother's fortified breast milk (FBM; n = 15). The infants were investigated at study entry, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after study entry. There were no differences with respect to growth rate (weight gain, increments in length and head circumference), urea, albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, and plasma amino acid concentrations (except for tyrosine on a single occasion) according to the degree of hydrolysis. There were also no differences between groups fed hydrolyzed formulas and SF. However, several differences were found when EH and PH were compared with FBM. Weight gain from the entry to 12 weeks, serum urea at 12 weeks, and total plasma essential amino acids at 8 weeks were significantly higher in groups fed EH and PH than in those fed FBM. In addition, valine was significantly higher in groups fed PH (P < 0.05) than in the group fed FBM at 8 and 12 weeks, tyrosine was higher in EH and PH in comparison with FBM at 4 weeks, and in PH versus FBM at 12 weeks after study entry. This study suggests that experimental EH and PH are at least nutritionally equivalent to SFs. [END DOCUMENT] The effect of feeding glucose water to breastfeeding newborns on weight, body temperature, blood glucose, and breastfeeding duration. In order to determine the effect of feeding glucose water on breastfeeding newborns, we randomly distributed 180 normal newborns into two groups: a glucose water group (GW), fed 5% glucose solution during the first 3 days of life in addition to being breastfed; and an exclusively breastfed nonglucose water group (NGW). The following data were evaluated: weight at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of life; temperature during the first 72 hours of life; serum glucose level at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours; total duration of breastfeeding and age at introduction of infant formulas. In the NGW, there was a greater weight loss at 48 hours but not at 72 hours, temperatures higher than 37.5 degrees C were more frequent, and the mean serum glucose levels at 6, 12, and 24 hours were lower. This group also had more serum glucose level determinations under 2.2 mmol/l (40 mg/dL). However, no infants exhibited hypoglycemic symptoms. Infants in the GW received twice as many formulas during the first month and had a shorter duration of any breastfeeding. Our results suggest that the suppression of feedings with glucose water in the first days of life increases the probability of successful breastfeeding. However, infants who do not receive glucose water in the first few days of life may require greater supervision and close monitoring of blood glucose and body temperature, particularly in the first 24 hours of life. [END DOCUMENT] Supplementary feeding in maternity hospitals and the risk of cow's milk allergy: A prospective study of 6209 infants. Early feeding with cow's milk (CM) may increase the risk of cow's milk allergy (CMA). We sought to examine prospectively whether supplementary feeding of CM at the maternity hospital would increase the risk when compared with feeding with pasteurized human milk or hydrolyzed formula. We studied 6209 unselected healthy, full-term infants, of whom 5385 (87%) required supplementary milk while in the hospital. The infants were randomly assigned to receive CM formula (1789 infants), pasteurized human milk (1859 infants), or whey hydrolysate formula (1737 infants). The comparison group (824 infants) was composed of infants who were exclusively breast-fed. The infants were followed for 18 to 34 months for symptoms suggestive of CMA. The primary endpoint was a challenge-proven adverse reaction to CM after a successful CM elimination diet. The cumulative incidence of CMA in the infants fed CM was 2.4% compared with 1.7% in the pasteurized human milk group (odds ratio [OR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0. 44-1.12) and 1.5% in the whey hydrolysate group (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0. 38-1.00). In the comparison group, CMA developed in 2.1% of the infants. Among the infants who required supplementary feeding at hospital, both exposure to CM while in the hospital (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.04-2.30; P =.03) and obvious parental atopy (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.53-3.52; P <.001) increased the risk of CMA. Our data indicate that feeding of CM at maternity hospitals increases the risk of CMA when compared with feeding of other supplements, but exclusive breast-feeding does not eliminate the risk. [END DOCUMENT] Ineffectiveness for infants of immunization of mothers with pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy. Pneumococcal (Pnc) carriage is associated with pneumococcal diseases. Breast feeding and maternal vaccination may be a useful approach to prevent pneumococcal infection in young infants. We examined the risk of Pnc carriage by infants at six months of age after pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination of pregnant women. We selected 139 pregnant woman. The woman were randomly allocated to receive 23-valent polysaccharide vaccines during pregnancy (Group 1) after pregnancy (Group 2) or not receive any vaccine (Group 3). Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the infants at three and six months of age. The infants were evaluated monthly during the first six months. We included 47 mothers in Group 1, 45 mothers in Group 2 and 47 mothers in Group 3. Forty-seven percent of the babies were exclusively breast fed until six months, 26% received both breast feeding and artificial feeding and 13% received only artificial feeding. Among those patients, 26% were colonized by Pnc at six months (12 from Group 1, 13 from Group 2, and 12 from Group 3). There was no significant difference in colonization between the three groups. Thirty percent of the children were colonized by a non-susceptible strain. We concluded that young infants (three months old) are already susceptible to pneumococcal carriage. Vaccination during pregnancy with a polysaccharide vaccine did not decrease Pnc colonization. [END DOCUMENT] Effects of amount of contact between mother and child on the mother's nursing behavior. Short-term effects of different amounts of body contact between mother and newborn on human nursing behavior were studied. Extended contact immediately after parturition was related to an increase in affective components of maternal nursing behavior observed on postpartum Days 2 and 4. [END DOCUMENT] The effect of peer counselors on breastfeeding rates in the neonatal intensive care unit: results of a randomized controlled trial. To determine whether peer counselors impacted breastfeeding duration among premature infants in an urban population. This was a randomized controlled clinical trial. The trial was conducted in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit at Boston Medical Center, an inner-city teaching hospital with approximately 2000 births per year. One hundred eight mother-infant pairs were enrolled between 2001 and 2004. Pairs were eligible if the mother intended and was eligible to breastfeed per the 1997 guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics and if the infant was 26 to 37 weeks' gestational age and otherwise healthy. Subjects were randomized to either a peer counselor who saw the mother weekly for 6 weeks or to standard of care. The main outcome measure was any breast-milk feeding at 12 weeks postpartum. Intervention and control groups were similar on all measured sociodemographic factors. The average gestational age of infants was 32 weeks (range, 26.3-37 weeks) with a mean birth weight of 1875 g (range, 682-3005 g). At 12 weeks postpartum, women with a peer counselor had odds of providing any amount of breast milk 181% greater than women without a peer counselor (odds ratio, 2.81 [95% confidence interval, 1.11-7.14]; P = .01). Peer counselors increased breastfeeding duration among premature infants born in an inner-city hospital and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Peer counseling programs can help to increase breastfeeding in this vulnerable population. [END DOCUMENT] Breastfeeding is analgesic in healthy newborns. This study identifies a behavioral and nonpharmacologic means of preventing newborn pain. To determine whether breastfeeding is analgesic in newborn infants undergoing heel lance-a routine, painful, hospital procedure. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Hospital maternity services at Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, and Beverly Hospital, Beverly, Massachusetts. A random sample of 30 full-term, breastfed infants. Infants in the intervention group were held and breastfed by their mothers during heel lance and blood collection procedures for the Newborn Screening Program Blood Test. Infants in the control group experienced the same blood test while receiving the standard hospital care of being swaddled in their bassinets. Crying, grimacing, and heart rate differences were analyzed between the breastfeeding and the control infants before, during, and after blood collection. Crying and grimacing were reduced by 91% and 84%, respectively, from control infant levels during the blood collection. Heart rate was also substantially reduced by breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is a potent analgesic intervention in newborns during a standard blood collection. [END DOCUMENT] Evaluation of postpartum breast engorgement by thermography. nan [END DOCUMENT] Skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery: an experimental study. The effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after vaginal delivery has been shown. After cesarean births, SSC is not done for practical and medical safety reasons because it is believed that infants may suffer mild hypothermia. The aim of this study was to compare mothers' and newborns' temperatures after cesarean delivery when SSC was practiced (naked baby except for a small diaper, covered with a blanket, prone on the mother's chest) with those when routine care was practiced (dressed, in the bassinet or in the mother's bed) in the 2 hours beginning when the mother returned from the operating room. An experimental, noninferiority adaptive trial was designed with four levels of analysis: 34 pairs of mothers and newborns, after elective cesarean delivery, were randomized to SSC (n = 17) or routine care (n = 17). Temporal artery temperature was taken with an infrared ray thermometer at half-hour intervals. Compared with newborns who received routine care, SSC cesarean-delivered newborns were not at risk for hypothermia. The mean temperatures of both groups were almost identical: after 30 min, 36.1 degrees C for both groups (+/-0.4 degrees C for SSCs and +/-0.5 degrees C for the controls), and after 120 min, 36.2 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C for SSCs versus 36.4 degrees C +/- 0.7 degrees C for the controls (no significant differences). Time from delivery to the mothers' return to their room was 51 +/- 10 min. The SSC newborns attached to the breast earlier (nine SSC newborns and four controls after 30 min) were breast-fed (exclusively or prevalently) at discharge (13 SSCs and 11 controls) and at 3 months (11 SSCs and 8 controls), and the SSC mothers expressed high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Cesarean-delivered newborns who experienced SSC within 1 hour of delivery are not at risk for hypothermia. [END DOCUMENT] Effect of early mother-baby close contact over the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. This is a prospective study involving ninety-two lactating mother- infant pairs in the first six months of birth. They were followed-up up to six months for various perinatal factors determining the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Early postpartum mother-baby skin-to-skin contact had a powerful influence (P<0.001) over the duration of exclusive breastfeeding up to 4-6 months and was found to be more significant than early initiation of breastfeeding (P<0.05). Mode of delivery did not have any significant effect (P<0.5) over the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Thus health care centers can easily adopt a policy to allow few minutes of early postpartum mother-baby skin-to-skin contact and early initiation of breastfeeding to all vaginal as well as caesarian deliveries to promote breastfeeding. [END DOCUMENT] Prolonged exclusive breast feeding and heredity as determinants in infantile atopy. We followed 183 infants for two years, 31 of whom were breast fed less than three and a half months (median 70 days; short breast feeding group) and a further 31 of whom were exclusively breast fed for more than nine months (long breast feeding group). We assessed heredity for atopy, number of infections, and duration of breast feeding as determinants of atopy. During the first year of life 14 infants has signs of atopy. During the second year parents reported signs of atopy in a further 31. Heredity was the only significant predictor of atopy. Atopy was seen in 33% of infants with a positive heredity and in 16% without family history for atopy. The duration of breast feeding affected the incidence of atopy only among the infants without family history for atopy: fewer in the short breast feeding group (1/18) had atopy than in the long breast feeding group (5/13). Duration of breast feeding did not associate with incidence of respiratory infections. Diarrhoea was more common in the short breast feeding group than in the long breast feeding group during the first year of life. We conclude that prolonging exclusive breast feeding from the median of 70 days to nine months did not contribute to the prevention of infantile atopy and respiratory tract infections. [INST] Synthesize the above collection of documents. [/INST]