etcd operator

unit/integration: e2e (Kubernetes stable): e2e (Kubernetes master):

Project status: beta

Major planned features have been completed and while no breaking API changes are currently planned, we reserve the right to address bugs and API changes in a backwards incompatible way before the project is declared stable. See upgrade guide for safe upgrade process.

Currently user face etcd cluster objects are created as Kubernetes Third Party Resources, however, taking advantage of User Aggregated API Servers to improve reliability, validation and versioning is planned. The use of Aggregated API should be minimally disruptive to existing users but may change what Kubernetes objects are created or how users deploy the etcd operator.

We expect to consider the etcd operator stable soon; backwards incompatible changes will not be made once the project reaches stability.

Overview

The etcd operator manages etcd clusters deployed to Kubernetes and automates tasks related to operating an etcd cluster.

• Create and destroy
• Resize
• Recover a member
• Backup and restore a cluster
• Rolling upgrade

There are more spec examples on setting up clusters with backup, restore, and other configurations.

Read Best Practices for more information on how to better use etcd operator.

Read RBAC docs for how to setup RBAC rules for etcd operator if RBAC is in place.

Read Developer Guide for setting up development environment if you want to contribute.

Requirements

• Kubernetes 1.6+
• etcd 3.0+

Demo

Deploy etcd operator

See instructions on how to install/uninstall etcd operator .

Create and destroy an etcd cluster

$ kubectl create -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

A 3 member etcd cluster will be created.

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-0000       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0001       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0002       1/1       Running   0          1m

See client service for how to access etcd clusters created by operator.

If you are working with minikube locally create a nodePort service and test out that etcd is responding:

$ kubectl create -f example/example-etcd-cluster-nodeport-service.json
$ export ETCDCTL_API=3
$ export ETCDCTL_ENDPOINTS=$(minikube service example-etcd-cluster-client --url)
$ etcdctl put foo bar

Destroy etcd cluster:

$ kubectl delete -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

Resize an etcd cluster

Note: In order to use kubectl apply you will need Kubernetes 1.6 or higher. Otherwise you will have to post the changes to the API server directly using curl.

Create an etcd cluster:

$ kubectl apply -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

In example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml the initial cluster size is 3. Modify the file and change size from 3 to 5.

$ cat example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml
apiVersion: "etcd.coreos.com/v1beta1"
kind: "Cluster"
metadata:
  name: "example-etcd-cluster"
spec:
  size: 5
  version: "3.1.8"

Apply the size change to the cluster TPR:

$ kubectl apply -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

The etcd cluster will scale to 5 members (5 pods):

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-0000       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0001       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0002       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0003       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0004       1/1       Running   0          1m

Similarly we can decrease the size of cluster from 5 back to 3 by changing the size field again and reapplying the change.

$ cat example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml
apiVersion: "etcd.coreos.com/v1beta1"
kind: "Cluster"
metadata:
  name: "example-etcd-cluster"
spec:
  size: 3
  version: "3.1.8"

$ kubectl apply -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

We should see that etcd cluster will eventually reduce to 3 pods:

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-0002       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0003       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0004       1/1       Running   0          1m

Member recovery

If the minority of etcd members crash, the etcd operator will automatically recover the failure. Let's walk through in the following steps.

Create an etcd cluster:

$ kubectl create -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

Wait until all three members are up. Simulate a member failure by deleting a pod:

$ kubectl delete pod example-etcd-cluster-0000 --now

The etcd operator will recover the failure by creating a new pod example-etcd-cluster-0003:

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-0001       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0002       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0003       1/1       Running   0          1m

Destroy etcd cluster:

$ kubectl delete -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

etcd operator recovery

If the etcd operator restarts, it can recover its previous state. Let's walk through in the following steps.

$ kubectl create -f example/example-etcd-cluster.yaml

Wait until all three members are up. Then

$ kubectl delete -f example/deployment.yaml
deployment "etcd-operator" deleted

$ kubectl delete pod example-etcd-cluster-0000 --now
pod "example-etcd-cluster-0000" deleted

Then restart the etcd operator. It should recover itself and the etcd clusters it manages.

$ kubectl create -f example/deployment.yaml
deployment "etcd-operator" created

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-0001       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0002       1/1       Running   0          1m
example-etcd-cluster-0003       1/1       Running   0          1m

Disaster recovery

If the majority of etcd members crash, but at least one backup exists for the cluster, the etcd operator can restore the entire cluster from the backup.

By default, the etcd operator creates a storage class on initialization:

$ kubectl get storageclass
NAME                 TYPE
etcd-backup-gce-pd   kubernetes.io/gce-pd

This is used to request the persistent volume to store the backup data. See other backup options.

To enable backup, create an etcd cluster with backup enabled spec.

$ kubectl create -f example/example-etcd-cluster-with-backup.yaml

A persistent volume claim is created for the backup pod:

$ kubectl get pvc
NAME                                   STATUS    VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-pvc   Bound     pvc-79e39bab-b973-11e6-8ae4-42010af00002   1Gi        RWO           9s

Let's try to write some data into etcd:

$ kubectl run --rm -i --tty fun --image quay.io/coreos/etcd --restart=Never -- /bin/sh
/ # ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints http://example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-client:2379 put foo bar
OK
(ctrl-D to exit)

Now let's kill two pods to simulate a disaster failure:

$ kubectl delete pod example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0000 example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0001 --now
pod "example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0000" deleted
pod "example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0001" deleted

Now quorum is lost. The etcd operator will start to recover the cluster by:

• Creating a new seed member to recover from the backup
• Add more members until the size reaches to specified number

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                                                    READY     STATUS     RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0003                   0/1       Init:0/2   0          11s
example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-backup-sidecar-e9gkv   1/1       Running    0          18m
...
$ kubectl get pods
NAME                                                    READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0003                   1/1       Running   0          3m
example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0004                   1/1       Running   0          3m
example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-0005                   1/1       Running   0          3m
example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-backup-sidecar-e9gkv   1/1       Running   0          22m

Finally, besides destroying the cluster, also cleanup the backup if you don't need it anymore:

$ kubectl delete pvc example-etcd-cluster-with-backup-pvc

Note: There could be a race that it will fall to single member recovery if a pod is recovered before another is deleted.

Upgrade an etcd cluster

Have the following yaml file ready:

$ cat 3.0-etcd-cluster.yaml
apiVersion: "etcd.coreos.com/v1beta1"
kind: "Cluster"
metadata:
  name: "example-etcd-cluster"
spec:
  size: 3
  version: "3.0.16"

Create an etcd cluster with the version specified (3.0.16) in the yaml file:

$ kubectl apply -f 3.0-etcd-cluster.yaml
$ kubectl get pods
NAME                           READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
example-etcd-cluster-0000      1/1       Running   0          37s
example-etcd-cluster-0001      1/1       Running   0          25s
example-etcd-cluster-0002      1/1       Running   0          14s

The container image version should be 3.0.16:

$ kubectl get pod example-etcd-cluster-0000 -o yaml | grep "image:" | uniq
    image: quay.io/coreos/etcd:v3.0.16

Now modify the file 3.0-etcd-cluster.yaml and change the version from 3.0.16 to 3.1.8:

$ cat 3.0-etcd-cluster.yaml
apiVersion: "etcd.coreos.com/v1beta1"
kind: "Cluster"
metadata:
  name: "example-etcd-cluster"
spec:
  size: 3
  version: "3.1.8"

Apply the version change to the cluster TPR:

$ kubectl apply -f 3.0-etcd-cluster.yaml

Wait ~30 seconds. The container image version should be updated to v3.1.8:

$ kubectl get pod example-etcd-cluster-0000 -o yaml | grep "image:" | uniq
    image: quay.io/coreos/etcd:v3.1.8

Check the other two pods and you should see the same result.

Limitations

• The etcd operator only manages the etcd cluster created in the same namespace. Users need to create multiple operators in different namespaces to manage etcd clusters in different namespaces.

• Backup works only for data in etcd3 storage, not for data in etcd2 storage.

• PV Backup only works on GCE(kubernetes.io/gce-pd) and AWS(kubernetes.io/aws-ebs) for now.

• Migration, the process of allowing the etcd operator to manage existing etcd3 clusters, only supports a single-member cluster, with its node running in the same Kubernetes cluster.

The operator collects anonymous usage statistics to help us learn how the software is being used and how we can improve it. To disable collection, run the operator with the flag -analytics=false.