diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 723904c9..3a7d4fdc 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ exclude: (\.min\.js$|\.svg$|\.html$)
 default_stages: [commit]
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.5.0
+    rev: v4.6.0
     hooks:
       - id: end-of-file-fixer
       - id: trailing-whitespace
@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@ repos:
       - id: check-json
       - id: detect-private-key
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.3.5
+    rev: v0.4.9
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         files: geoviews/
   - repo: https://github.com/hoxbro/clean_notebook
-    rev: v0.1.14
+    rev: v0.1.15
     hooks:
       - id: clean-notebook
   - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-    rev: v2.2.6
+    rev: v2.3.0
     hooks:
     - id: codespell
       additional_dependencies:
diff --git a/geoviews/__init__.py b/geoviews/__init__.py
index b846ca89..96151cf4 100644
--- a/geoviews/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/__init__.py
@@ -1,35 +1,142 @@
-import param
+from functools import partial
 
-from holoviews import (extension, help, opts, output, renderer, Store, # noqa (API import)
-                       Cycle, Palette, Overlay, Layout, NdOverlay, NdLayout,
-                       HoloMap, DynamicMap, GridSpace, Dimension, dim)
+import param
+from holoviews import (
+    Cycle,
+    Dimension,
+    DynamicMap,
+    GridSpace,
+    HoloMap,
+    Layout,
+    NdLayout,
+    NdOverlay,
+    Overlay,
+    Palette,
+    Store,
+    dim,
+    extension,
+    help,
+    opts,
+    output,
+    render,
+    renderer,
+    save,
+)
 
-from holoviews import render, save # noqa (API import)
+from . import (
+    data,
+    feature,
+    plotting,
+    tile_sources,
+)
+from ._warnings import GeoviewsDeprecationWarning, GeoviewsUserWarning
+from .element import (
+    RGB,
+    WMTS,
+    Contours,
+    Dataset,
+    EdgePaths,
+    Feature,
+    FilledContours,
+    Graph,
+    HexTiles,
+    Image,
+    ImageStack,
+    Labels,
+    LineContours,
+    Nodes,
+    Path,
+    Points,
+    Polygons,
+    QuadMesh,
+    Rectangles,
+    Segments,
+    Shape,
+    Text,
+    Tiles,
+    TriMesh,
+    VectorField,
+    WindBarbs,
+)
+from .util import from_xarray
 
-from .element import ( # noqa (API import)
-    _Element, Feature, Tiles, WMTS, LineContours, FilledContours,
-    Text, Image, ImageStack, Points, Path, Polygons, Shape, Dataset, RGB,
-    Contours, Graph, TriMesh, Nodes, EdgePaths, QuadMesh, VectorField,
-    HexTiles, Labels, Rectangles, Segments, WindBarbs
+__version__ = str(
+    param.version.Version(
+        fpath=__file__, archive_commit="$Format:%h$", reponame="geoviews"
+    )
 )
-from .util import from_xarray # noqa (API import)
-from ._warnings import GeoviewsDeprecationWarning, GeoviewsUserWarning  # noqa: F401
-from . import data                                  # noqa (API import)
-from . import plotting                              # noqa (API import)
-from . import feature                               # noqa (API import)
-from . import tile_sources                          # noqa (API import)
 
-__version__ = str(param.version.Version(fpath=__file__, archive_commit="$Format:%h$",
-                                        reponame="geoviews"))
+__all__ = (
+    "Contours",
+    "Cycle",
+    "Dataset",
+    "Dimension",
+    "DynamicMap",
+    "EdgePaths",
+    "Feature",
+    "FilledContours",
+    "GeoviewsDeprecationWarning",
+    "GeoviewsUserWarning",
+    "Graph",
+    "GridSpace",
+    "HexTiles",
+    "HoloMap",
+    "Image",
+    "ImageStack",
+    "Labels",
+    "Layout",
+    "LineContours",
+    "NdLayout",
+    "NdOverlay",
+    "Nodes",
+    "Overlay",
+    "Palette",
+    "Path",
+    "Points",
+    "Polygons",
+    "QuadMesh",
+    "RGB",
+    "Rectangles",
+    "Segments",
+    "Shape",
+    "Store",
+    "Text",
+    "Tiles",
+    "TriMesh",
+    "VectorField",
+    "WMTS",
+    "WindBarbs",
+    "__version__",
+    "data",
+    "dim",
+    "extension",
+    "feature",
+    "from_xarray",
+    "help",
+    "opts",
+    "output",
+    "plotting",
+    "render",
+    "renderer",
+    "save",
+    "tile_sources",
+    # Lazy modules
+    "annotate",
+    "project",
+    "operation",
+)
 
 # Ensure opts utility is initialized with GeoViews elements
 if Store._options:
     Store.set_current_backend(Store.current_backend)
 
 # make pyct's example/data commands available if possible
-from functools import partial
 try:
-    from pyct.cmd import copy_examples as _copy, fetch_data as _fetch, examples as _examples
+    from pyct.cmd import (
+        copy_examples as _copy,
+        examples as _examples,
+        fetch_data as _fetch,
+    )
     copy_examples = partial(_copy, 'geoviews')
     fetch_data = partial(_fetch, 'geoviews')
     examples = partial(_examples, 'geoviews')
@@ -54,8 +161,6 @@ def __getattr__(attr):
         return operation
     raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {attr!r}")
 
-__all__ = [k for k in locals() if not k.startswith('_')]
-__all__ += ['annotate', 'project', 'operation', '__version__']
 
 def __dir__():
     return __all__
@@ -63,6 +168,6 @@ def __dir__():
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import operation
     from .annotators import annotate
     from .operation import project
-    from . import operation
diff --git a/geoviews/__main__.py b/geoviews/__main__.py
index d8a126f0..92205c60 100644
--- a/geoviews/__main__.py
+++ b/geoviews/__main__.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ def main(args=None):
         import pyct.cmd
     except ImportError:
         import sys
+
         from . import _missing_cmd
         print(_missing_cmd())
         sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/geoviews/_warnings.py b/geoviews/_warnings.py
index 53abc911..bd194790 100644
--- a/geoviews/_warnings.py
+++ b/geoviews/_warnings.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 import holoviews as hv
 import param
-
 from packaging.version import Version
 
 __all__ = (
diff --git a/geoviews/annotators.py b/geoviews/annotators.py
index bc61dd6f..a82d8e0b 100644
--- a/geoviews/annotators.py
+++ b/geoviews/annotators.py
@@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
-import param
-
 import cartopy.crs as ccrs
-
+import param
 from holoviews.annotators import (
-    annotate, Annotator, PathAnnotator, PolyAnnotator, PointAnnotator,
-    RectangleAnnotator
+    Annotator,
+    PathAnnotator,
+    PointAnnotator,
+    PolyAnnotator,
+    RectangleAnnotator,
+    annotate,
 )
 from holoviews.plotting.links import DataLink, VertexTableLink as hvVertexTableLink
 from panel.util import param_name
 
 from .element import Path
-from .models.custom_tools import CheckpointTool, RestoreTool, ClearTool
-from .links import VertexTableLink, PointTableLink, HvRectanglesTableLink, RectanglesTableLink
+from .links import (
+    HvRectanglesTableLink,
+    PointTableLink,
+    RectanglesTableLink,
+    VertexTableLink,
+)
+from .models.custom_tools import CheckpointTool, ClearTool, RestoreTool
 from .operation import project
 from .streams import PolyVertexDraw, PolyVertexEdit
 
@@ -74,12 +81,12 @@ def _init_stream(self):
         style_kwargs = dict(node_style=self.node_style, feature_style=self.feature_style)
         self._stream = PolyVertexDraw(
             source=self.plot, data={}, num_objects=self.num_objects,
-            show_vertices=self.show_vertices, tooltip='%s Tool' % name,
+            show_vertices=self.show_vertices, tooltip=f'{name} Tool',
             **style_kwargs
         )
         if self.edit_vertices:
             self._vertex_stream = PolyVertexEdit(
-                source=self.plot, tooltip='%s Edit Tool' % name,
+                source=self.plot, tooltip=f'{name} Edit Tool',
                 **style_kwargs
             )
 
diff --git a/geoviews/data/__init__.py b/geoviews/data/__init__.py
index 5c82b307..493188a8 100644
--- a/geoviews/data/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/data/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
-from .geom_dict import GeomDictInterface # noqa (API import)
-from .geopandas import GeoPandasInterface # noqa (API import)
-from .iris import CubeInterface # noqa (API import)
+from .geom_dict import GeomDictInterface
+from .geopandas import GeoPandasInterface
+from .iris import CubeInterface
+
+__all__ = ("GeomDictInterface", "GeoPandasInterface", "CubeInterface")
diff --git a/geoviews/data/geom_dict.py b/geoviews/data/geom_dict.py
index 6b325b9b..c3b43202 100644
--- a/geoviews/data/geom_dict.py
+++ b/geoviews/data/geom_dict.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
 import numpy as np
-from holoviews.core.data import Interface, DictInterface, MultiInterface
+from holoviews.core.data import DictInterface, Interface, MultiInterface
 from holoviews.core.data.interface import DataError
 from holoviews.core.data.spatialpandas import to_geom_dict
 from holoviews.core.dimension import dimension_name
 from holoviews.core.util import isscalar
 
-from ..util import asarray, geom_types, geom_to_array, geom_length
+from ..util import asarray, geom_length, geom_to_array, geom_types
 
 
 class GeomDictInterface(DictInterface):
@@ -37,8 +37,13 @@ def init(cls, eltype, data, kdims, vdims):
         elif not isinstance(data, dict) or 'geometry' not in data:
             xdim, ydim = kdims[:2]
             from shapely.geometry import (
-                Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon,
-                MultiLineString, LinearRing
+                LinearRing,
+                LineString,
+                MultiLineString,
+                MultiPoint,
+                MultiPolygon,
+                Point,
+                Polygon,
             )
             data = to_geom_dict(eltype, data, kdims, vdims, GeomDictInterface)
             geom = data.get('geom_type') or MultiInterface.geom_type(eltype)
@@ -102,9 +107,9 @@ def validate(cls, dataset, validate_vdims):
         elif 'geometry' not in dataset.data:
             raise DataError("Could not find a 'geometry' column in the data.")
         elif not isinstance(dataset.data['geometry'], BaseGeometry):
+            data_type = type(dataset.data['geometry']).__name__
             raise DataError("The 'geometry' column should be a shapely"
-                            "geometry type, found %s type instead." %
-                            type(dataset.data['geometry']).__name__)
+                            f"geometry type, found {data_type} type instead.")
 
     @classmethod
     def shape(cls, dataset):
@@ -113,7 +118,11 @@ def shape(cls, dataset):
     @classmethod
     def geom_type(cls, dataset):
         from shapely.geometry import (
-            Polygon, MultiPolygon, LineString, MultiLineString, LinearRing
+            LinearRing,
+            LineString,
+            MultiLineString,
+            MultiPolygon,
+            Polygon,
         )
         geom = dataset.data['geometry']
         if isinstance(geom, (Polygon, MultiPolygon)):
@@ -131,7 +140,7 @@ def geo_column(cls, dataset):
 
     @classmethod
     def has_holes(cls, dataset):
-        from shapely.geometry import Polygon, MultiPolygon
+        from shapely.geometry import MultiPolygon, Polygon
         geom = dataset.data['geometry']
         if isinstance(geom, Polygon) and geom.interiors:
             return True
@@ -143,7 +152,7 @@ def has_holes(cls, dataset):
 
     @classmethod
     def holes(cls, dataset):
-        from shapely.geometry import Polygon, MultiPolygon
+        from shapely.geometry import MultiPolygon, Polygon
         geom = dataset.data['geometry']
         if isinstance(geom, Polygon):
             return [[[geom_to_array(h) for h in geom.interiors]]]
@@ -301,7 +310,12 @@ def concat(cls, datasets, dimensions, vdims):
 
 def geom_from_dict(geom, xdim, ydim, single_type, multi_type):
     from shapely.geometry import (
-        Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, MultiLineString
+        LineString,
+        MultiLineString,
+        MultiPoint,
+        MultiPolygon,
+        Point,
+        Polygon,
     )
     if (xdim, ydim) in geom:
         xs, ys = asarray(geom.pop((xdim, ydim))).T
diff --git a/geoviews/data/geopandas.py b/geoviews/data/geopandas.py
index 7ddf88f8..26fc8321 100644
--- a/geoviews/data/geopandas.py
+++ b/geoviews/data/geopandas.py
@@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
 import sys
 import warnings
-
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
-
-from holoviews.core.util import isscalar, unique_iterator, unique_array
-from holoviews.core.data import Dataset, Interface, MultiInterface, PandasAPI
+from holoviews.core.data import (
+    Dataset,
+    Interface,
+    MultiInterface,
+    PandasAPI,
+    PandasInterface,
+)
 from holoviews.core.data.interface import DataError
-from holoviews.core.data import PandasInterface
 from holoviews.core.data.spatialpandas import get_value_array
 from holoviews.core.dimension import dimension_name
+from holoviews.core.util import isscalar, unique_array, unique_iterator
 from holoviews.element import Path
 
-from ..util import asarray, geom_to_array, geom_types, geom_length
+from ..util import asarray, geom_length, geom_to_array, geom_types
 from .geom_dict import geom_from_dict
 
 
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ def init(cls, eltype, data, kdims, vdims):
                 data = from_multi(eltype, data, kdims, vdims)
         elif not isinstance(data, GeoDataFrame):
             raise ValueError("GeoPandasInterface only support geopandas "
-                             "DataFrames not %s." % type(data))
+                             f"DataFrames not {type(data)}.")
         elif 'geometry' not in data:
             cls.geo_column(data)
 
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ def init(cls, eltype, data, kdims, vdims):
             shp_types = []
         if len(shp_types) > 1:
             raise DataError('The GeopandasInterface can only read dataframes which '
-                            'share a common geometry type, found %s types.' % shp_types,
+                            f'share a common geometry type, found {shp_types} types.',
                             cls)
 
         return data, {'kdims': kdims, 'vdims': vdims}, {}
@@ -115,7 +118,7 @@ def validate(cls, dataset, vdims=True):
         if not_found:
             raise DataError("Supplied data does not contain specified "
                              "dimensions, the following dimensions were "
-                             "not found: %s" % repr(not_found), cls)
+                             f"not found: {not_found!r}", cls)
 
     @classmethod
     def dtype(cls, dataset, dimension):
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ def dtype(cls, dataset, dimension):
 
     @classmethod
     def has_holes(cls, dataset):
-        from shapely.geometry import Polygon, MultiPolygon
+        from shapely.geometry import MultiPolygon, Polygon
         col = cls.geo_column(dataset.data)
         for geom in dataset.data[col]:
             if isinstance(geom, Polygon) and geom.interiors:
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ def has_holes(cls, dataset):
 
     @classmethod
     def holes(cls, dataset):
-        from shapely.geometry import Polygon, MultiPolygon
+        from shapely.geometry import MultiPolygon, Polygon
         holes = []
         col = cls.geo_column(dataset.data)
         for geom in dataset.data[col]:
@@ -521,7 +524,7 @@ def split(cls, dataset, start, end, datatype, **kwargs):
             elif datatype is None:
                 obj = ds.clone()
             else:
-                raise ValueError("%s datatype not support" % datatype)
+                raise ValueError(f"{datatype} datatype not support")
             objs.append(obj)
         return objs
 
@@ -536,7 +539,13 @@ def get_geom_type(geom):
         A string representing type of the geometry.
     """
     from shapely.geometry import (
-        Point, LineString, Polygon, Ring, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, MultiLineString
+        LineString,
+        MultiLineString,
+        MultiPoint,
+        MultiPolygon,
+        Point,
+        Polygon,
+        Ring,
     )
     if isinstance(geom, (Point, MultiPoint)):
         return 'Point'
@@ -562,7 +571,12 @@ def to_geopandas(data, xdim, ydim, columns=None, geom='point'):
     """
     from geopandas import GeoDataFrame
     from shapely.geometry import (
-        Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, MultiLineString
+        LineString,
+        MultiLineString,
+        MultiPoint,
+        MultiPolygon,
+        Point,
+        Polygon,
     )
     if columns is None:
         columns = []
diff --git a/geoviews/data/iris.py b/geoviews/data/iris.py
index 9322fcaa..d3bf86a2 100644
--- a/geoviews/data/iris.py
+++ b/geoviews/data/iris.py
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-import sys
 import datetime
+import sys
 from itertools import product
 
 import numpy as np
-
+from holoviews.core import util
 from holoviews.core.data import Dataset
-from holoviews.core.data.interface import Interface, DataError
 from holoviews.core.data.grid import GridInterface
+from holoviews.core.data.interface import DataError, Interface
 from holoviews.core.dimension import Dimension, asdim
 from holoviews.core.element import Element
-from holoviews.core.ndmapping import (NdMapping, item_check, sorted_context)
+from holoviews.core.ndmapping import NdMapping, item_check, sorted_context
 from holoviews.core.spaces import HoloMap
-from holoviews.core import util
 
 
 def get_date_format(coord):
@@ -124,8 +123,8 @@ def init(cls, eltype, data, kdims, vdims):
             for kd in kdims:
                 coord = data.coords(kd.name)
                 if len(coord) == 0:
-                    raise ValueError('Key dimension %s not found in '
-                                     'Iris cube.' % kd)
+                    raise ValueError(f'Key dimension {kd} not found in '
+                                     'Iris cube.')
                 coords.append(kd if isinstance(kd, Dimension) else coord[0])
         else:
             coords = data.dim_coords
diff --git a/geoviews/element/__init__.py b/geoviews/element/__init__.py
index ad8e47a8..b608b540 100644
--- a/geoviews/element/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/element/__init__.py
@@ -1,13 +1,71 @@
 from holoviews.element import (
-    ElementConversion, Points as HvPoints, Polygons as HvPolygons,
-    Path as HvPath
+    ElementConversion,
+    Path as HvPath,
+    Points as HvPoints,
+    Polygons as HvPolygons,
 )
 
-from .geo import (_Element, Feature, Tiles, is_geographic,     # noqa (API import)
-                  WMTS, Points, Image, ImageStack, Text, LineContours, RGB,
-                  FilledContours, Path, Polygons, Shape, Dataset,
-                  Contours, TriMesh, Graph, Nodes, EdgePaths, QuadMesh,
-                  VectorField, Labels, HexTiles, Rectangles, Segments, WindBarbs)
+from .geo import (
+    RGB,
+    WMTS,
+    Contours,
+    Dataset,
+    EdgePaths,
+    Feature,
+    FilledContours,
+    Graph,
+    HexTiles,
+    Image,
+    ImageStack,
+    Labels,
+    LineContours,
+    Nodes,
+    Path,
+    Points,
+    Polygons,
+    QuadMesh,
+    Rectangles,
+    Segments,
+    Shape,
+    Text,
+    Tiles,
+    TriMesh,
+    VectorField,
+    WindBarbs,
+    _Element,
+    is_geographic,
+)
+
+__all__ = (
+    "Contours",
+    "Dataset",
+    "EdgePaths",
+    "Feature",
+    "FilledContours",
+    "GeoConversion",
+    "Graph",
+    "HexTiles",
+    "Image",
+    "ImageStack",
+    "Labels",
+    "LineContours",
+    "Nodes",
+    "Path",
+    "Points",
+    "Polygons",
+    "QuadMesh",
+    "RGB",
+    "Rectangles",
+    "Segments",
+    "Shape",
+    "Text",
+    "Tiles",
+    "TriMesh",
+    "VectorField",
+    "WMTS",
+    "WindBarbs",
+    "is_geographic",
+)
 
 
 class GeoConversion(ElementConversion):
diff --git a/geoviews/element/comparison.py b/geoviews/element/comparison.py
index a245b830..a7b5f376 100644
--- a/geoviews/element/comparison.py
+++ b/geoviews/element/comparison.py
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 
 from holoviews.element.comparison import Comparison as HvComparison
 
-from .geo import Image, ImageStack, Points, LineContours, FilledContours, WindBarbs
+from .geo import FilledContours, Image, ImageStack, LineContours, Points, WindBarbs
+
 
 class Comparison(HvComparison):
 
diff --git a/geoviews/element/geo.py b/geoviews/element/geo.py
index a6b4deb4..29158a7b 100644
--- a/geoviews/element/geo.py
+++ b/geoviews/element/geo.py
@@ -1,31 +1,51 @@
-import param
 import numpy as np
-
+import param
 from bokeh.models import MercatorTileSource
 from cartopy import crs as ccrs
 from cartopy.feature import Feature as cFeature
 from cartopy.io.img_tiles import GoogleTiles
 from cartopy.io.shapereader import Reader
-from holoviews.core import Element2D, Dimension, Dataset as HvDataset, NdOverlay, Overlay
-from holoviews.core import util
+from holoviews.core import (
+    Dataset as HvDataset,
+    Dimension,
+    Element2D,
+    NdOverlay,
+    Overlay,
+    util,
+)
 from holoviews.element import (
-    Contours as HvContours, Graph as HvGraph, Image as HvImage,
-    Nodes as HvNodes, Path as HvPath, Polygons as HvPolygons,
-    RGB as HvRGB, Text as HvText, TriMesh as HvTriMesh,
-    QuadMesh as HvQuadMesh, Points as HvPoints,
-    VectorField as HvVectorField, HexTiles as HvHexTiles,
-    Labels as HvLabels, Rectangles as HvRectangles,
-    Segments as HvSegments, Geometry as HvGeometry,
+    RGB as HvRGB,
+    Contours as HvContours,
+    Geometry as HvGeometry,
+    Graph as HvGraph,
+    HexTiles as HvHexTiles,
+    Image as HvImage,
+    Labels as HvLabels,
+    Nodes as HvNodes,
+    Path as HvPath,
+    Points as HvPoints,
+    Polygons as HvPolygons,
+    QuadMesh as HvQuadMesh,
+    Rectangles as HvRectangles,
+    Segments as HvSegments,
+    Text as HvText,
+    TriMesh as HvTriMesh,
+    VectorField as HvVectorField,
 )
 from holoviews.element.selection import Selection2DExpr
-
-from shapely.geometry.base import BaseGeometry
 from shapely.geometry import (
-    box, GeometryCollection, MultiPolygon, LineString, MultiLineString,
-    Point, MultiPoint
+    GeometryCollection,
+    LineString,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiPolygon,
+    Point,
+    box,
 )
+from shapely.geometry.base import BaseGeometry
 from shapely.ops import unary_union
 
+
 def _get_iris_cube():
     try:
         from iris.cube import Cube
@@ -50,8 +70,12 @@ class HvImageStack: ...
     _IMAGESTACK_AVAILABLE = False
 
 from ..util import (
-    path_to_geom_dicts, polygons_to_geom_dicts, from_xarray,
-    poly_types, expand_geoms, transform_shapely
+    expand_geoms,
+    from_xarray,
+    path_to_geom_dicts,
+    poly_types,
+    polygons_to_geom_dicts,
+    transform_shapely,
 )
 
 geographic_types = (GoogleTiles, cFeature, BaseGeometry)
@@ -152,8 +176,7 @@ class Feature(_GeoFeature):
 
     def __init__(self, data, kdims=None, vdims=None, **params):
         if not isinstance(data, cFeature):
-            raise TypeError('%s data has to be an cartopy Feature type'
-                            % type(data).__name__)
+            raise TypeError(f'{type(data).__name__} data has to be an cartopy Feature type')
         super().__init__(data, kdims=kdims, vdims=vdims, **params)
 
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -889,10 +912,12 @@ def __init__(self, data, kdims=None, vdims=None, **params):
         if params.get('level') is not None:
             if vdims is None:
                 vdims = [Dimension('Level')]
-            self.param.warning('Supplying a level to a Shape is deprecated '
-                         'provide the value as part of a dictionary of '
-                         'the form {\'geometry\': <shapely.Geometry>, '
-                         '\'level\': %s} instead' % params['level'])
+            self.param.warning(
+                "Supplying a level to a Shape is deprecated "
+                "provide the value as part of a dictionary of "
+                "the form {{'geometry': <shapely.Geometry>, "
+                f"'level': {params['level']}}} instead"
+            )
         super().__init__(data, kdims=kdims, vdims=vdims, **params)
 
 
diff --git a/geoviews/links.py b/geoviews/links.py
index dfa66906..e794671b 100644
--- a/geoviews/links.py
+++ b/geoviews/links.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import param
-
-from holoviews.plotting.links import Link, RectanglesTableLink as HvRectanglesTableLink
+from holoviews.core.util import dimension_sanitizer
 from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.links import (
-    LinkCallback, RectanglesTableLinkCallback as HvRectanglesTableLinkCallback
+    LinkCallback,
+    RectanglesTableLinkCallback as HvRectanglesTableLinkCallback,
 )
-from holoviews.core.util import dimension_sanitizer
+from holoviews.plotting.links import Link, RectanglesTableLink as HvRectanglesTableLink
 
 
 class PointTableLink(Link):
diff --git a/geoviews/models/__init__.py b/geoviews/models/__init__.py
index e4e9e469..137dcbd8 100644
--- a/geoviews/models/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/models/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
-from .custom_tools import ( # noqa
-    CheckpointTool, ClearTool, PolyVertexDrawTool, PolyVertexEditTool,
-    RestoreTool
+from .custom_tools import (
+    CheckpointTool,
+    ClearTool,
+    PolyVertexDrawTool,
+    PolyVertexEditTool,
+    RestoreTool,
+)
+
+__all__ = (
+    "CheckpointTool",
+    "ClearTool",
+    "PolyVertexDrawTool",
+    "PolyVertexEditTool",
+    "RestoreTool",
 )
diff --git a/geoviews/models/custom_tools.py b/geoviews/models/custom_tools.py
index 36e3e74c..0ad46dd5 100644
--- a/geoviews/models/custom_tools.py
+++ b/geoviews/models/custom_tools.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from bokeh.core.properties import Instance, List, Dict, String, Any
-from bokeh.models import Tool, ColumnDataSource, PolyEditTool, PolyDrawTool
+from bokeh.core.properties import Any, Dict, Instance, List, String
+from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, PolyDrawTool, PolyEditTool, Tool
 
 
 class CheckpointTool(Tool):
diff --git a/geoviews/operation/__init__.py b/geoviews/operation/__init__.py
index 8a5184a3..6d2bce6e 100644
--- a/geoviews/operation/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/operation/__init__.py
@@ -4,15 +4,23 @@
 
 from .. import element as gv_element
 from ..element import _Element
-from .projection import ( # noqa (API import)
-    project_image, project_path, project_shape, project_points,
-    project_graph, project_quadmesh, project_geom,
-    project_vectorfield, project_windbarbs, project)
-from .resample import resample_geometry # noqa (API import)
+from .projection import (  # noqa: F401
+    project,
+    project_geom,
+    project_graph,
+    project_image,
+    project_path,
+    project_points,
+    project_quadmesh,
+    project_shape,
+    project_vectorfield,
+    project_windbarbs,
+)
+from .resample import resample_geometry  # noqa: F401
 
 geo_ops = [contours, bivariate_kde]
 try:
-    from holoviews.operation.datashader import shade, stack, dynspread
+    from holoviews.operation.datashader import dynspread, shade, stack
     from holoviews.operation.resample import ResampleOperation2D
     geo_ops += [ResampleOperation2D, shade, stack, dynspread]
 except ImportError:
@@ -41,9 +49,8 @@ def find_crs(op, element):
         return {}
     crs = crss[0]
     if any(crs != ocrs for ocrs in crss[1:]):
-        raise ValueError('Cannot %s Elements in different '
-                         'coordinate reference systems.'
-                         % type(op).__name__)
+        raise ValueError(f'Cannot {type(op).__name__} Elements in different '
+                         'coordinate reference systems.')
     return {'crs': crs}
 
 
diff --git a/geoviews/operation/projection.py b/geoviews/operation/projection.py
index fbb5c194..f3b04dad 100644
--- a/geoviews/operation/projection.py
+++ b/geoviews/operation/projection.py
@@ -1,24 +1,41 @@
 import logging
 import sys
 
-import param
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
-
+import param
 from cartopy import crs as ccrs
 from holoviews.core.data import MultiInterface
 from holoviews.core.util import cartesian_product, get_param_values
 from holoviews.operation import Operation
-from shapely.geometry import Polygon, MultiPolygon
+from shapely.geometry import MultiPolygon, Polygon
 from shapely.geometry.collection import GeometryCollection
 
 from ..data import GeoPandasInterface
-from ..element import (Image, Shape, Polygons, Path, Points, Contours,
-                       RGB, Graph, Nodes, EdgePaths, QuadMesh, VectorField,
-                       HexTiles, Labels, Rectangles, Segments, WindBarbs)
+from ..element import (
+    RGB,
+    Contours,
+    EdgePaths,
+    Graph,
+    HexTiles,
+    Image,
+    Labels,
+    Nodes,
+    Path,
+    Points,
+    Polygons,
+    QuadMesh,
+    Rectangles,
+    Segments,
+    Shape,
+    VectorField,
+    WindBarbs,
+)
 from ..util import (
-    project_extents, path_to_geom_dicts, polygons_to_geom_dicts,
-    geom_dict_to_array_dict
+    geom_dict_to_array_dict,
+    path_to_geom_dicts,
+    polygons_to_geom_dicts,
+    project_extents,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/geoviews/operation/regrid.py b/geoviews/operation/regrid.py
index c2512219..2bc11e74 100644
--- a/geoviews/operation/regrid.py
+++ b/geoviews/operation/regrid.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import os
 
-import param
 import numpy as np
+import param
 import xarray as xr
-
-from holoviews.core.util import get_param_values
 from holoviews.core.data import XArrayInterface
+from holoviews.core.util import get_param_values
 from holoviews.element import Image as HvImage, QuadMesh as HvQuadMesh
 from holoviews.operation.datashader import regrid
 
@@ -88,8 +87,8 @@ def _get_regridder(self, element):
         ds = xr.Dataset(arrays)
         ds = ds.rename({x.name: 'lon', y.name: 'lat'})
 
-        x_range = str(tuple('%.3f' % r for r in x_range)).replace("'", '')
-        y_range = str(tuple('%.3f' % r for r in y_range)).replace("'", '')
+        x_range = str(tuple(f'{r:.3f}' for r in x_range)).replace("'", '')
+        y_range = str(tuple(f'{r:.3f}' for r in y_range)).replace("'", '')
         filename = self.p.file_pattern.format(
             method=self.p.interpolation, width=width, height=height,
             x_range=x_range, y_range=y_range
diff --git a/geoviews/operation/resample.py b/geoviews/operation/resample.py
index 53fe14fb..e50a1569 100644
--- a/geoviews/operation/resample.py
+++ b/geoviews/operation/resample.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-import param
 import numpy as np
-
-from holoviews import Polygons, Path
+import param
+from holoviews import Operation, Path, Polygons
 from holoviews.streams import RangeXY
-from holoviews import Operation
 from shapely.geometry import Polygon
 from shapely.strtree import STRtree
 
-from ..util import polygons_to_geom_dicts, path_to_geom_dicts, shapely_v2
-
+from ..util import path_to_geom_dicts, polygons_to_geom_dicts, shapely_v2
 
 
 def find_geom(geom, geoms):
diff --git a/geoviews/plotting/__init__.py b/geoviews/plotting/__init__.py
index e884f22b..1a1e10a2 100644
--- a/geoviews/plotting/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/plotting/__init__.py
@@ -5,30 +5,20 @@
 from ..element import Contours, Polygons
 
 
-if hasattr(extension, 'register_backend_callback'):
-    def _load_bokeh():
-        from . import bokeh # noqa
-    extension.register_backend_callback('bokeh', _load_bokeh)
+def _load_bokeh():
+    from geoviews.plotting import bokeh  # noqa: F401
 
-    def _load_mpl():
-        from . import mpl # noqa
-    extension.register_backend_callback('matplotlib', _load_mpl)
+extension.register_backend_callback('bokeh', _load_bokeh)
 
-    backends = Store.loaded_backends()
-    if 'bokeh' in backends:
-        _load_bokeh()
-    if 'matplotlib' in backends:
-        _load_mpl()
-else:
-    try:
-        from . import mpl # noqa
-    except ImportError:
-        pass
+def _load_mpl():
+    from geoviews.plotting import mpl  # noqa: F401
+extension.register_backend_callback('matplotlib', _load_mpl)
 
-    try:
-        from . import bokeh # noqa
-    except ImportError:
-        pass
+backends = Store.loaded_backends()
+if 'bokeh' in backends:
+    _load_bokeh()
+if 'matplotlib' in backends:
+    _load_mpl()
 
 Compositor.register(Compositor("LineContours", contours, None,
                                'data', transfer_options=True,
diff --git a/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/__init__.py b/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/__init__.py
index 3b916f04..6a2c16cb 100644
--- a/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/__init__.py
@@ -1,33 +1,59 @@
 import copy
 
-import param
 import numpy as np
+import param
+from bokeh.models import BBoxTileSource, QUADKEYTileSource, SaveTool, WMTSTileSource
 from cartopy.crs import GOOGLE_MERCATOR
-from bokeh.models import WMTSTileSource, BBoxTileSource, QUADKEYTileSource, SaveTool
-
-from holoviews import Store, Overlay, NdOverlay
+from holoviews import NdOverlay, Overlay, Store
 from holoviews.core import util
-from holoviews.core.options import SkipRendering, Options, Compositor
-from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation import TextPlot, LabelsPlot
+from holoviews.core.options import Compositor, Options, SkipRendering
+from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.annotation import LabelsPlot, TextPlot
 from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.chart import PointPlot, VectorFieldPlot
 from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.geometry import RectanglesPlot, SegmentPlot
-from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.graphs import TriMeshPlot, GraphPlot
-from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.hex_tiles import hex_binning, HexTilesPlot
-from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path import PolygonPlot, PathPlot, ContourPlot
-from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster import RasterPlot, RGBPlot, QuadMeshPlot
+from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.graphs import GraphPlot, TriMeshPlot
+from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.hex_tiles import HexTilesPlot, hex_binning
+from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.path import ContourPlot, PathPlot, PolygonPlot
+from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster import QuadMeshPlot, RasterPlot, RGBPlot
+
 from ...element import (
-    WMTS, Points, Polygons, Path, Contours, Shape, Image, ImageStack, Feature,
-    Text, RGB, Nodes, EdgePaths, Graph, TriMesh, QuadMesh, VectorField,
-    Labels, HexTiles, LineContours, FilledContours, Rectangles, Segments
+    RGB,
+    WMTS,
+    Contours,
+    EdgePaths,
+    Feature,
+    FilledContours,
+    Graph,
+    HexTiles,
+    Image,
+    ImageStack,
+    Labels,
+    LineContours,
+    Nodes,
+    Path,
+    Points,
+    Polygons,
+    QuadMesh,
+    Rectangles,
+    Segments,
+    Shape,
+    Text,
+    TriMesh,
+    VectorField,
 )
 from ...operation import (
-    project_image, project_points, project_path, project_graph,
-    project_quadmesh, project_geom, project_vectorfield
+    project_geom,
+    project_graph,
+    project_image,
+    project_path,
+    project_points,
+    project_quadmesh,
+    project_vectorfield,
 )
 from ...tile_sources import _ATTRIBUTIONS
-from ...util import poly_types, line_types
-from .plot import GeoPlot, GeoOverlayPlot
-from . import callbacks # noqa
+from ...util import line_types, poly_types
+from . import callbacks  # noqa
+from .plot import GeoOverlayPlot, GeoPlot
+
 try:
     from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.raster import ImageStackPlot
 except ImportError:
@@ -53,7 +79,7 @@ def get_extents(self, element, ranges, range_type='combined', **kwargs):
     def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
         if not isinstance(element.data, (str, dict)):
             SkipRendering("WMTS element data must be a URL string, "
-                          "bokeh cannot render %r" % element.data)
+                          f"bokeh cannot render {element.data!r}")
 
         if isinstance(element.data, dict):
             # xyzservices tile provider
diff --git a/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/callbacks.py b/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/callbacks.py
index 41414550..a1bdab56 100644
--- a/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/callbacks.py
+++ b/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/callbacks.py
@@ -1,28 +1,60 @@
-import numpy as np
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from bokeh.models import CustomJS, CustomAction, PolyEditTool
+import numpy as np
+from bokeh.models import CustomAction, CustomJS, PolyEditTool
 from holoviews.core.ndmapping import UniformNdMapping
 from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.callbacks import (
-    RangeXYCallback, BoundsCallback, BoundsXCallback, BoundsYCallback,
-    PointerXYCallback, PointerXCallback, PointerYCallback, TapCallback,
-    SingleTapCallback, DoubleTapCallback, MouseEnterCallback,
-    MouseLeaveCallback, RangeXCallback, RangeYCallback, PolyDrawCallback,
-    PointDrawCallback, BoxEditCallback, PolyEditCallback, CDSCallback,
-    FreehandDrawCallback, SelectionXYCallback
+    BoundsCallback,
+    BoundsXCallback,
+    BoundsYCallback,
+    BoxEditCallback,
+    CDSCallback,
+    DoubleTapCallback,
+    FreehandDrawCallback,
+    MouseEnterCallback,
+    MouseLeaveCallback,
+    PointDrawCallback,
+    PointerXCallback,
+    PointerXYCallback,
+    PointerYCallback,
+    PolyDrawCallback,
+    PolyEditCallback,
+    RangeXCallback,
+    RangeXYCallback,
+    RangeYCallback,
+    SelectionXYCallback,
+    SingleTapCallback,
+    TapCallback,
 )
 from holoviews.streams import (
-    Stream, PointerXY, RangeXY, RangeX, RangeY, PointerX, PointerY,
-    BoundsX, BoundsY, Tap, SingleTap, DoubleTap, MouseEnter, MouseLeave,
-    BoundsXY, PolyDraw, PolyEdit, PointDraw, BoxEdit, FreehandDraw,
-    SelectionXY
+    BoundsX,
+    BoundsXY,
+    BoundsY,
+    BoxEdit,
+    DoubleTap,
+    FreehandDraw,
+    MouseEnter,
+    MouseLeave,
+    PointDraw,
+    PointerX,
+    PointerXY,
+    PointerY,
+    PolyDraw,
+    PolyEdit,
+    RangeX,
+    RangeXY,
+    RangeY,
+    SelectionXY,
+    SingleTap,
+    Stream,
+    Tap,
 )
 
-from ...element.geo import _Element, Shape
-from ...util import project_extents
+from ...element.geo import Shape, _Element
 from ...models import PolyVertexDrawTool, PolyVertexEditTool
 from ...operation import project
-from ...streams import PolyVertexEdit, PolyVertexDraw
+from ...streams import PolyVertexDraw, PolyVertexEdit
+from ...util import project_extents
 from .plot import GeoOverlayPlot
 
 
@@ -360,7 +392,7 @@ def initialize(self, plot_id=None):
         if vertex_tool is None:
             vertex_style = dict({'size': 10, 'alpha': 0.8}, **stream.vertex_style)
             r1 = plot.state.scatter([], [], **vertex_style)
-            tooltip = '%s Edit Tool' % type(element).__name__
+            tooltip = f'{type(element).__name__} Edit Tool'
             vertex_tool = PolyVertexEditTool(
                 vertex_renderer=r1, description=tooltip,
                 node_style=stream.node_style,
@@ -389,7 +421,7 @@ def initialize(self, plot_id=None):
             r1 = plot.state.scatter([], [], **vertex_style)
             kwargs['vertex_renderer'] = r1
         renderer = plot.handles['glyph_renderer']
-        tooltip = '%s Draw Tool' % type(element).__name__
+        tooltip = f'{type(element).__name__} Draw Tool'
         if stream.empty_value is not None:
             kwargs['empty_value'] = stream.empty_value
         poly_tool = PolyVertexDrawTool(
diff --git a/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py b/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py
index f03f1f16..0e89c986 100644
--- a/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py
+++ b/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py
@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@
 Module for geographic bokeh plot baseclasses.
 """
 import param
-
-from cartopy.crs import GOOGLE_MERCATOR, PlateCarree, Mercator, _CylindricalProjection
+from bokeh.models import CustomJSHover, MercatorTicker, MercatorTickFormatter
 from bokeh.models.tools import BoxZoomTool, WheelZoomTool
-from bokeh.models import MercatorTickFormatter, MercatorTicker, CustomJSHover
+from cartopy.crs import GOOGLE_MERCATOR, Mercator, PlateCarree, _CylindricalProjection
 from holoviews.core.dimension import Dimension
 from holoviews.core.util import dimension_sanitizer
 from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.element import ElementPlot, OverlayPlot as HvOverlayPlot
 
-from ...element import is_geographic, _Element, Shape
+from ...element import Shape, _Element, is_geographic
 from ..plot import ProjectionPlot
 
 
@@ -143,11 +142,11 @@ def _postprocess_hover(self, renderer, source):
         yhover = CustomJSHover(code=self._hover_code % 1)
         for name, formatter in hover.tooltips:
             customjs = None
-            if formatter in ('@{%s}' % xdim, '$x'):
+            if formatter in (f'@{{{xdim}}}', '$x'):
                 dim = xdim
                 formatter = '$x'
                 customjs = xhover
-            elif formatter in ('@{%s}' % ydim, '$y'):
+            elif formatter in (f'@{{{ydim}}}', '$y'):
                 dim = ydim
                 formatter = '$y'
                 customjs = yhover
@@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ def _update_hover(self, element):
         tooltips, hover_opts = self._hover_opts(element)
         hover = self.handles['hover']
         if 'hv_created' in hover.tags:
-            tooltips = [(ttp.pprint_label, '@{%s}' % dimension_sanitizer(ttp.name))
+            tooltips = [(ttp.pprint_label, f'@{{{dimension_sanitizer(ttp.name)}}}')
                         if isinstance(ttp, Dimension) else ttp for ttp in tooltips]
             if self.geographic and tooltips[2:] == hover.tooltips[2:]:
                 return
diff --git a/geoviews/plotting/mpl/__init__.py b/geoviews/plotting/mpl/__init__.py
index 15e8199e..06384f95 100644
--- a/geoviews/plotting/mpl/__init__.py
+++ b/geoviews/plotting/mpl/__init__.py
@@ -1,48 +1,84 @@
 import copy
 
+import matplotlib.ticker as mticker
 import numpy as np
 import param
-import matplotlib.ticker as mticker
 from cartopy import crs as ccrs
 from cartopy.io.img_tiles import GoogleTiles, QuadtreeTiles
-from cartopy.mpl.gridliner import LONGITUDE_FORMATTER, LATITUDE_FORMATTER
+from cartopy.mpl.gridliner import LATITUDE_FORMATTER, LONGITUDE_FORMATTER
 
 try:
     from owslib.wmts import WebMapTileService
 except ImportError:
     WebMapTileService = None
 
-from holoviews.core import Store, HoloMap, Layout, Overlay, Element, NdLayout
-from holoviews.core import util
+from holoviews.core import Element, HoloMap, Layout, NdLayout, Overlay, Store, util
 from holoviews.core.data import GridInterface
-from holoviews.core.options import SkipRendering, Options
+from holoviews.core.options import Options, SkipRendering
 from holoviews.plotting.mpl import (
-    ElementPlot, PointPlot, AnnotationPlot, TextPlot, LabelsPlot,
-    LayoutPlot as HvLayoutPlot, OverlayPlot as HvOverlayPlot,
-    PathPlot, PolygonPlot, RasterPlot, ContourPlot, GraphPlot,
-    TriMeshPlot, QuadMeshPlot, VectorFieldPlot, HexTilesPlot,
-    SegmentPlot, RectanglesPlot
+    AnnotationPlot,
+    ContourPlot,
+    ElementPlot,
+    GraphPlot,
+    HexTilesPlot,
+    LabelsPlot,
+    LayoutPlot as HvLayoutPlot,
+    OverlayPlot as HvOverlayPlot,
+    PathPlot,
+    PointPlot,
+    PolygonPlot,
+    QuadMeshPlot,
+    RasterPlot,
+    RectanglesPlot,
+    SegmentPlot,
+    TextPlot,
+    TriMeshPlot,
+    VectorFieldPlot,
 )
 from holoviews.plotting.mpl.util import get_raster_array, wrap_formatter
 
-
 from ...element import (
-    Image, ImageStack, Points, Feature, WMTS, Tiles, Text, LineContours,
-    FilledContours, is_geographic, Path, Polygons, Shape, RGB,
-    Contours, Nodes, EdgePaths, Graph, TriMesh, QuadMesh, VectorField,
-    HexTiles, Labels, Rectangles, Segments, WindBarbs
+    RGB,
+    WMTS,
+    Contours,
+    EdgePaths,
+    Feature,
+    FilledContours,
+    Graph,
+    HexTiles,
+    Image,
+    ImageStack,
+    Labels,
+    LineContours,
+    Nodes,
+    Path,
+    Points,
+    Polygons,
+    QuadMesh,
+    Rectangles,
+    Segments,
+    Shape,
+    Text,
+    Tiles,
+    TriMesh,
+    VectorField,
+    WindBarbs,
+    is_geographic,
 )
-from ...util import geo_mesh, poly_types
-from ..plot import ProjectionPlot
-
 from ...operation import (
-    project_points, project_path, project_graph, project_quadmesh,
-    project_geom, project_vectorfield, project_windbarbs
+    project_geom,
+    project_graph,
+    project_path,
+    project_points,
+    project_quadmesh,
+    project_vectorfield,
+    project_windbarbs,
 )
+from ...util import geo_mesh, poly_types
+from ..plot import ProjectionPlot
 from .chart import WindBarbsPlot
 
 
-
 class LayoutPlot(ProjectionPlot, HvLayoutPlot):
     """
     Extends HoloViews LayoutPlot with functionality to determine
diff --git a/geoviews/plotting/mpl/chart.py b/geoviews/plotting/mpl/chart.py
index a90f5a53..d62cf170 100644
--- a/geoviews/plotting/mpl/chart.py
+++ b/geoviews/plotting/mpl/chart.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import param
 import numpy as np
+import param
+from holoviews.core.options import abbreviated_exception
 from holoviews.plotting.mpl.element import ColorbarPlot
 from holoviews.util.transform import dim
-from holoviews.core.options import abbreviated_exception
 
 
 class WindBarbsPlot(ColorbarPlot):
diff --git a/geoviews/plotting/plot.py b/geoviews/plotting/plot.py
index d966b949..63f73569 100644
--- a/geoviews/plotting/plot.py
+++ b/geoviews/plotting/plot.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import param
 import numpy as np
-
+import param
 from holoviews.core import CompositeOverlay, Element
 
 from ..util import project_extents
diff --git a/geoviews/streams.py b/geoviews/streams.py
index 613ca150..13085baf 100644
--- a/geoviews/streams.py
+++ b/geoviews/streams.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from holoviews.streams import PolyEdit, PolyDraw
+from holoviews.streams import PolyDraw, PolyEdit
 
 
 class PolyVertexEdit(PolyEdit):
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/data/test_geopandas.py b/geoviews/tests/data/test_geopandas.py
index 04a35b6c..32867410 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/data/test_geopandas.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/data/test_geopandas.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
-
 from shapely import geometry as sgeom
 
 try:
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@
 
 from holoviews.core.data import Dataset
 from holoviews.core.data.interface import DataError
-from holoviews.element import Polygons, Path, Points
+from holoviews.element import Path, Points, Polygons
 from holoviews.element.comparison import ComparisonTestCase
 from holoviews.tests.core.data.test_multiinterface import GeomTests
 
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/data/test_iris.py b/geoviews/tests/data/test_iris.py
index 6a274a80..bd2ef350 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/data/test_iris.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/data/test_iris.py
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@
 
 try:
     import iris
-    from iris.tests.stock import lat_lon_cube
     from iris.exceptions import MergeError
+    from iris.tests.stock import lat_lon_cube
 except ImportError:
     raise SkipTest("Could not import iris, skipping IrisInterface tests.") from None
 
 from holoviews.core.data import Dataset, concat
-from geoviews.data.iris import coord_to_dimension
 from holoviews.core.spaces import HoloMap
 from holoviews.element import Image
-
-from holoviews.tests.core.data.test_imageinterface import BaseImageElementInterfaceTests
 from holoviews.tests.core.data.test_gridinterface import BaseGridInterfaceTests
+from holoviews.tests.core.data.test_imageinterface import BaseImageElementInterfaceTests
+
+from geoviews.data.iris import coord_to_dimension
 
 
 class IrisInterfaceTests(BaseGridInterfaceTests):
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/data/test_multigeometry.py b/geoviews/tests/data/test_multigeometry.py
index 6065c2c2..463a6782 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/data/test_multigeometry.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/data/test_multigeometry.py
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
-
 from holoviews.core.data import Dataset, MultiInterface
 from holoviews.core.data.interface import DataError
-from holoviews.element import Polygons, Path
+from holoviews.element import Path, Polygons
 from holoviews.element.comparison import ComparisonTestCase
 from holoviews.tests.core.data.test_multiinterface import MultiBaseInterfaceTest
 
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_bokeh_chart.py b/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_bokeh_chart.py
index 0181673f..1dca301b 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_bokeh_chart.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_bokeh_chart.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
+
 import geoviews as gv
 
+
 class TestImageStackPlot:
 
     def test_image_stack_crs(self):
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_tiles.py b/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_tiles.py
index 3bfc356e..f2f56788 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_tiles.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/plotting/bokeh/test_tiles.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 
 import pytest
+from holoviews.tests.plotting.bokeh.test_plot import TestBokehPlot, bokeh_renderer
 
 from geoviews.element import WMTS
 
-from holoviews.tests.plotting.bokeh.test_plot import TestBokehPlot, bokeh_renderer
 
 class TestWMTSPlot(TestBokehPlot):
 
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_chart.py b/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_chart.py
index 092f0bf1..5843505c 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_chart.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_chart.py
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-import pytest
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 import xarray as xr
-import geoviews as gv
-
-from geoviews.element import WindBarbs
-
 from holoviews.tests.plotting.utils import ParamLogStream
+from test_plot import TestMPLPlot
 
+import geoviews as gv
 from geoviews import Store
-
-from test_plot import TestMPLPlot
+from geoviews.element import WindBarbs
 
 try:
     import datashader
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_plot.py b/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_plot.py
index 8322f118..0ed0538a 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_plot.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/plotting/mpl/test_plot.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import pyviz_comms as comms
+from param import concrete_descendents
 
 from geoviews import Store
 from geoviews.element.comparison import ComparisonTestCase
 from geoviews.plotting.mpl import ElementPlot
-from param import concrete_descendents
 
 mpl_renderer = Store.renderers['matplotlib']
 
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/test_conversions.py b/geoviews/tests/test_conversions.py
index 357612e2..e9d0147c 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/test_conversions.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/test_conversions.py
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@
 from holoviews.core import HoloMap
 from holoviews.element import Curve
 
-from geoviews.element import is_geographic, Image, Dataset
+from geoviews.element import Dataset, Image, is_geographic
 from geoviews.element.comparison import ComparisonTestCase
 
+
 class TestConversions(ComparisonTestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/test_element.py b/geoviews/tests/test_element.py
index 55ede181..f1467ad3 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/test_element.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/test_element.py
@@ -2,15 +2,19 @@
 Unit tests of Path types.
 """
 import numpy as np
-
 from holoviews.element.comparison import ComparisonTestCase
 from shapely.geometry import (
-    GeometryCollection, Polygon, Point, LineString, LinearRing,
-    MultiPolygon, MultiLineString, MultiPoint
+    GeometryCollection,
+    LinearRing,
+    LineString,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiPolygon,
+    Point,
+    Polygon,
 )
 
-from geoviews.element import Rectangles, Path, Polygons, Points, Segments
-
+from geoviews.element import Path, Points, Polygons, Rectangles, Segments
 
 
 class TestRectangles(ComparisonTestCase):
diff --git a/geoviews/tests/test_projection.py b/geoviews/tests/test_projection.py
index c739bb43..dcc7dc29 100644
--- a/geoviews/tests/test_projection.py
+++ b/geoviews/tests/test_projection.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import numpy as np
 import cartopy.crs as ccrs
+import numpy as np
 
 from geoviews.element import Image, VectorField, WindBarbs
 from geoviews.element.comparison import ComparisonTestCase
diff --git a/geoviews/util.py b/geoviews/util.py
index 68914d38..d745cd4c 100644
--- a/geoviews/util.py
+++ b/geoviews/util.py
@@ -6,8 +6,14 @@
 from holoviews.element import Tiles
 from packaging.version import Version
 from shapely.geometry import (
-    LinearRing, LineString, MultiLineString, MultiPoint,
-    MultiPolygon, Point, Polygon, box
+    LinearRing,
+    LineString,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiPolygon,
+    Point,
+    Polygon,
+    box,
 )
 from shapely.geometry.base import BaseMultipartGeometry
 from shapely.ops import transform
@@ -690,11 +696,11 @@ def from_xarray(da, crs=None, apply_transform=False, nan_nodata=False, **kwargs)
         kwargs['datatype'] = ['xarray', 'grid', 'image']
 
     if xs.ndim > 1:
-        from .element.geo import QuadMesh, HvQuadMesh
+        from .element.geo import HvQuadMesh, QuadMesh
         el = QuadMesh if 'crs' in kwargs else HvQuadMesh
         el = el(data, [x, y], **kwargs)
     elif bands < 3:
-        from .element.geo import Image, HvImage
+        from .element.geo import HvImage, Image
         el = Image if 'crs' in kwargs else HvImage
         el = el(data, [x, y], **kwargs)
     else:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 9b8b8934..4e1c7995 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ select = [
     "E",
     "F",
     "FLY",
+    "I",
     "ICN",
     "NPY",
     "PIE",
@@ -45,8 +46,9 @@ ignore = [
     "RUF012",   # Mutable class attributes should use `typing.ClassVar`
 ]
 
-unfixable = [
-    "F401",     # Unused imports
+extend-unsafe-fixes = [
+    "F401", # Unused imports
+    "F841", # Unused variables
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
@@ -56,6 +58,10 @@ unfixable = [
     "NPY002",  # Replace legacy `np.random.rand` call with Generator
 ]
 
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+known-first-party = ["geoviews"]
+combine-as-imports = true
+
 [tool.codespell]
 ignore-words-list = "lod,nd"
 skip = "doc/generate_modules.py,*.json,*.csv"