Expose Consul template configuration parameters

[DerekStrickland]

See #11707 for a full explanation.

Expose Consul template configuration parameters for operators to tune at multiple levels:

• jobspec
  • wait - will override client default on a per template basis if set, or add if no client default set
• client
  • wait
  • wait_bounds - if set, will enforce upper and lower bounds on per template wait configured by jobspec authors
  • block_query_wait
  • max_stale - default to 5s
  • consul_retry
  • vault_retry

Closes #11707
Closes #3866
Closes #2623
Closes #11209

[DerekStrickland]

@tgross / @schmichael - I believe this is ready for (hopefully!) final review.

[tgross]

LGTM. I've left some final comments on documentation wording but once those are fixed I'm 👍 with merging this.

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