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不要相信一个熬夜的人说的每一句话 #1
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不要相信一个熬夜的人说的每一句话
https://ift.tt/2xQLLEy
对于人类来说,让人感到愉悦欣快的因素或多或少都与多巴胺有关,具体到短暂 / 低强度的熬夜这件事上,其情况如下:
使用正电子发射断层成像技术(positron emission tomography, PET)研究同一组人在短期熬夜和正常休息之后的脑功能情况,观察对象是放射性标定[11C]raclopride([11C]雷氯必利). 它是中枢多巴胺 D2 受体特异性拮抗剂. 短期熬夜之后,人脑中这种拮抗剂跟多巴胺受体的结合降低[1]:
这预示这多巴胺水平在短期熬夜之后增加了——如果多巴胺受体没有因为熬夜而减少的话(服用安非他命之后会导致这种情况,这是服用毒品导致毒品效力递减的机制之一)。
在短期熬夜之后多巴胺水平的增加可以保持神经系统的情形,从而弥补睡眠剥夺导致的损失。但伴随的是认知能力的降低,并且多巴胺水平的增加度跟认知能力的降低度正相关:
也就是说,短暂熬夜虽然会让人有欣快感,但这种欣快感只是一种“假象”:一则,它并不伴随认知能力的增加,不会提高工作效率,而是对工作有害;二则,这种欣快感有可能是熬夜之后的认知错乱导致的对自身精神状态的错误感知[2].
这种熬夜之后认知功能的紊乱表现在多个方面:
1) 对事物的情绪感知变得更加积极和正面
这种情绪认知偏移是中脑边缘通路(Mesolimbic Pathway)的兴奋增加导致的。其兴奋增加还会导致大脑神经系统的警觉层度上升[3], 让神经更加紧张。
2) 短期熬夜之后,前额叶跟杏仁核的功能协同(连接)水平降低[2, 4]:
这也就是说,在短暂熬夜之后,人的理性情绪(前额叶主导)变得薄弱了,而人的本能性情绪(杏仁核)凸显出来。在这种情况下,人做决定会变得更加冒险,更加极端并且不着实际。具体表现为:对“得”更加敏感,同时对“失”更加迟钝。
不难理解,在这种“得失”认知失调的情况下,我们会做出多么愚蠢的决定。
总结:
5. 不要相信一个失眠 / 熬夜的人说的每一句话
[1] Volkow, Nora D., Gene-Jack Wang, Frank Telang, Joanna S. Fowler, Jean Logan, Christopher Wong, Jim Ma et al. "Sleep deprivation decreases binding of [11C] raclopride to dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the human brain."Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 34 (2008): 8454-8461.
[2] Gujar, Ninad, Seung-Schik Yoo, Peter Hu, and Matthew P. Walker. "Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences."Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 12 (2011): 4466-4474.
[3] Pezze, Marie A., and Joram Feldon. "Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in fear conditioning."Progress in neurobiology 74, no. 5 (2004): 301-320.
[4] Yoo, Seung-Schik, Ninad Gujar, Peter Hu, Ferenc A. Jolesz, and Matthew P. Walker. "The human emotional brain without sleep—a prefrontal amygdala disconnect."Current Biology 17, no. 20 (2007): R877-R878.
[5] Venkatraman, Vinod, Scott A. Huettel, Lisa YM Chuah, John W. Payne, and Michael WL Chee. "Sleep deprivation biases the neural mechanisms underlying economic preferences."Journal of Neuroscience31, no. 10 (2011): 3712-3718.
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September 25, 2018 at 08:47AM
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